A Comparison of a Local Newspaper and Television Coverage ...

A Comparison of a Local

Newspaper and Television

Coverage of a Murder Investigation

Using Content Analysis

© 2019 SAGE Publications, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

This PDF has been generated from SAGE Research Methods Datasets.

A Comparison of a Local

Newspaper and Television

Coverage of a Murder Investigation

Using Content Analysis

Student Guide

Introduction

The original purpose of my research was to determine whether there was a

difference in crime reporting by different local media of the same event. The event

chosen was a murder committed in 1969. It was expected that differences may

provide insight into the way news stories are presented on the Internet. Although

various types of stories may be reported online (investigative, crime, political), the

users demand for quick information create a style of writing that presents only

basic information, supplemented with photos or links to videos. The newspaper

articles in this dataset are long and provide a detailed presentation of information,

while the television reports demonstrate a shorter style of writing supplements with

video. To determine differences in storytelling, my research began with an analysis

of the content presented in a local newspaper and on a local television station.

Local news is important to the community. Kramer (2015) reported on this

importance with a survey of local citizens. One interviewee commented on the

importance of local television news: “National correspondents swoop in and

provide two minutes of a story, whereas local reporters can revisit a story multiple

times to make sure that we, the listeners, fully understand it and its impact on

us, if there is one” (para. 5). Rosenstiel, Mitchel, Purcell and Raine (2011) noted

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SAGE Research Methods Datasets Part

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of 18 A Comparison of a Local Newspaper and Television Coverage of a Murder

Investigation Using Content Analysis

that among all adults, newspapers were cited as the “most relied-upon source

or tied for most relied upon for crime, local government activities, schools, (and)

local politics …” (para. 5). Media history scholars have researched differences in

media coverage of news stories. However, more research is needed to highlight

instances in which local TV stations and newspapers do an especially good job of

covering certain kinds of stories which interest and have an impact on the public,

in this case a high-profile crime story.

This dataset is designed to teach how to determine possible differences between

the newspaper stories and television stories using content analysis. The data

are drawn from publicly available Cleveland Plain Dealer articles through the

Cleveland Public Library system and WEWS-TV television reports available

through the Northeast Ohio Broadcast Archives. The example focuses on how

content differences between print and television story coverage can be

qualitatively examined and demonstrate a difference in emphasis by media. These

differences may show possible impacts on audience understanding of an

important local news story. For example, in the newspaper interview of January

12, the reporter observes the judge is chain smoking and has twitching hands. The

TV interviewer does more than observe and adds personal comments; she states

he is trembling again and needs a tranquilizer. The newspaper reporter asks the

judge to tell what happened the night of the murder. The story is a based on many

quotes from the judge as he explains his actions that night. The TV reporter asks

the judge to explain how the experience has affected him personally. He explains

that it is tearing him apart and that he just wants to cry and cry. The newspaper

article focuses on the facts and reporter observation; the audience can make their

own conclusions. The TV story focuses on the judge’s and the reporter’s personal

reactions and leads the audience to an emotional or sympathetic reaction to the

judge. The researcher is Mary E. Beadle a professor from John Carroll University,

The Tim Russert Department of Communication and Theater in Cleveland, Ohio.

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The Methodological Focus

This dataset illustrates the first steps in conducting a content analysis of

contextual elements of news storytelling, so comparisons of newspaper and TV

coverage can be completed. Contextual elements include words, direct quotes,

visuals (photos, video, non-verbal expressions, graphs, diagrams), and tone

(setting, tone of voice, detail). The focus of the story also may be objective or

subjective. An objective focus presents facts and information such as dates, time,

places, events, quotes (by officials or others) that explain the crime or status of

the crime investigation. A subjective focus tells about a component of the crime

or person rather that a fact that explains the crime or the crime investigation.

An example of a subjective element is a description of the emotional state of

a person. The contextual elements for comparison in this exemplar focus on

objective and subjective elements of news storytelling.

Data Source

The first step in historical research is to collect the data. For the original research

project, data were required from local newspapers and television. The newspaper

articles were available through the public library system, but only at one local

library. The old newspapers were on microfilm, so it took considerable time to go

through the reels to cover the complete story. There was also some cost involved

to make copies of the articles. Occasionally, the full page would not fit on the

screen for copying, so multiple copies were needed and then “pieced together”

for study of the material. Although there was an afternoon local newspaper and

another local (suburban) newspaper, the main coverage was by the morning

newspaper. Difficulties included the quality of the copies, so notes or written

transcriptions while at the library were needed. This was a time-consuming

process, but important, so repeat visits were not necessary.

