A CHRONOLOGY OF THE WAR IN EUROPE: 100 OUTSTANDING DATES

s

GREATEST EXTENT : NOV 1942

1939

1940

1941

SEPTEMBER:1-The German Wehrmacht invades

Poland without warning, Danzigis annexed.

3-Britain and France, standing bytheir treaty obligation to guar-antee Polish boundaries, declarewar on Germany.

17-Red Army troops occupy easternPoland, moving to a point rough,ly equivalent to the Curzon Line.

27-Warsaw surrenders to Germanyafter a short but bitter siege,marking the collapse of Polishresistance.

NOVEMBER:30-Red Army troops invade Fin-

land .DECEMBER:17-Nazi battleship Graf Spec scut-

tled by its crew after a battlewith British fleet units offMontevideo.

14-President Roosevelt, Prime Min-ister Churchill announce the At-lantic Charter evolved during a

.

SANUARY:

series of meetings aboard war3-President Roosevelt calls on Con-

vessels in the Atlantic.-si

,"

budget, including a sharply 111-

creased appropriation for thenational defense program .

MARCH:12--Soviet"Finnfah peace treaty is

signed, with the Soviet Uniongetting the Karelian Isthmusand the naval base at Hangoe.

APRIL:9-The "Sitzkrieg" ends. German

troops occupy Denmark and in-vade Norway.

MAY:10-After an eight-month stalemate

on Western Front, the Nazislaunch a general offensive, in-vading the neutral Low Coun-tries and France.uWinston Churchill, First Lord of

the Admiralty, succeeds NevllleChamberlain as Prime Ministerof Great Britain .

14-Netherlands armies, over-whelmed by the Wehrmacht,surrender.

28-Belgium's armed forces capitu-late to Nazis.

31-Rescued from the beaches ofDunkerque, most of the BritishExpeditionary Force reachesEngland .

Jam:10-Italy enters the war on the side

of the Axis, stabbing France inthe back.

13-German troops march into Paris,which had been declared an opencity.

22-The French Government ofMarshal Pdtain signs an armi-stice with Hitler in CompiegneForest.

24-France signs an armistice withItaly .

AUGUST :8-Luftwaffe launches all-out air

Blitz on England .20-Churchill announces that Britain

has agreed to lease bases to theUnited States in exchange forfifty overage American de-stroyers.

SEPTEMBER:27-RAF turns the tide in the Battle

of Britain by shooting down 185Nazi planes .

OCTOBER:16-United States begins drafting

men for service in the armedforces ; 19,400,000 men register.

2&-Italian troops invade Greece.DECEMBER:

15-British forces drive the Italiansout of Egypt, invade Libya.

17-President Roosevelt proposes tolend-lease armaments to GreatBritain .

JANUARY :6-President Roosevelt tells COn"

gress the American people willnot acquiesce in an Axis-dictatedpeace ; outlines a peace based onfour freedoms .

MARCH:1-Bulgaria joins the Axis ; Sofia is

occupied by Nazi troops.APRIL:

6-Germany Invades Yugoslavia andGreece.

10--United States takes over the pro-

THE RISE AND FALL OF HITLER'S REICH: THREE MOMENTOUS PHASES

tection of Greenland to safe-guard northern shipping routes,and forestall a German movetoward the Western Hemisphere.

MAY:1-British announce that 48,000 of

60,000 troops landed in Greecehave been evacuated.

10-Rudolph Hess, deputy leader ofthe Nazi party, flies from Ger-many, is captured in Scotland.

27-President Roosevelt proclaims anunlimited'state of national emer"gency in the United States.

JUNE:22-Without warning and in viola-

tion of nonaggression pact theGerman Army Invades Russia.

JULY:3-Premier Stalin calls on the So-

viet people to "scorch the earth"as the Nazi armies lance deepinto Russia.

AUGUST:

sr~mrs~s:12-President Roosevelt warns that

United States Navy will shootfirst at Axis warships sighted InAmerican defense zone.

OCTOBER: ,17-Odessa falls to the Germans aft-

er a long siege ; diplomatic corpsand some Government officialsevacuated from Moscow toKuibyshev as German armiesdrive to within thirty miles ofMoscow.

31-American destroyer ReubenJames torpedoed and sunk in theAtlantic.

NOVEMBER:1-United States extends $1 billion

in lend lease aid to the SovietUnion

29-Red Army recaptures Rostov,launches first general offensiveof the war in the Ukraine .

DECEMBER:7-Japanese planes attack Pearl

Harbor without warning, bring-ing the United States into thewar.

11-Germany, and Italy declare waron the United States .

JANUARY :2-Pact of the United Nations is

signed ; twenty-six nations fight-

THE PULSE OF THE WAR : A CHAP,T SHOWING THE FLUCTUATIONS OF ALLIED HOPES FOR VICTORY

1939

1942

111i

1940

,"k?

THE NEW YORK TIMES, SUNDAY, MAY 6, 1945 .

the peace

everywhere is in danger"--8ept. 3 .CHURCHILL: "We are fighting to rave the world from

the pestilence of Nazi tyramiy."-9ept. 3,

CIHIRCINLL:

"We. shall fight an the ba:eht we ihall

won't get the cakes and the buns and instead the Antesfight on the landing grounds, " +' " in the fields and in

reserve for them the bumps and the bruises."-Nov. 6.the streets, we shall fight in the hills ; we shall never sur-render."-Julie 4 ; after evacuation from Dunkerque.ROOSEVELT : "We will extend to the opponents of force

the material resources of this nation."-Jane 10.

1941ROOSEVELT : "Our country is going to be what our

people have proclaimed it must be-the arsenal of demos-racy."-March 1S.

CHURCHILL : "This morning Hitler invaded Russia.'We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of theNasi regime. + s " Any man or State who fights

a aNazidom will have our aid . Any man or State whomarcher with Hitler is our foe.""-tulle 22 .STALIN : 'The German invaders wish to have a war of

extermination-against the peoples of the Soviet UniaLWell, If the Germans wish this tb be a war of extermina-tion, they will get it!"-Nov. 7.

