A CRITICAL REVIEW INTO PROSTHODONTIC FACTORS FOR...
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A CRITICAL REVIEW INTO PROSTHODONTIC FACTORS FOR BONE LOSS ASSOCIATED WITH DENTAL IMPLANTS
DR CHRISTOPHER C.K. HO ORAL RESTORATIVE SCIENCES PROSTHODONTICS REGISTRAR
SUPERVISOR: PROF IVEN KLINEBERG
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INTRODUCTION▸ Literature - high survival and success rates with long standing
predictability. However, susceptible to technical and biological complications
▸ Reason for crestal bone loss controversial with infection or overload and more recently compromised healing/adaptation.
AIM: Critically review literature to describe prosthodontic factors that might be associated with crestal bone loss around osseointegrated dental implants
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BACKGROUND▸ Bone loss: focus of concern due to increasing prevalence, as well as the
deleterious consequences
B I O M E C H A N I C S Crown:implant ratio
Splinting of implants
Tilting and use of angulated abutments
Cantilever
Antero-posterior spread
PROSTHETIC PROCEDURAL /
DESIGN FACTORS Screw vs. cement retention
Abutment heightDesign of prostheses (access)
Abutment connection/reconnection
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MATERIALS AND METHODS▸ Medline (OVID)
▸ Cochrane Library
▸ Combination of MeSH terms and keywords searched January 2006 - April 2016
1 Load OR tilt* OR loads OR overload OR force
OR brux* OR parafun* OR occlus* OR
cement* OR prosth* OR superstructure* OR
design* OR access* OR fit* OR misfit* OR
cantilever* OR splint* OR crown ratio OR
abutment OR a-p spread OR anterior-posterior
spread.mp
2615593
2 Dental prosthesis retent ion or dental
prosthesis, implant supported or dental
restoration failure.sh or dental prosthesis
design.xm
12463
3 Peri-implant adj5 disease* OR peri-implant
adj5 infection*
131
4 Implantitis.mp or dental implants.sh and bone
loss*.mp
2769
5 1 OR 2 2616873
6 3 OR 4 2870
7 5 AND 6 2281
8 Limit 7 to yr="2006-Current" 1390
9 Limit 8 to humans 1272
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SEARCH RESULTS - 1272, ELIGIBILITY ASSESSMENT 34 ARTICLES
0
3
6
9
CROWN:IMPLANT RATIO TILTING SPLINTING PROS ABUT HEIGHT SCREW/CEMENT CANTILEVER PROS DESIGN ABUT CONN/RECON
1112
7
1
1
1
2
6
111
7
2
Prospective study (12)Retrospective study (20)Randomised controlled trial (3)
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DISCUSSION: CROWN:IMPLANT RATIO▸ Class I lever - non-axial loading, creating
bending moment - bone stress/loss
▸ Position of fulcrum differentiates between an anatomical crown:implant and clinical crown:implant ratio
▸ Majority of studies - anatomical
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DISCUSSION: CROWN:IMPLANT RATIO▸ Results suggest crown:implant ratios do not play a
role in bone loss
▸ Limitations
▸ Analysis: anatomical compared with a clinical ratio
▸ Studies compared splinted and non-splinted restorations
▸ Antagonist type
Tawil et al. 2006
Blanes et al. 2007
Birdi et al 2010
Gomez-Polo et al 2010
Urdaneta et al 2010
Lee et al 2012
Schneider et al 2012
Anitua et al 2014
2 prospective studies, 6 retrospective studies
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DISCUSSION: SPLINTING
▸ Splinting implant restorations thought to favourably distribute the non-axial loads, and to increase total load area.
▸ 10-year RCT between splinted and non-splinted prostheses (Vigolo et al 2015)
▸ statistically significant difference - 0.1mm not clinically significant
Vigolo et al
2015
Mendonca et
al 2014
1 RCT, 1 retrospective study
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DISCUSSION: TILTING
▸ Good evidence implant inclination does not have a detrimental effect on peri-implant bone loss.
Agliardi et al 2014
Malo et al, 2013
Testori et al
2013Penarrocha Diago et
al, 2013Francetti et al, 2012
Hinze et al, 2010
Agliardi et al, 2010
Capelli et al, 2007
Koutouzis &
Wennstrom,7 prospective studies, 2 retrospective studies
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DISCUSSION: SCREW V.S. CEMENT
▸ From the limited evidence available there is no evidence to support differences in the marginal bone loss between cement and screw-retained restorations.
Crespi et al,
201453
Chen et al,
201354
1 RCT 1 retrospective study
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DISCUSSION: PROSTHETIC ABUTMENT HEIGHT
▸ Prosthetic height of the abutment may play a role in crestal bone loss with shorter abutments exhibiting more bone loss
▸ Soft tissue thickness may be more important?
G a l i n d o -
Moreno et al
2014
Vervaeke et al
2014
1 RCT, 1 retrospective study
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DISCUSSION: CANTILEVER▸ Cantilever extensions did not lead to higher implant failure
rate or more bone loss
▸ Postulated that level of stress may be below the threshold for bone loss and within an individual’s capacity for bone remodelling.
Romanos et al
2014Dhima et al
2014Aglietta et al
2012Mumcu et al
2011Semper et al
2010Halg et al
2007Romeo et al
2009
7 retrospective studies 1 prospective study
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DISCUSSION: PROSTHESIS DESIGN (HYGIENE ACCESSIBILITY)
▸ Limited evidence design of prostheses (hygiene accessibility) may be related to the marginal bone loss around dental implants
▸ The clinician must design implant restorations to carefully ensure implant components and restorations are designed to minimise plaque accumulation and maximise access for oral hygiene
Lehmann et al 2013
Serino and Strom
2009
2 retrospective studies
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DISCUSSION: ABUTMENT CONNECTION/RECONNECTION
▸ the “one abutment-one time” concept has shown that there is no benefit in vertical bone healing with statistically insignificant differences in bone loss
Grandi et al 2012
Degidi et al 2011
1 RCT 1 prospective study
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CONCLUSION▸ Need for the development of consensus based standardised criteria for assessment
of bone levels
▸ Radiographic limitations
EVIDENCE Not Factors Associated With
Bone Loss
Crown:Implant Ratio Cantilevers
Tilting Of Implants
LIMITED EVIDENCE Increased Bone Loss
Reduced Prosthetic Height Of Abutments
Prostheses Design Precluding Adequate Oral Hygiene
LIMITED EVIDENCE No Differences In Marginal Bone
Loss
Cement And Screw-Retained Splinting
Abutment Connection/Reconnection
▸ Further well-designed prospective and randomised controlled studies with large sample sizes and long-term follow-up required