The access to local TV coverage was a bit easier since the archives are located at

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the university where the researcher is employed. However, only one local station’s

material is available. Academic researchers are not charged a fee, but only the

archivist can access the files. Information provided for the search included the

name of those involved in the crime and the dates needed for the research. After

a few weeks, a slug sheet (a list of dates and titles) of all the film clips was

provided. Once the researcher selected the material, film clips were placed on a

CD. Difficulties included the quality of the audio and film and the dating of some

of the clips. Although all the clips clearly were within the time frame of the study,

exact dates were not always provided. The date of the clips could be estimated

within a week or so because the content could be compared to that reported in

the newspaper. This difficulty also demonstrates that often the judgment of the

researcher is needed in determine various aspects of the analysis.

The final dataset included 187 stories from local newspapers, The Cleveland

Plain Dealer (PD) and The Cleveland Press and 102 video clips from WEWS-TV

Channel Five in Cleveland. Because of the overwhelming amount of data, this

exemplar provides a subset of information from Cleveland The Plain Dealer and

WEWS-TV during the initial days of coverage. There are enough data during this

time period to explain the process and to give students some practice in content

analysis. All the television reports and all the front-page stories that appeared

between January 10 and January 18, 1969 are included. Three newspaper stories

that were not front-page are included to provide information to compare to the

television reports. These three stories are: two photo stories (with text) and a story

on the affair between Judge Steele and Mrs. Swartz.

Data Exemplar

Project Overview and Context

History reminds us where we have been and helps us understand where we

are. The media are changing quickly, and historic research contributes to our

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understanding of the development of journalism. There is significance in how facts

have been interpreted and preserved in the past by journalists. News influences

our perception of the human condition, so understanding changes in reporting

helps us see how journalism affects society. Crime reporting is significant because

the stories can change lives and remind us all of the need for compassion and

kindness to those affected by the events. Lipschultz and Hilt (2002) report that

although not the most common, crime is the most covered type of story.

Although considerable work has been devoted to discerning differences in

reporting across types of media, little research has investigated how the same

crime story “gets told” in one medium compared to another in the local market. In

addition, local news is in the midst of change with local newspapers disappearing,

investigative reporters being eliminated, and news moving to shortened online

formats. By looking at the coverage of an important local crime story, it may

help us to understand differences and similarities between local newspaper and

television coverage and inform us of the effective use of the different media.

This research studied news reports of the murder investigation of Marlene Steele,

the wife of a prominent local judge, Robert Steele. On the morning of January 9,

1969, someone entered the Euclid (Cleveland suburb) home of the Steele family

and shot her twice in the head while she was asleep in her bed. She was said to

be a popular local persona and teacher and sat on a local hospital board. Her two

sons, eight and four years old, were asleep in the home at the time of the murder.

Her husband was reported to have said he was checking on the children in their

bedroom at the time of the murder. For years, the case went unsolved. Finally, in

April 1977, Robert Steele was convicted of hiring hit men to kill his wife. Judge

Steele was sentenced to life in prison and died there in 1996. He maintained his

innocence until his death.

Content Analysis

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Content analysis is a research method for describing (interpreting and coding)

written, spoken, or visual communication. By systematically evaluating content,

labels or codes can be assigned to meaningful aspects of the content. Also,

qualitative data can be converted to quantitative data, since coded segments

can be counted and the counts studied and compared. A concern with content

analysis is reliability. Typically, it is recommended that two coders be used to

determine the amount of agreement between the assignment of a label. This is

referred to as intercoder reliability. For this research, the goal was to describe

and make inferences about the characteristics of news storytelling by two media

sources. This dataset provides students the opportunity to learn the first steps in

the process.

The process of content analysis is lengthy and requires the researcher to read

over or listen to material many times to determine whether they have completed

a thorough analysis. To begin, the researcher reads or listens to the material

and makes notes on the different types of information found. From the notes,

the researcher determines possible categories, themes, or labels. This process

is repeated for each article or news report. When all the information is labeled,

the researcher reads or views again and determines whether the information is

in the best category or whether some categories can be merged. This process

also relies on the judgment of the researcher. Once this analysis is complete, the

researcher can then develop an interpretation of the information.