1942STALIN : "ARV Red Army man can proudly say he Is

waging a just war, a war for freedom,"Feb. 23.

ROOSEVELT : "Only total victory can reward the chain.pious of tolerance, and decency, and freedom, and faith."-Oct. 12.CHURCHILL : `This is not the end It Is not even the

beginning of the and. But it is, perhaps, the end of thebeginning."-After the invasion of North Africa, Nov . 10.

IanIATRf OFswim

1I11

1941

11111

and it is the assembly base for the United States Armies .We must prepare for the time

when thebulk of these armies will have advanced across the seasinto deadly grapple on the Continent ."May 14 .

ROOSEVELT : "It has been our steady policy-and it iscertainly a common-sense policy-that the right of eachnation to freedom must be measured by the willingness ofthat nation to fight for freedom."-Dec. 24 .

1944CHURCHILL : "The long and terrible march

"

is beingaccomplished stage by stage.

We shall reach the endof our journey in good order."-March 26.ROOSEVELT : "These men' " " fight not for the lust of

conquest, but to end conquest . They fight to let justicearise and for tolerance and good-will ."D-day prayer,June e.STALIN : "There Is no nsed to doubt that if the fighting

alliance of the democratic powers has stood the trial ofwar [thus far], the more so will the alliance stand thetrials of the concluding stage of the war."Nov. 7.

1945CHURCHILL: "The United Nations are an unchalleng"

able power to lead the world to prosperity, freedom andhappiness,"-Feb, 27 .ROOSEVELT : "I am confident that the Congress and the

American people will accept the results of this conference(San Francisco) as the beginning of a permanent struc-ture of peace."--March 1.STALIN : 'The United Nations will destroy fascism and

German militarism and will sternly punish war criminalsand will compel the Germans to make good the losses theyhave inflicted upon other nations."-May 1.

I11I

111

1942 1943

v

S

This chart is an attempt to indicate--which can be done, of course, only in roughest approximation-how the Allied mood changed with the events of the war.

1944

1944JANUARY :16-General Eisenhower arrives in

England to assume command ofthe Allied forces preparing -to in-vade Europe from the west.

20--Twenty-nine-month-long siegeof the city of Leningrad by Ger-man and Finnish troops it lift-ed by the Red Army.

FEBRUARY:I8--Great Allied offensive against

Germany's Industrial resourcesreaches a peak as strategic airforces shower 17,000 tons ofbombs on Germany in one week.

JUNE:4-American Fifth Army liberates

Rome, the Italian capital ; driveGermans northward .

4..-D-day ; Allied armies from Brig-land land on the French . coastin Normandy, breach Hitler'svaunted Atlantic Wall.

\1~

1Yat ( ,1F

Allies and quits the war.OCTOBER.

L8-Invasion of German from theAllied armies capture the Its!-

west begins as American FirstIan port of Naples, one of the

Army troops cross the Germangreatest in the world . border just east of Aachea.NOVEMBER:

17-Allied airborne landings at Arm"-t~R;ed Arnlyiiewk~Kie~ la-the- .midst of a greatwlnfeio

w

. ~

' "elfts toeme ort6

'.in the Ukraine.

Itiver crossings in thDECEMBER:

repelled by the Nazis,7-Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin,

conclude a conference at Tehe-ran, announce that they havereached a complete agreement"as to the scope and timing ofoperations" to knock Germanyout of the war.

1945

027-034_012

DECEMBER:16--German Army stops month-old

Allied winter offensive bycounter-attacking through theArdennes Forest.

28--German attack on WesternFront is contained ; Allied coon.terattack, which wiped out theGerman bulge after six weeks offighting, is launched by GeeEisenhower.

1943JANUARY :14--Warsaw is liberated as a greglt

Red Army winter offensiveclears the Germans from Polandcarries deep Into Germany.

FEBRUARY:8-Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin

meet at Yalta~ to coordinate thefinal blows against Germany andJay plans for the peace.

18-,Budapest falls to Red Arty.23-American First and Ninth

Armies breach the GermaneRoar River Line protecting TheCologne Plain.

MARCH:2--Allied troops sweeping norlk

over the Cologne Plain reach theRhine opposite Duesseldorf.

ti--Cologne falls to American FirstArmy troops.

7-First Allied crossing of theRhine is made at Remagen

ill-American Third and SeventhArmy troops begin attack whichsecures the vital Saar basin is

23-American Third Army crossesthe Rhine in force just aboveMannheim to threaten south-central Germany.

2-British and American forcescross the Rhine in the north,drive on the Ruhr.

APRIL :8-Ruhr is cut off from the rest of

Germany by a linking of Amer.icon patrols at Paderborn.

11-American troops reach the Elbeat Magdeburg ; Coblenz andEssen fall to the Allies .

13-Vienna falls to Red Army col-umns advancing along theDanube River.

21-The Red Army thrusts into Ber-lin from its bridgeheads west ofthe Oder River.

25-American and Soviet Armieslink their fronts at Torgau, be-low Berlin, cutting Germany intwo.

MAY:1-The Nazi radio announces the

death of Hitler ; Admiral KarlDoenitz named as his successor,

?-Marshal Stalin announces thatthe Red Army has completedthe conquest of Berlin with thesurrender of the last 70,000 de-fenders.

2-Allies announce the uncondition-al surrender--negotiated April29-of Nazi troops in Italy,southern and western Austria.

B--Germans in Holland Denmarknorthern Germany surrender.

ing the Axis pledge a common 2-Sevaetopol falls to the Germans. they planned the Allied offer- Tunisian campaign are eom" 16-First German robot bombe beginvictory. NOVEMBER: siges for 1943 . pleted with the capture of 160; falling on England .MARCH: 2--British Eighth Army shatters FEBRUARY: 000 prisoners, vast quantities of1t-Hitler predicts a German victory Rommel's line at El Alamein. 2-The six-month Battle of Stalin- material.

