A few slides on

governanceof protected areas (with a eye to biodiversity and natural resources in the landscape/seascape)

Dr. Grazia Borrini-Feyerabend gbf@iccaconsortium.org

is the distinction clear ?

management> what do we do?

governance-> who decides what to do? how?

management and governance

management traditional &

«scientific» understanding of relevant phenomena

specific aims to reach

actions to carry out

available means (human, financial…)

achieving or not the desired results

management effectiveness

governance

power, authority and responsibility

relationships among actors

formal & informal, open & hidden conflicts

«how to go about» all this… : citizen participation, vision, transparency, accountability, equity…

«good governance»

actors instruments

and powers levels of

decisions

Since Durban 2003 we have been attempting to approach the subject by “unpacking” governance through analyses of :

… the interactions among structures, processes and traditions that determine how power and responsibilities are exercised, how decisions are taken and how citizens or other stakeholders have their say for the given protected area (Institute of Governance, 2002)

… a process of developing and exercising authority and responsibility over time...

However, at a first approximation and cutting through a variety of complexities we also attempted to make governance “practical”, easier to comprehend, assess and evaluate, by defining and examining two other properties :

quality

type

Quality: principles of “good governance” related to the work of UN agencies and highlighted at the Vth World Parks Congress and beyond Legitimacy and

Voice (& subsidiarity, consensus orientation)

Direction (“vision”)

Performance Accountability

(& transparency) Fairness (equity,

“do no harm”, respect for human rights)

all types are legitimate and important for conservation!

Type ……who holds de facto management authority and responsibility for protected areas and conserved biodiversity and natural resources in the broader landscape/seascape?

A. the government (and its agencies at various levels)

B. various parties (together)C. the owners of the

concerned land and natural resources (individuals, corporate actors…)

D. the concerned indigenous peoples and local communities

4 main “governance types” distinguished on the basis of the answer… keeping in mind de jure but privileging de facto

IUCN Matrix of protected areas categories and governance types (IUCN Guidelines, 2008)

Governance type

Category(manag. objective)

A. Governance by Government

B. Shared Governance C. Private Governance

D. Governance by Indigenous Peoples & Local Communities

Federal or national ministry or agency

Local/ municipal ministry or agency in change

Government-delegated management (e.g. to an NGO)

Trans-boundary management

Collaborative management (various forms of pluralist influence)

Joint management (pluralist management board)

Declared and run by individual land-owner

…by non-profit organisations (e.g. NGOs, univ. etc.)

…by for profit organisations (e.g. corporate land-owners )

Indigenous bio-cultural areas & Territories- declared and run by Indigenous Peoples

Community Conserved Areas - declared and run by traditional peoples and local communities

I - Strict Nature Reserve/ Wilderness Area

II – National Park (ecosystem protection; protection of cultural values)

III – Natural Monument

IV – Habitat/ Species Management

V – Protected Landscape/ Seascape

VI – Managed Resource

IUCN matrix of protected areas categories and governance types (new IUCN

Guidelines)Governance

type

Category(manag. objective)

A. Governance by Government

B. Shared Governance C. Private Governance

D. Indigenous Peoples & Community Governance

Federal or national ministry or agency

Local/ municipal ministry or agency in change

Government-delegated management (e.g. to an NGO)

Trans-boundary management

Collaborative management (various forms of pluralist influence)

Joint management (pluralist management board)

Declared and run by individual land-owner

…by non-profit organisations (e.g. NGOs, univ. etc.)

…by for profit organisations (e.g. corporate land-owners )

Indigenous bio-cultural areas & Territories- declared and run by Indigenous Peoples

Community Conserved Areas - declared and run by traditional peoples and local communities

I - Strict Nature Reserve/ Wilderness Area

II – National Park (ecosystem protection; protection of cultural values)

III – Natural Monument

IV – Habitat/ Species Management

V – Protected Landscape/ Seascape

VI – Managed Resource

IUCN matrix of protected areas categories and governance types (new IUCN

Guidelines)Governance

type

Category(manag. objective)

A. Governance by Government

B. Shared Governance C. Private Governance

D. Indigenous Peoples & Community Governance

Federal or national ministry or agency

Local/ municipal ministry or agency in change

Government-delegated management (e.g. to an NGO)

Trans-boundary management

Collaborative management (various forms of pluralist influence)

Joint management (pluralist management board)

Declared and run by individual land-owner

…by non-profit organisations (e.g. NGOs, univ. etc.)