Analysis

Stage 1: Collection of Data: CD TV Clips; PD Articles

This crime story can be told in two parts: the crime and the arrest. The arrest

happened almost eight years after the crime in December of 1976 when the

judge was arrested for the murder of his wife. The initial coverage of the crime

began on January 10, 1969 and continued until April of 1969 with most of the

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coverage in January and February. From an initial review of both the video

clips and the newspaper articles, it appeared that the newspaper was more

sensational and spent much more time on the story than the TV. This caught the

researchers interest since TV often gets accused of being sensational. So, the

general research question was: Were there differences between the newspaper

and TV coverage of the Marlene Steele murder? The researcher was also

interested to explore differences in coverage by different media in a local market

because of the focus today of online news reporting which use a shorter writing

style and thus may differ from traditional newspaper and television coverage.

Another aspect of content was the visual coverage. The PD had many photos, and

within a few days ran, an exclusive photo story from inside the Steele home which

included a photo of a bloody mattress with two policemen standing over it. Film

clips included the judge reenacting his activity prior to checking on the children

and scenes of the bedroom. The mattress was shown but was covered. The TV

coverage seemed more constrained than the newspaper coverage except for an

interview with Judge Steele.

The researcher discovered that both The Cleveland Plain Dealer and WEWS-

TV did interviews with Judge Steele during the first week after the murder. The

Cleveland Plain Dealer interview was by Doris O’Donnell, the TV interview by

Dorothy Fuldheim, both well-respected local reporters. This was an unanticipated

find that helped the researcher focus on the differences in the coverage by the two

media. On January 12, 1969, The Cleveland Plain Dealer headline on the front

page was “Judge Thinks Killer Knew Family and House.” The front-page article,

based on the interview of Judge Steele, continued to page 10A and 11A, and

above the fold, which indicates the importance of the story. Then, it continues to

a double-page photo essay including pictures of Judge Steel and the interview

with reporter O’Donnell. The photo essay is headlined as a Plain Dealer exclusive

and includes photos from inside the house. The content of the interview is mostly

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quoting the judge as he retells what happened the night of the murder. It is very

objective. Phrases such as “the Judge recalled” or “He described” or “Judge Steel

said” are used as introduction to the quotes. However, there are also words and

photos that have what I found to be “subjective” elements. Subjective elements

focus on elements of the crime or person rather than a fact (see Coding/Assigning

Labels section). For example, the reporter describes the judge as sobbing and

photos of the judge’s home include a photo of the mattress with a blood stain

clearly visible. The reader would understand the judge would be upset and that

there would be blood at the scene, but these features are not facts related to

the crime. Their inclusion in the story can create an emotional response by the

audience and would be considered subjective. Sometimes, reporters may be

accused of sensationalizing a story by inclusion of such elements. Do you need to

see a photo of a bloody mattress to understand a murder was committed? Facts

provide the audience information about the crime that results in understanding and

an objective point of view.

On Friday, January 17, a TV interview with Judge Steele was conducted as he

returned to his parent’s home after he completed a polygraph test. The interview

is eight and a half minutes long and aired during the 11:00 p.m. newscast. Sitting

at kitchen table, casually dressed, Judge Steele was interviewed by WEWS-TV

reporter and commentator, Dorothy Fuldheim. What is noticeable in this interview

is the reporter’s interest in the judge’s emotional state rather than in facts of the

murder. The reporter prompts the judge at the very beginning of the interview

that taking a polygraph test is a “terrible experience.” She also says it must be

“nerve wracking” and wonders “how can you act normally?” The reporter was

criticized at the time of the interview for this sympathetic perspective and the lack

of focus on facts. For this exemplar, the focus is on the interviews done by the

newspaper reporter and the television reporter, both completed within 10 days of

the commission of crime.

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Coding/Assigning Labels

Coding news stories for analysis requires an understanding of the contextual

elements used by reporters. These elements include words, direct quotes, visuals

(photos, video, non-verbal expressions, graphs, diagrams), and tone (setting, tone

of voice, detail). The labels used for this exemplar are subjective and objective

use of phrases/words and visuals. Phrases/words that are considered objective/

fact based include information about the crime such as dates, time, places,

events, quotes (by officials or others) that explain the crime or status of the crime

investigation. For example, the judge described his actions the night of the murder.