2f-Nazisover Russia by the end 'of 8-Allied armies under the coin- grad, high tide of the Nazi ad" 4U " report that an attemptsummer. mand of General Eisenhower vance into the Soviet Union, ends 12-Island of Pantelleria, off Sicily, has been made on Hitlees life by

" land in North Africa. in a Russian victory. surrenders to the Allies after a group of generals ; report pun.MAY: 21-French fleet is scuttled at Tou- 11-Kharkov recaptured by the Red an intense, two-week serial ishment of those responsible .28--Great Britain-Soviet Union sign%n Ion by its crews to balk German Army. bombardment, 27American forces in Normandya twenty-year mutual aid pact. attempt to seinethe fleet . MARCH: JULY: break the German defense line10--Czech village of Lidice wiped SO-British Eighth Army breaks the 10-American, British and Canadian at Avranches, begin pursuit ofout by the Nazis in -reprisal for

194$ Guar Month Line in Tunisia. troops invade Sicily, last step- the Germans across France .the assassins :on of Reinhard APRIL: Ping stone on route to Italy. AUGUST:Heydrich,,Nazi official. !-British and American forces join 26-Mussolini is ousted as Italian 15-Allied armiesJULY: JANUARY: in Tunisia. Premier ; King Victor Emmanuel from Italy and1-British Eighth Army stops Room- I !7-Roosevelt and Churchill conclude MAY: names Marshal BadogIio to suc" Africa invade southern Franos.mel at El Alamein. Casablaaa Conference, is which 1d--Mopping-up operations in the e 2&-Paris is liberated .

SEPTEMBER:

THE WAR YEARS IN THE WORDS OF THE BIG THREE

8-Allied armies hurdle the Straitsof Measina, begin the invasion of 4-Finland signs an armistice with

the Sovietsouthern Italy. Union, leaves the9-Italy's unconditional surrender, war.

g.-Iron Guard Government1939 1943

after an armistice signed onSept. 3, is announced ; Germans

over,thrown in Bulgaria as that coup.

ROOSEVELT: "When peace has been broken anywhere, CHURCHILL : "We have strong armies in Great Britain, in Italy continue fighting try sign$ an armistice with the

ARMY SHIFT TO PACIFICNEXT BIG WAR PROBLEM

6E

Turning Our Forces Against Japan IsQuestion of Logistics and Morale

With the collapse of German re-sistance, the spotlight of warshifts to the Pacific and Americanauthorities begin the immense taskof redeploying our forces for thewar against Japan.The mop-up to Europe was not

finished at the week-end, but al-ready thousands of GI's, resting ontheir rifles, had ceased firing andhad marked the end of the waragainst Germany with one pungentpersonal comment of relief : "Imade it"And already the immense task of

resting. sorting out, partially re-equipping and transporting mil-Bons of men and millions of tonsof supplies 14,000 miles to thePacific war is starting.The job of redeployment is in

some ways the biggest logistical .

tent o flte area we are required tooccupy (probably part of Austria,as well as southern Germany) andupon the hostility or cooperationof the population.

war, bigger even than the originaltask of transporting some 4,000,000men to Europe . The distances in-volved are far greater, the bases,ports and land areas available inthe Pacific are less extensive andless developed ; and the time avail-able is far shorter. The redeploy-ment must be done with the great-est possible speed to avoid any de-lay in Far Eastern operations .But the immense logistical probe

lees is in some sense dwarfed bythe magnitude of the morale prob-lem involved ; indeed, the two areinseparable. Both problems can bebest posed by summarizing theArmy's plans.

LOGISTICS IOf the approximately 8,050,000

enlisted men now in service, a mi-nority will be discharged. Exactlyhow many will be released has notbeen made clear, but the numberis expected to total about 1,000,000or perhaps double that figure . Themen who are to be discharged willbe chosen impartially from all the-atres on the basis of "adjustedservice rating cards" which will beissued to all enlisted men in theArmy after V-E Day.Four factors on that card will

be used an yardsticks in determin-ing the priority of separation .Theme are (1) "service credit," orthe number of months in theArmy since Sept 18, 1840 ; (2)"overseas credit," the number ofmonths served overseas ; (3) "com-bat credit" based upon medals andawards received for courage in ac-tion ; (4) "parenthood credit," as-signed for each dependent child

ar no "credits" havebeen awarded for age, thoughthere have been numerous complaints from soldiers over 30 thattheir chances of getting a renewedstart in life are jeopardized byeach additional month they areforced to remain in the Army.The total points awarded on each

of these "adjusted service ratingcards" will determine priority ofdischarge, but a high rating doesnot insure discharge . For, first,theatre commanders must declarethat certain numbers of men undertheir command are "surplus" tothe continued needs of that the-atre ; these men are then, in ac-cordance with the priority deter-mined by their adjusted servicerating cards, returned to theUnited States.

Children.

Screening ProcessHere there is another screening .

The men declared "surplus" byoverseas commanders are dividedinto "essential" and "nonessen-tial" groups . The "nonessential"ones are given their discharges,after being processed through"separation centers," in accord.ance with the priority given themby their adjusted service ratingcards . But a man with a very highpriority-if he happened to be anexpert photo-interpreter or radarspecialist, for instance, and therewas a shortage of such specialistsat the time-might be declared"essential" in this country, eventhough he had been declared "sur-plus" in the theatre from which hecame, and retained for furtherservice. There are not expected tobe many such cases, but there willbe some._

The men to be discharged underPacific will have to be increased.

By HANSON W.BALDWINthis system, however, representonly one of the major problemsafter V-E Day, and are only oneof four main groups into whichthe Army in Europe is now beingdivided. Nor will the men to bedischarged receive priority oftransportation, for the militaryneeds of the Far Eastern war willtake precedence over any otherconsideration .One considerable segment of our

manpower now in Europe must re-main there indefinitely for policingand garrison duties. The FifteenthArmy, Lieut Gen. Leonard T . Ge-row commanding, plus s smallArmy Air Force, will probably as-sume this duty, but the strength ofthese units may be considerablyless than that of a normal fieldarmy of a normal air force, de.