…by for profit organisations (e.g. corporate land-owners )

Indigenous bio-cultural areas & Territories- declared and run by Indigenous Peoples

Community Conserved Areas - declared and run by traditional peoples and local communities

I - Strict Nature Reserve/ Wilderness Area

II – National Park (ecosystem protection; protection of cultural values)

III – Natural Monument

IV – Habitat/ Species Management

V – Protected Landscape/ Seascape

VI – Managed Resource

IUCN matrix of protected areas categories and governance types (new IUCN

Guidelines)Governance

type

Category(manag. objective)

A. Governance by Government

B. Shared Governance C. Private Governance

D. Indigenous Peoples & Community Governance

Federal or national ministry or agency

Local/ municipal ministry or agency in change

Government-delegated management (e.g. to an NGO)

Trans-boundary management

Collaborative management (various forms of pluralist influence)

Joint management (pluralist management board)

Declared and run by individual land-owner

…by non-profit organisations (e.g. NGOs, univ. etc.)

…by for profit organisations (e.g. corporate land-owners )

Indigenous bio-cultural areas & Territories- declared and run by Indigenous Peoples

Community Conserved Areas - declared and run by traditional peoples and local communities

I - Strict Nature Reserve/ Wilderness Area

II – National Park (ecosystem protection; protection of cultural values)

III – Natural Monument

IV – Habitat/ Species Management

V – Protected Landscape/ Seascape

VI – Managed Resource

IUCN matrix of protected areas categories and governance types (new IUCN

Guidelines)Governance

type

Category(manag. objective)

A. Governance by Government

B. Shared Governance C. Private Governance

D. Indigenous Peoples & Community Governance

Federal or national ministry or agency

Local/ municipal ministry or agency in change

Government-delegated management (e.g. to an NGO)

Trans-boundary management

Collaborative management (various forms of pluralist influence)

Joint management (pluralist management board)

Declared and run by individual land-owner

…by non-profit organisations (e.g. NGOs, univ. etc.)

…by for profit organisations (e.g. corporate land-owners )

Indigenous bio-cultural areas & Territories- declared and run by Indigenous Peoples

Community Conserved Areas - declared and run by traditional peoples and local communities

I - Strict Nature Reserve/ Wilderness Area

II – National Park (ecosystem protection; protection of cultural values)

III – Natural Monument

IV – Habitat/ Species Management

V – Protected Landscape/ Seascape

VI – Managed Resource

Type Characterisation as part of the formal PA systems

Governance by government Classic approach—state owned and controlled

Governance by indigenous peoples and local communities (ICCAs)

New – voluntary conservation

Governance by private property owners New – voluntary conservation

Shared governance Some elements are new – e.g. partnerships with communities, NGOs, private individuals and corporations

IUCN Guidelines for PA Legislation,

(Lausche and Burhenne, 2011)

"conservation of nature” is a positive phenomenon, embracing human-originated protection, maintenance, sustainable use, restoration, and enhancement of the natural environment (World Conservation Strategy, 1980)

Conservation in the landscape/ seascape …a variety of area-based phenomena contribute to coverage and

connectivity— formal protected areas, but also the Aichi target 11

“other effective area-based conservation measures” (including voluntary conservation such as ICCAs and private conserved areas that may or may not wish to be included in protected area systems). Voluntary conservation is expanding and strengthening

governance of biodiversity and natural resources. Appropriately recognised and supported, it can indeed render conservation a

more powerful, more equitable and more resilient phenomenon.