Visual examples include people or places necessary to understand the story; for

example, a photo of the Steele house or police searching for the gun.

Phrases/words that are considered subjective focus on an element of the crime

or person rather that a fact that explains the crime or the crime investigation.

For example, both reporters comment on the judge crying (one uses the word

sobbing) and that his hands are shaking. This provides the audience a subjective

element that may provoke an emotional response. Reporters may be accused of

sensationalism if too many of these elements are used in a story. Visual examples

also focus on elements of the crime or person, for example, a close-up of the

judge’s shaking hands or a photo of the children’s room with stuffed animals. While

interesting to the reader or viewer, these elements do not add information about

the crime or the crime investigation.

Stage 2: Looking for Themes—Similarities and Differences

The data exemplar centers on the use of words/phrases and visuals that give a

subjective/emotional focus to the story. One additional step is necessary before

coding the stories. Each story was divided into units of analysis. This is an

important step to organize information with a large dataset. Within each unit,

words and phrases were coded as subjective or objective, and each unit could

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have more than one word/phrase that could be coded. For the newspaper story,

each paragraph was a unit of analysis. This resulted in 86 units for the front-page

story and one photo with caption, and six units for the Section AA story and nine

photos with captions (total of 96 units). The visuals included photos of the judge

and the house where the murder occurred. Section AA follows the first section of

a paper and is usually used for Sunday editions and when the news is important.

For the TV interview, each question asked or a comment by the reporter was a

unit of analysis. The television story had 26 units of analysis. The visuals included

the setting (kitchen), the close-up of the judge’s hands, the non-verbal response

by the reporter, primarily holding his arm or hand.

It is possible that each unit of analysis could have both subjective and objective

elements. The researcher must look for these instances in the coding process;

the use of the units of analysis makes it easy to find and reference examples.

Once again, the judgment of the researchers is used to determine the codes or

labels. This is the reason why two coders are used in the process; labels can be

compared, and a determination of the most appropriate label can be made.

Subjective Examples From the Newspaper Story

On Sunday January 12, three days after the murder, the newspaper presented an

interview in two parts. The front-page story was an interview with three reporters

from difference news organizations (the other two were not identified). Also, an

exclusive interview by The Plain Dealer was done at Judge Steele’s home and

included a double-page photo story placed on the first page of Section AA. The

total length of the story (word count) is approximately 1,125 words. The following

example demonstrate the initial findings.

Paragraph 6: “Boyish looking” “shaken by sobs,”

Paragraph 13: “chain smoking with twitching hands”; “Judge Steele closed his eye

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in retelling a story.”

Paragraph 55: the judge’s voice was shattered with sobs. His eyes were closed

as he related the scene in the bedroom.”

Paragraph 70: “The judge’s mother, … said: “Bob was beside himself. He was

sobbing and sobbing. We tried to quiet him.”

Photo story: Paragraph 5: stuffed animals sat in solemn loneliness on beds.”

Paragraph 6: “A small artificial Christmas tree stood on a stand in the hallway, a

spot the killer of Mrs. Steele must have passed entering and leaving her bedroom.”

Photo captions: “emotionally torn up.” “Blood stained mattress examined by

detectives”

Subjective Examples From the TV Interview

On Friday, January 17, a TV interview with Judge Steele was conducted as he

returned to his parents’ home after the polygraph test. The interview is eight and

a half minutes long. The reporter prompts the judge at the very beginning of the

interview (Comment 1) that taking a polygraph test is a “terrible experience.” She

also says (Comment 2) it must be “nerve wracking” and wonders “how can you act

normally?” She also notes that the judge has been generous in giving interviews

(comment 3). She repeats “it is a terrible ordeal,” and the judge responds to

why he has given interviews. During the week, it was revealed that the judge

was having an affair and the reporter makes a vague remark about “the motel

business” (comment 4). He states he told his in laws about affair earlier in the

week, explained, and begged for forgiveness. She notes that that takes “a lot

of courage” (comment 5). As she asks about how he is doing she notes: “It’s

like a nightmare” (comment 8). The reporter comments: “Don’t be so nervous …

(you are) quivering and trembling all over” (comment 11). She would like to ask

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more questions, but it is difficult for her because “I’m touching into the heart of

a man” (comment 14). She asks whether the police have been fair. The judge

says that, yes, they have been, but that the news media have not. She states

that they are “making a sort of circus of it.” As the camera shows a close-up of

the judge’s hands, the reporter comments that he is trembling again and needs

tranquilizers (comment 18). She then asks: What mark does it leave on you?”