Movement of TroopsThe four other American armies

in Europe and the American partof the First Allied Airborne Armyand of the Fifth Army in Italy,and their supporting supply serv-ices, will be available, less theminority to be discharged, for "re-deployment" in the Pacific.This will be done in two ways.

Some troops, chiefly supply troopswho are badly needed in the pa-cific today, engineer and construc-tion units, ground units of the AirForces, will receive priority oftransportation direct to the FarEast from Europe. Indeed, somesmall units already have started .These forces will prepare camps,installations and air fields for thecombat forces that will follow hardupon their heels. Some combatunits, particularly of the Air Force,will also be shifted directly fromEurope to the Far East, after apause at rest centers on the Contt"nent for sifting out the men select"ad for discharge, for regrouping,and for restWhile these combat troops are

resting at such places an theFrench Riviera an of their equip-ment that is suitable for use inthe Pacific-and that is estimatedat about 70 per cent of the whole-will be overhauled and cratedand packed for the long convoytrip to the Far EastThese combat units will then be

taken in convo

on a trip which may take fromfive to seven weeks to Far Easternstaging bases. Most of them prob.ably will pan through the PanamaCanal,But the greater bulk of the

army in Europe will probably firstbe brought home before being sentto the Pacific. Those units thatbreak their journey in the UnitedStates will grant their men a leaveperiod, probably of at least twenty-one days, and there will be a fur-ther period in various camps,where the units are reorganizedand perhaps given some refreshertraining, new equipment, etc . Itwill be some time, therefore, afterthe first of our combat units getsback from Europe before the trooptrains start to converge on SanFrancisco, Los Angeles and otherWest Coast ports. At the heightof the flow to the Pacific, EastCoast ports also will be used forembarkation for the Pacific anwell as debarkation from Europe.Naval RedeploymentSuch In the Army's problem. It

is not paralleled by the Navy's,which already has announced therewill be no naval demobilizationfollowing V-E Day. There willhowever, be naval redeploymentthough it will be nowhere near asdifficult a task am the Army's .Many destroyers and anti-sub-marine craft in the Atlantic canbe shifted to the Pacific, or de-commissioned and their crewsshifted, if needed, to other duties .Armed guard gun crews on mer-chant ships, already cut in size,can be still more reduced. Thesize of some naval bases in the

"THE NEXT BIG LINK-UP"

THE NEW YORK TIMES, SUNDAY, MAY 6, 1945.

AS THE FOCUS OF THE WAR SHIFTED TO THE PACIFIC

Allied-held areasJapanese-held areas

Last week Japan (1) felt the siege ring around her grow tighter. In the battle on Okinawa (2) the Jsp "anese were pushed back is heavy fighting. In the Philippines (3) Davao, key city on Mindanao, wascaptured by American forces . Off Borneo (4) the island of Tarakan was invaded by Australian troopsunder General MacArthur. And in Burma (5) Rangoon, the capital, was recaptured after three years.

But the net reduction in the Navy'sstrength to not expected to belarge, if, indeed, perceptible, andthe naval redeployment problem,because ships are mobile and moreor less self-sustaining, is a moreor lea "We one.

This redeployment programnow starting, is, as can be seen, Atremendous . administrative andtransportation problem. But it isalso the greatest morale problemthe Army and the nation have everfaced. .There is already tremendous

pressure an the part of war-wearyGPs in Europe (and among theveterans of the Pacific) to gethome . The let-down after V-E Daymay be pronounced. Those whoare to be shipped directly to thePacific will not relish the thought.They have fought one war; theythink their job in done . Those whoare to come home first and to getleave may have an even greatermorale problem, and will createone in this country. For it will bea great wrench, indeed, to anyfamily and to any soldier to endone war with a happy homecomingafter months or years away, andto start another one with a dismalleave-taking twenty-one days later .Those who are to be dischargedafter V-E Day will not get priorityof transportation ; some of themmay be in Europe many monthsafter hostilities have ceased.Some of our units-even some

slated for the Pacific-may notget away from Europe for twelveto eighteen months after V-E Day .And in the Navy, there will be

heart-burnings, particularly amongolder men, who see Army veteransbeing discharged, and who realisethat the longer they stay in theservice the more difficult and de-layed their chances of economic re-adjustment and establishment ofa civilian career,

Carmack In The Christian SMence Monitor

Few Months' Lull

NErHERLND! IND~I; lr #A a

JA A

sillsI1"0140~a

t

Thus, the gigantic problem ofmoving millions of men across halfthe world is matched by the equallygigantic problem of keeping thespirits of those men up, of main.taining war resolve and war

amperingthe development of our war againstJapan or the successful completionof itTo meet this problem, the Army

is planning for that long and dan-gerous period in Europe after theend of hostilities a vast programof rest camps, recreation, study,extension courses, ahtletice, lec-tures and training, with some lib-eral leave periodsin nearbymetro-politan centers. The Navy will tryto get its men and ships back fromEurope (except for the smallsquadrons to be left in the Medi-terranean and western Europe) asquickly as possible, so that the mencan be given leave at home-

Far Last PlanPersonnel 1s the major, though

only one, of the problems . Theremust be staging bases, docks,bases, camps and airfields in thePacific and Far East to receive theflow from Europe . Some of thesealready have been built ; construc-tion battalions now are buildingothers. The program is hamperedby the fact that there will be fewsuch developed ports available inthe Far East as there were inEurope.The areas that will receive our

men and equipment in the Pacificare the Hawaiian Islands, the Mari-snos, the Philippines, and eventu-ally Oklnawa. In time coastalbases in China might be prepared,but that will depend upon the de-velopment of our strategy. In India,Calcutta and Bombay are ports ofdebarkation, and great airfields arealready established in this areathrough which supplies to Chinaare funneled . .In time, itW cleatteAhe 01s~gap

~other sea approach to the FarWestern Pacific, and perhaps toChinese ports, will be available forthe latter stages of re-deployment

All this sounds like a giganticproblem. it is. It probably meanthat a relative lull in the Pacificmay follow Okinawa. For somefew months we are not likely to beready to undertake anything asbig as the invasion of Japan(though local operations elsewherecould well be undertaken) . Butthat period will not be wasted .

It will be signalized by an inten-sive bombardment and blockade ofJapan; the encirclement of the an-emy-which conceivably mightlead to capitulation without inva-sion-will begin. When this periodwill and, and the big D-day of thePacito-the invasion of Japan-will come, will depend in majorpart upon Japanese reaction to our"softening-up" process, and uponthe judgment of our military lead-ers as to whether it is better toprolong the bombardment andblockade phase, losing fewer menover a longer time, or to enter theassault phase, losing more menover a shorter time .In any case, the job of getting

enough supply troops and planes,and landing craft and bases andthe thousands of items needed forlarge amphibious operations to the

_OICIMAWA

RMOSfVnLCANG IJ:

Pacific seems so considerable thatno invasion of Japan proper seemslikely until late summer or fall atthe earliest. For it will probablybe two to seven months after V-EDav before the weight of our

MARIANA1 ;

XAIP~~

CSUAM

OUR MEN AND THE, RUSSIANSSHARE LITTLE NO MAN'S LAND

Contact Between the Two Armies Has ThusFar Been Friendly and Profitable

WITH THE FIRST UNITEDSTATES ARMY, in Germany, MayS--A strip of No Man's Land run-ning through the heart of Germanyhas become for the moment a newinternational boundary and at thesame time a zone of unity betweenthe United States and Soviet Rus-sia .Here in front of our First Army,

it lies between the Elbe River andthe Mulde, the next river furtherwest, two swift . flowing, sizablestreams .This I$ not necessarily a perma-

nent zone of demarcation. Finalpositions of the eastern and west-ern Allies are yet to be announced.But just now it is the place wheretroops of our First Army, whichhas fought its way 700 miles fromthe Normandy beaches, are at lasttaking life easy alongside Russiansoldiers who also are relaxing aftermttllng 1,400 idles from Stalin-grad where they, gave the war itsfirst turn toward victory. Nowthey have time to wash clothes,refurnish equipment, write letters-and visit with one another.Joint OccupationFor this No Man's Land is partly

occupied now by patrols and out.posts of both countries. In at leastone town there are both Americanand Russian command posts . Suchmingling of troops of different,countries, with different customsand speaking different languages,i~might be expected to cause diffi-culties. Thus far it has produced'only friendliness on both sides.Leaders of both armies, of course,are hoping it will remain that way.At Torgau, where the first con-

tact with the Russians was madeby an American patrol on April 25,an American sentry stands besidea cartoon painted by some GI rep-resenting an American soldier anda Red Army man clasping hands,their boots trampling the Swastikaunderfoot .

In this zone, west and east trulymet with a closing of the gap be-tween our two conquering armiesand bisecting of Germany's car-cass . Thus far it has been excep-tionally warm rapprochement .Thus far, however, physical con-

tacts between both armies havebeen limited. Only a few troopsare involved in these advanced out-posts and patrols. The ground be-hind the Russian lines remainsterra incognito to us. The Rus-sians, for good reasons of theirown, including security, do not,want us running around loose be-

By NABOLD DENNYsrwlsieea to T= Mar Toms Tmxs

ante with their request, GeneralHodges has issued orders to allFirst Army personnel and war cor-respondents forbidding unauthor-ized visits into the Russian lines.They have invited us, however, toofficial meetings such as the re-cent call of General Hodges onthe Russian Army commander atheadquarters across the Elbethough at the same time makingit clear we were not to take advan-tage of this invitation for any in-dividual wandering.

Cordw meetingsThat party, centering around the

American and Russian army com-manders, was the latest in a seriesof Russo-American meetings whichsurely have set a new high in cor-diality. Both the Russians and theAmericans are demonstrative peo-ples, and they have certainly beendemonstrating, of the Elbe. Itbegan on the afternoon of April 25,when young Second Lieut. WilliamD. Robertson of Los Angeles tookthree men in a jeep across twentymiles of No Man's Land into Tor-gau and under the protection of anAmerican flag improvised from abed sheet and colors found in aGerman drug store made the firstcontact.As soon as the Russians on the

other side were sure that the mem-bers of Lieutenant Robertson'sparty were really Americans, theyscrambled down the broken bridgeand met the Americans in the cen-terwith hugs and back slaps, andthen led them to their bank for ameal of food delicacies,

Then a small Russian partyheaded by a major accompaniedRobertson and his patrol backacross the Mulde River to theAmerican division headquarters fora conference, which grew into aparty lasting vnucb of the night

Favorable ImpressionsThe Russians have made a good

impression on our men of all ranksand the Americans appear to havemade a goon one on the Russians .The first thing our men noticedwas the smart way in which theRussians in the front line weredreamed. Their higher officers, andeven many junior ones, wore beau-tifully tailored uniforms. The pri-vate soldiers also presented a goodappearance, with their boots neatlyblicked. Sartorially, the Russiansoutshone the Americans . The Rus-sians also were meticulous about

ADVIRTISIMINT

People sometimes ask us, "How anearth did a concern making brakeshoe ever get into the pump busi-ness?" It would be fine to be able tosay we planned it that way, but BrakeShoe didn't. Nobody charted a courseand years later said "now's the timefor American Manganese Steel Divi-sion to get into the pump business."But what did happen was . . .