He responds it is “tearing me apart and he feels like he could “just cry and cry

and cry.” She notes that the “ability to cry is a wonderful characteristic in a man”

(Comment 20). The reporter asks about the results of the polygraph test, and he

states he was told they were satisfied. She states: “you mean that you were telling

the truth (Comment 25) and then reiterates (after he responds: “I was telling the

truth”) “That you are completely innocent” (Comment 26). The interview ends with

a thank-you and them holding hands. She also wonders whether the polygraph

test will be the last test he is “subjected to” (Comment 20). He responds the police

are satisfied with the results of the test.

There are similarities and differences in how the stories are told in the newspaper

and on television. The Plain Dealer told the story in about 1,125 words. This is

the equivalent of a ten-minute talk. The story also included photos of the judge

and the interior of the house. The overall emphasis of the story is objective. In

the 92 units of analysis (86 in the front-page story; 6 in the section AA story),

there were at least 86 objective words/phrases that were used throughout the

story. The reporter includes many quotes from the judge and statements regarding

the timeline of the crime, which are objective. Some units of analysis included

both subjective and objective words/phrases. For example, Paragraph 6 includes

a description of the judge as “boyish looking: and “shaken by sobs.” But also

includes the basic facts of the time and place of the discovery of the body.

There was one unit of analysis (Paragraph 13) in the front-page story that was

exclusively subjective; there were two units of analysis in the page AA story that

were exclusively subjective. In the 92 units of analysis, there were 11 subjective

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comments (including two comments listed as photo captions). These are words

chosen by the reporter to convey the emotion of the situation. In addition, one of

the interviews takes place in the house where the murder occurred and included

photos from inside the home. These words chosen by the reporter indicate the

emotional state of the judge and paints a sympathetic picture of the judge.

The television interview report presents very few facts and has more emotional

content. Of the 26 units of analysis, there are subjective comments in each

unit. The reporter is painting a very sympathetic view of the judge and does not

focus on facts but on his emotional state. For example, between the time of the

newspaper interview and the TV interview, it was revealed the judge was having

an affair. The TV reporter dismisses this fact as “the motel business” and makes a

comment that it takes courage to admit this to your family.

Although these interviews were early in the investigation of the murder, both

stories demonstrate how local news can present a different viewpoint to the

audience. Both reporters included subjective elements. The Plain Dealer printed

the interview with Judge Steele within three days of the murder (January 12). This

story was primarily the judge retelling the facts of the case and included some

subjective words and phrases but was overall objective in content. The television

interview aired January 17 after the affair with Mrs. Swartz was revealed and after

the judge took a lie test. The television reporter chose not to focus on facts but

on the emotional state of the judge and presented a story that was subjective in

content. Also, both reporters were highly respected in the local community and

were considered very credible sources. Since different media use the contextual

elements of news in different ways, consumers of news need to be aware of these

differences and to consider how news is delivered by different media. Traditional

newspapers can devote space for the development of the story. Television is

limited by time and in this case chose to focus on subjective information rather

than facts. Online news reporting is a newer form of delivery and needs to be

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carefully analyzed as to how stories are presented to their audiences.

Summary

Research that compares differences in media coverage of local news stories

is important to determine effective use of local media to inform the public of

stories that impact the community. This is important today since news is available

through newspapers, television, and online sources. Comparing storytelling from

different media is challenging. A method of analysis that is useful to compare

media is content analysis. Content analysis is a research method for describing

(interpreting and coding) written, spoken, or visual communication. The process

of content analysis is lengthy and requires the researcher to read over or listen to

material many times to determine whether the material is understood. To begin,

the researcher reads or listens to the material and makes notes on the different

types of information found. For data that are lengthy, like the material included for

this dataset, the use of units of analysis is helpful. In this example, each paragraph

in the newspaper article was a unit of analysis; for the television report, each

question or comment from the reporter was a unit of analysis. From the notes,

the researcher determines possible categories, themes, or labels. This process

is repeated for each article or news report. When all the information is labeled,

the researcher reads or views the news stories again and determines whether the

information is in the best category or whether some categories can be merged.

Once this analysis is complete, the researcher can then develop an interpretation

of the information.

This dataset presents a report of a local crime story by a newspaper and a

television station during the first days of the investigation. By reading the

newspaper articles and viewing the television reports, differences in coverage

were determined. Once the stories were understood, each story was broken into

a unit of analysis (paragraph or question/comment) and then labels/codes were

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assigned to the words or phrases used in each unit of analysis. The contextual

element that was the focus of the exemplar was words and phrases that could be

analyzed as objective or subjective.

After completing this exercise, students will understand the need to review

material several times to understand the meaning and context of stories, the

creation of labels, and assigning labels to the content of the stories, so

comparisons can be made. Finally, students will develop an ability to see

differences in objective and subjective news reporting. This ability is important to

complete research but is extremely necessary to understand that contemporary

news reports from different media sources may tell different stories about the

same event.

Reflective Questions

1. One of the more “sensational” aspects of this story was the affair

between Judge Steele and Mrs. Swartz. Review the coverage of this

story by the newspaper and the television station. Be sure to include

the TV interview. Do a content analysis that is based on subjective and

objective elements of the reports. What are the differences in

coverage? What effect might these differences have on audience

understanding of the facts? How do you think the media would report

this aspect of a story today?

2. How would you begin a research project if you wanted to compare a

story by a print newspaper and the same newspaper story online?

What would you look for in the initial search for data? What visual

differences might be involved? Does inclusion of video make a

difference in the meaning of the story? What impact does a personal

interview or the number of photos have on the story or perception by

the audience? Do headlines make a difference?

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3. Three aspects of this story were the initial report of the murder, the “Lie

test,” and the search for the gun. Choose the report of the “Lie test” or

the search for the gun and review the video and newspaper stories

provided. Develop a coding system to compare the differences in the

way the story is told. Once a coding system is developed, have two

people read the newspaper story and watch the video, determine units

of analysis and label the various elements of the story. Compare how

the stories were analyzed. Adjust the coding system as needed.

4. Research current examples of different news sources presentation of

the same story in different ways. This might include print, television,

and online stories. What contextual elements should be considered?

Develop a coding system to compare the different stories. What did

you discover about the differences among the various media? Are your

results important? Why? What other influences may determine what is

included in the content? Consider the role of an editor, legal issues,

competition from other news outlets.

Further Readings

Antunes, G. E., & Hurley, P. A. (1977). The representation of criminal events in

Houston’s two daily newspapers. Journalism Quarterly, 54(4), 756–760.

Benson, R., Blach-Ørsten, M., Powers, M., Willig, I., & Vera Zambrano, S.

(2012). Media systems online and off: Comparing the form of news in the United

States, Denmark, and France. Journal of Communication, 62, 21–38.

doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01625.x

Dean, W., & Rosenstiel, T. (2018). What makes a good story? Retrieved from

https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/journalism-essentials/makes-good-story/

Kramer, M. (2015, June 23). Why does local matter? Let’s ask our audience.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01625.x

https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/journalism-essentials/makes-good-story/

Retrieved from http://www.poynter.org/2015/why-does-local-matter-lets-ask-our-

audience/352419/

Lipschultz, J. H., & Hilt, M. L. (2002). Crime and local television news: Dramatic,

breaking, and live from the scene. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Rosenstiel, T., Mitchell, A., Purcell, K. & Raine, L. (2011, September 26). How

people learn about their local community. Retrieved from www.pewinternet.org/

2011/09/26/part-3-tye-role-of-newspapers/

Smith, J. (2005). Content differences between print and online newspapers

(Graduate theses and dissertations). Retrieved from

http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/868

Winegarner, B. (2013). 5 tips on how to desensationalize stories. Retrieved from

https://www.poynter.org/news/5-tips-how-desensationalize-stories

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http://www.poynter.org/2015/why-does-local-matter-lets-ask-our-audience/352419/

http://www.poynter.org/2015/why-does-local-matter-lets-ask-our-audience/352419/

http://www.pewinternet.org/2011/09/26/part-3-tye-role-of-newspapers/

http://www.pewinternet.org/2011/09/26/part-3-tye-role-of-newspapers/

http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/868

https://www.poynter.org/news/5-tips-how-desensationalize-stories

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