Amoco beganyearsago, makingsomeeeplacemeat parts for other peoplesdredge pumps. They were made frommwgaaese steel-and theycouldtakemorepunishment They outlasted theother parts of the pumps. Soon,Afnscofound itselfwithrequestsfromdredgers to make these other parts

engineerstoo. Amsco

even lulped itsdesign certain parts so they couldstand up as long as the parts theyoriginally made.Then they were designing entire

pump assemblies, Foray (actually itseamed suddenly) Amsco was in thepump business, designing and manu-facturingpumps to dothe toughjobs

AFan* AfFak

'

Today, pumps are made of all kindsof material. Knowing the best mate.rial for the job is what counts. Actu-ally pump building is a Brake, Shoefamily lair. Iron parts for pumpsare made by Brake Shoe and CastingsDivision. A-B-K alloy, non-metallicbaring material, brass, lxonn andchromium alloys go from other divi-sions into Amsco pumps.What helps Brake Shoe's divisions

worktogether is thepumping ofideasten the bottom-up, the feeling ofhadom to try. We call it "Bottom-Up Management" It's a good thingto have when you're as extensive anorganization as ours, trying to makeso many diversified things better forindustry.

ARMY SHIFT TOPACIFIC

NEXT BIG WAR PROBLEM

Turning Our Forces Against Japan IsQuestion of Logistics and Morale

By HANSONWith the collapse of German re.

sistance, the spotlight of warshifts to the Pacific and Americanauthorities begin the immense taskof redeploying our forces for thewar against Japan.The mop-up m Europe was not

finished at the week-end, but al-ready thousands of GI's, resting ontheir rifles, had ceased firing andhad marked the end of the waragainst Germany with one pungentpersonal comment of relief : "Imade it."

-And already the immense task of

resting, sorting out,transporting

re-egmpping and transporting mil-lions of men and millions of tonsof supplies 14,000 miles to thePacific war is starting.The job of redeployment is in

some ways the biggest logistical

war, bigger even than the originaltask of transporting some 4,000,000men to Europe. The distances in-volved are far greater, the bases,ports and land areas available inthe Pacific are less extensive andless developed ; and the time avail-able is far shorter. The redeploy-ment must be done with the great-est possible speed to avoid any de-lay in Far Eastern operations.But the immense logistical prob-

lem is in some reuse dwarfed bythe magnitude of the morale prob-lem involved; indeed, the two areinseparable . Both problems can bebest posed by summarizing theArmy's Plans .

LOGISTICSOf the approximately 8,050,000

enlisted men now in service, a mi-nority will be discharged . Exactlyhow many will be released has notbeen made clear, but the numberis expected to total about 1,000,000or perhaps double that figure . Themen who are to be discharged willbe chosen impartially from all the-atres an the basis of "adjustedservice rating cards" which will beissued to all enlisted men in theArmy after V-E Day.Four factors on that card will

be used an yardsticks in determin-ing the priority of separation.These are (1) "service credit," orthe number of months in theAmy since Sept. 16, 1940 ; (2)"overseas credit," the number ofmonths served overseas ; (3) "com-bat credit" based upon medals andawards received for courage in ac-tion; (4) "parenthood credit," as-signed for each dependent child

yen.

err no "credits"been awarded for age, thoughthere have been numerous com-plaints from soldiers over 30 thattheir chances of getting a renewedstart in life are jeopardised byeach additional month they areforced to remain in the Army.The total points awarded on each

of these "adjusted service ratingcards" will determine priority ofdischarge, but a high rating doesnot insure discharge . For, first,theatre commanders must declarethat certain numbers of men undertheir command are "surplus" tothe continued needs of that the-atre ; these men are then, in ac-cordance with the priority deter.mined by their adjusted servicerating cards, returned to theUnited States.Screening Prows

Here there is another screening .The men declared "surplus" byoverseas commanders are dividedinto "essential" and "nonessen-tial" groups . The "nonessential"ones are given their discharges,after being processed through"separation centers," in accord.ance with the priority given themby their adjusted service ratingewda . But a man with a very highpriority-if he happened to be anexpert photo-interpreter or radarspecialist, for instance, and therewas a shortage of such specialistsat the time-night be declared"essential" in this country, eventhough he had been declared "sur-plus" in the theatre from which hecame, and retained for furtherservice. There are not expected tobe many such cases, but there willbe some.The men to be discharged under

W. BALDWINthis system, however, representonly one of the major problemsafter V-E Day, and are only oneof four main groups into whichthe Army in Europe is now beingdivided . Nor will the men to bedischarged receive priority oftransportation, for the ntiiftaryneeds of the Far Eastern war willtake precedence over any otherconsideration .One considerable segment of our

manpower now in Europe must re.main there indefinitely for policingand garrison duties . The FifteenthArmy, Lieut Gen . Leonard T. Ge.row commanding, plus a smallArmy Air Force, will probably as-sume this duty, but the strength ofthese units may be considerablyless than that of a normal fieldarmy of a normal air force, do-

t o7ge area we are required tooccupy (probably part of Austria,as well as southern Germany) andupon the hostility or cooperationof the population .Movement of TroopsThe four other American armies

in Europe and the American partof the First Allied Airborne Armyand of the Fifth Army in Italy,and their supporting supply serv-ices, will be available, less theminority to be discharged, for "re-deployment" in the Pacific .

This will be done in two ways.Some troops, chiefly supply troopswho are badly needed in the Pa-cific today, engineer and construc-tion units, ground units of the AirForces, will receive priority oftransportation direct to the FarEast from Europe. Indeed, somesmall units already have started.These forces will prepare camps,installations and air fields for thecombat forces that will follow bardupon their heels. Some combatunits, particularly of the Air Force,will also be shifted directly fromEurope to the Far East, after apause at rest centers on the Conti-nent for sifting out the man select-ed for discharge, for regrouping,and for restWhile these combat troops an

resting at such places an theFrench Riviera all of their equip.ment that is suitable for use inthe Pacific-and that is estimatedat about 70 per cent of the whole--will be overhauled and cratedand packed for the long convoytrip to the par EastThese combat units will then be

taken in conv

on a trip which may take fromfive to seven weeks to Far Easternstaging bases. Most of them prob.ably will pass through the PanamaCanal,But the greater bulk of the

army in Europe will probably firstbe brought home before being sentto the Pacific . Those units thatbreak their journey in the UnitedStates will grant their men a leaveperiod, probably of at least twenty-one days, and there will be a fur-ther period in various camps,where the units are reorganizedand perhaps given some refreshertraining, new equipment, etc . Itwill be some time, therefore, afterthe first of our combat units getsback from Europe before the trooptrains start to converge on SanFrancisco, Los Angeles and otherWest Coast ports. At the heightof the flow to the Pacific, EastCoast ports also will be used forembarkation for the Pacific aswell ere debarkation from Europe.Naval RedSPIoymmt

such is the Army's problem. Itis not paralleled by the Navy's,which already has announced therewill be no naval demobilisationfollowing V-E Day . There willhowever, be naval redeploymentthough it will be nowhere near andifficult a task an the Army's .Many destroyers and anti-sub-marine craft in the Atlantic outbe shifted to the Pacific, or de-commissioned and their crewsshifted, if needed, to other duties .Armed guard gun crews on mer-chant ships, already cut in size,can be still more reduced. Thesize of some naval bases in thePadfic will leave to be increased.

"THE NEXT BIG LINK-UP"

gLL~~O. ppC1FlC

FoRt~S .

AS THE FOCUS OF THE WAR SHIFTED TO THE PACIFIC

YribK

.S47e.x x

Allied-held areas"Japanese-held areas

But the net reduction in the Navy'sstrength is not expected to belarge, if, indeed, perceptible, andthe naval redeployment problem,because ships are mobile and moreor leas self-sustaining, Is a moreor Ifas aimale .one. _ -

This redeployment programnow starting, la, as can be seen, atremendous . administrative andtransportation Rroblem. But it isalso the greatest morale problemthe Army and the nation have everfaced.

There is already tremendouspressure on the part of war-wearyGI's in Europe (and among theveterans of the Pacific) to gethome. The let-down after V-E Daymay be pronounced. Those whoare to be shipped directly to thePacific will not relish the thought.They have fought one war ; theythink their job is done . Those whoare to come home first and to getleave may have an even greatermorale problem, and will createone in this country. For it will bea great wrench, indeed, to anyfamily and to any soldier to endone war with a happy homecomingafter months or years away, andto start another one with a dismalleave-taking twenty-one days later .Those who are to be dischargedafter V-E Day will not get priorityof transportation ; some of themmay be in Europe many monthsafter hostilities have ceased .Some of our units--even some

slated for the Pacific--may notget away from Europe for twelveto eighteen months after V-E Day .And in the Navy, there will be

heart-burnings, particularly amongolder men, who see Army veteransbeing discharged, and who realizethat the longer they stay in theservice the more difficult and de .layed their chances of economic re-adjustment and establishment ofa elvlllan Career

THE NEW YORK TIMES, SUNDAY, MAY 6, 1945,

~lhanghciRif

rv~?80NINO:;1.OIC(WAWA e

Thus, the gigantic problem ofmoving millions of men across halfthe world is matched by the equallygigantic problem of keeping thespirits of those men up, of main.taining war resolve and war

own nampermgthe development of our war againstJapan or the successful completionof itTo meet this problem, the Army

is planning for that long and dan-gerous period In Europe after theend of hostilities a vast programof rest camps, recreation, study,extension courses, ahtletics, lec-tures and training, with some lib-eral leaveperiods in near-bymetro-politan centers. The Navy will tryto get its men and ships back fromEurope (except for the smallsquadrons to be left in the Medi-terranean and western Europe) asquickly as possible, so that the mencan be given leave at home.

Far East PlanPersonnel Is the major, though

only one, of the problems . Theremust be staging bases, docks,bases, camps and airfields in thePacific and Far East to receive theflow from Europe. Some of thesealready have been built ; construc-tion battalions now are buildingothers . The program it hamperedby the fact that there will be fewsuch developed ports available inthe Far East as there were inEurope.The areas that will receive our

men and equipment in the Pacifican the Hawaiian Islands, the Mari-anas, the Philippines, and eventu-ally Okinawa. In time coastalbases in China might be prepared,but that will depend upon the de-velopment ofour strategy. In India,Calcutta and Bombay are ports ofdebarkation, and great airfields arealready established in this areathrough which supplies to Chin}are funneled . In time, if the Brit.

rdother approach to " the FarWestern Pacific, and perhaps toChinese ports, will be available forthe latter stages of re-deployment.

All this sounds like a giganticproblem It is. It probably meansthat a relative lull in the Pacificmay follow Okinawa. For somefew months we are not likely to beready to undertake anything asbig as the invasion of Japan(though local operations elsewherecould well be undertaken) . Butthat period will not be wasted.

It will be signalized by an inten-sive bombardment and blockade ofJapan ; the encirclement of the en-emy-which conceivably mightlead to capitulation without inva-sion-will begin. When this periodwill end, and the big D-day of thePacific-tbe invasion of Japan-win come, will depend in majorpart upon Japanese reaction to our"softening-up" process, and uponthe judgment of our military lead-ers an to whether it is better toprolong the bombardment andblockade phase, losing fewer menover a longer time, or to enter theassault phase, losing more menover a shorter time.

In any case, the job of gettingenough supply troops and planes,and landing craft and bases andthe thousands of items needed forlarge amphibious operations to the

s-s s

u

~r R~u

JLast week Japan (1) felt the siege ring around her grow tighter. In the battle on Okinawa (2) the Jap-anese were pushed back in heavy fighting. In the Philippines (3) Davao, key city on Mindanao, wascaptured by American forces. Off Borneo (4) the island of Tarakan was invaded by Australian troopsunder General Mae-Arthur. And in Burma (5) Rangoon, the capital, was recaptured after three years.

Pacific seems so considerable thatno invasion of Japan proper seemslikely until late summer or fan atthe earliest. For it will probablybe two to seven months after V-EDay before the weight of our ;want us running

I

r

OUR MEN AND THE RUSSIANSSHARE LITTLE NO MAN'S LAND

Contact Between the Two Armies Has ThusFar Been Friendly and- Profitable

By RAWIM DEN"

WITH THE FIRST UNITEDSTATES ARMY, in Germany, May5--A strip of No Man's Land run-ning through the heart of Germanyhas become for the moment a newinternational boundary and at thesame time a zone of unity betweenthe United States and Soviet Rus-sia.

Here in front of our First Army,it lies between the Elbe River andthe Mulde, the next river furtherwest, two swift-flowing, sizablestreams.

This Is not necessarily a perma-nent zone of demarcation. Finalpositions of the eastern and west-ern Allies are yet to be announced .But just now it is the place wheretroops of our First Army, whichhas fought its way 700 miles fromthe Normandy beaches, are at lasttaking life easy alongside Russiansoldiers who also are relaxing afterbattling 1,400 miles from Stalin-grad where they gave the war itsfirst turn toward victory . Nowthey have time to wash clothes,refurnish equipment, write letters-and visit with one another.Joint OCCUPSHonFor this No Man's Land is partly

occupied now by patrols and out.posts of both countries . In at leastone town there are both Americanand Russian command posts. Suchmingling of troops of differentcountries, with different customsand speaking different languages,might be expected to cause diffi.culties . Thus far it has producedonly friendliness on both sides. ~,Leaders of both armies, of course,',are hoping it will remain that way.'At Torgau, where the first con-

tact with the Russians was madeby an American patrol on April 25,an American sentry stands besidea cartoon painted by some GI rep-resenting an American soldier anda Red Army man clasping hands,their boots trampling the Swastikaunderfoot.

In this zone, west and east trulymet with a closing of the gap be-tween our two conquering armiesand bisecting of Germany's car-cass. Thus far it has been excep-tionally warm rapprochementThus far, however, physical con-

tacts between both armies havebeen limited. Only a few troopsare involved in these advanced out-posts and patrols. The ground be-hind the Russian lines remainsterra incognito to us. The Rus-sians, for good reasons of theirown, including security, do not

ay wbetmto18i Net Tao Taxonce with their request, GeneralHodges has issued orders to anFirst Army personnel and war ear.respondents forbidding unauthor-ized visits into the Russian lines.They have invited us, however, toofficial meetings such an the re-cent call of General Hodges onthe Russian Army commander atheadquarters across the Elbethough at the same time makingit clear we were not to take advan-tage of this Invitation for any in-dividual wandering.

Cordial Meetings

merouss natural resources still untapped.Certainly Florida has come a long way

but it has a long way to go. To attain itspossibilities, its true position of great-ness, it must realize that so far as actualaccomplishments are measured it is stillat the beginning. The first 100 years, inthis instance, are nowise the hardest.

Florida is just at the beginning. Peapie are only now beginning to know howto travel, and to have the fast and de-sired means to do it . Science has juststarted to learn what to do with theState's citrus and agricultural products.

rk * +kToday, war prevents the usual cen-

tennial celebration for Florida. It doesnot, however, obscure what the State hasdone or what the State may do.

Florida has lifted itself from swampand slavery to such settings as CoralGables, the Rok Singing Tower and theRingling Art Museum. What could bemore fitting for this fountain of youth?

-Editorial from THE TAMPA TIMES

That party, centering around thelAmerican and Russian army com-manders, was the latest in a seriesof Russo-American meetings which Isurely have set a new high is coy jdiality. Both the Russians and theAmericans are demonstrative pee-I,ples, and they have certainly beendemonstrating oa the Elbe. Itbegan on the afternoon of April 25,when young Second Lieut. WilliamD . Robertson of Los Angeles tookthree men in a jeep across twentymiles of No Man's Land Into Tor-gau and under the protection of anAmerican flag improvised from abed sheet and colors found in aGerman drug store made the firstcontact.As soon as the Russians an the

other side were sure that the mem-bers of Lieutenant Robertson'sparty were really Americans, theyscrambled down the broken bridgeand met the Americans in the cen-ter with hugs and back slaps, andthen led them to their bank for ameal of food delicacies,Then s small Russian party

headed by a major accompaniedRobertson and his patrol backacross the Mulde River to theAmerican division headquarters fora Conference, which grew into aparty lasting muck of the night.

Favorable ImpressionsThe Russians have made a good

impression on our men of all ranksand the Americans appear to havemade a good one on the Russians .The first thing our men noticedwas the smart way in which theRussians in the front line weredressed. Their higher officers, andeven many junior ones, wore beau-tifully tailored uniforms . The pri-vate soldiers also presented a goodappearance, with their boots neatlyblacked. Sartorially, the Russiansoutshone lire Americans . The Rus-sians also were meticulous about

AOVIRTISIMENT

People sometimes ask us, "How anearth did a concern making brakeshoes ever get into the pump busi-moss?" It would be fine to be able tosay we planned it thatway, but BrakeShoedidn't . Nobodycharted a courseand years later said "now's the timefor American Manganese Steel Divi-sion to get into the pump business ."But what did happen was . . .

VotiAed Parts" Cane Fief

Amco beganyears ago, makingsomereplacement parts for other people'sdredge pumps . They were made frommanganese steel-and they could takemore punishment . They outlasted theother parts of the pumps. Soon,AmscofoundiMUwith requests fromdredgers to make these other partstoo. Amwwgincacs every bolpld rrdesign certain parts so they couldstand up as long as the pans theyoriginally made.Then they were designing entire

pump assemblies. Finally (actually itseemed suddenly) Amsco was in thepomp business, designing and menu-faeturingpumps to do the toughjobs.

A fanuly Affair

Today, pumps am made ofas kindsof material. Knowing the best mathriai for thejob is what counts . Actu-ally pump building is a Brake Shopfamily affair. Iron parts for pumpsan made byBrakeShoo-andCastingsDivision. A-B-K alloy, non-metallicbearing material, brass, bronze anddnomium alloys go from other divi.

Siam into Amsco pumps.Wbat helps Brake Shoe's divisions

worktogether is the pumping ofideasSon the bottom-up, the feeling offrecdan to try. We call it "Bottom-Up Management." It's a good thingto have when you're as extensive anorganization as ours, trying to make$o many diversified things better forindustry.

a