A Brief Legal History of Marihuana

8/6/2019 A Brief Legal History of Marihuana

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A B R IE - L GL

O F R IH U

Iy :MICHA,ELR. ALDRICH" Ph~ID.

A HDO IT NOW~;PUBILICATICN



The LepiUse 'C~a l l lD iah , i s ,'Campa,ip.B ,M Box 2 45 S l! L o o d JC lftwerNlXX

Fro','u Cu ' 71 . ' , 1 : . 4 11 6 i j u J lWJ .lIse it Jill' ,[rom lJ ,et:en, p/ftlw')meWln.~~'fm in ;lJe ftlt;'s~'ejrnworld. T:bls scene depit:u An~"'Qn v/sUorsS'mokitlg C/ltbo~',qu!e,Jjin rJu! lNrtrbh Btuoar tlf tile 1 ,76PIIJltlde,lpJliiJE:ff]BSiUoll. -



BRIEF :EA LM ISTO Y OF M A.R--

AMORPlilA.lnc~

Tho 1q,a1hisiory o r eel.M a nishe~: b Iere UR da n r writiJlS. a~P :UEo r the wa ..ld·~ old -$ : I : Ire'ligiunro rW h l'C hwe st iU have ' [he ' sc r i_uures,TIlis mam.3rtist ie,aeriI iciUireH&iM wt~, Proflliccd hom Twkesfm [0

M 'ol1gotiaby fi,cne nomad tnbes- Including th e AT )'a nsw! imhroughl n loverI lh eH i fll ih l K I l_inla Ifldw duin g,th e ~oond: mill n ium.Be f t J rU :C tJr is t. , I tsrituals wew pftC SBrvedoralb' by chanU.DBmant ,forw,~d", "'ac'wli1d,ddpp ,ms e,~,ry oth~r l lae, etc., UJI1~'I~lIunl nd 15;00 I ".C . ~th c cer,emottiesweJiewriUen and b QUle th Ieur V,ed . i l 3 ,th e oldest complt~ely' p',nUl'Redr eUg : lD l l 5I~Xrs lOll ~ lL r t b_

MriUlil\Hli mm!mti,oned il l 'dll' AlhMIQ-Vad~ wmpded bC'twllCo. 1400,and 1 .000 B.C .,in a Hymn for Free.d .m Fram,Di! :1 5$ .w,hidtadd~J the'wbolepantheollo rVI-dieggd a.ll n dincw.d,es!h11verse.

p~ t~QmJi o'f pl;rn 'Ii. W:ltII icmIa lUi Ihe,i. ch[clr~ \!I~ addt _ coS _11 • 1m - b h ~bb,uDg ij'1, .11 . , ku .sm,: I'll y they ~t" lliji Iremdil,l£~

,Stunsisn,QW thou iu to be ~. [IlL! MIU~c~rmmushroom; '1 / e are not sure1:) ; :a . : : I ]YwtiJ td1pw n ~tl'r4! r n ~a ..ub)' d i:ubh[l,~;1, ,u r k ,1hn1 . :bU l blluugas li.li

cleady marihuana,:and billmil,ph as beenk n bw n as !hung in Imni ie v e , E 's:incc.ftom t Jb i~'I1rr$jsloric 'Lnlft"l"" J.ionlwel e a r nlhar marihuana's ea r l l e s r I!1Be WD.S

mDglccil](bow .medica :1 and~C lig j0US ) in u tl:Umany " ' rD'rrlo!~-dDmfromd'i:sucss"or "'renefof anxbny :" wlluch ·mphe'i UI t hs P , . ¥ch!J l J i : t1 ' "~~pUlwer~:

were know n h~tnl "ed~~ wen-hip,p-cr I ts use WI] not G Intylepllyaccepted, hu.1 a t milum of ti'li.Jious lm\', pEl'flll~p ij'fen thHY. 1111:re 'EIre!SHUrn ilDY o n this pla111U w ho llIp tfd th e w eed,3:8 sacr d, .u d in\ u r'UIIlempOfruJ' furor jl would mehllo\ ' i:lJ:Snot re for,tel tha . r rmnmU;]lnllisnet onl} a d nJ ,G ,buI a sa , ramen L

Ft,om 'hi: tl"imalaya use o rcaan ,b ibspread In ner) mrf!,CLlun for lSeernudes or m ere, An'Jen~ Ch1nefl~dOl!tnE IU' d 1Li 3 f'1 d~hcre is' him ofeonflict over 1'1$ POPU l l Br use: !on~ called .'~ '~Gjver l)CDdigh t," uU... !; >

condemned I I as a hU bcrrU DI0 . in ," Y U DIS. 'h ve heurddw .ciJlnnnbtswas fils! dcsedbed fin ~he pltarmac:ope!ilof Ibe 'my!l.bi~Jemperor Slum



N 'u n ,g 1 1 1 1 27 371 ,. }Inn lh e T r eiJ JllS '" e nM IUJ ic i ilU l '(hll-fs"aa) " I t ' r l bU l . ~~d~IC'

Sheil N c u n g Wi!'S aBI&h~nf cOnl[:JLJ!inlby Hon Dynasty I i l . h "1 lu r iwhoser 'u f u l r em c e :. s: ~ ob Hck n o f ,1 Ir ilic iL1u n thll' fu u rth , l : ! lcl l t !IJry II .C+J ~~ lS ~II' I'afllf.

hD w~fn 't ~hQ j1Un : ,. i r e3 IC5 ;~ e a r lY Chi iU~ phy*cialnll H u ~ ra~ , S I :>dh 'm I ll

d.!riflg d:m SllCli'md t o e r l n !U rA.D . IF ; an a;nl i fs : lhe.r ic .To [~h t l nCHU i~attribuhnl the rollowmgamadng~ !Up f,f lam~ :

" Iio re.jJ JJWUffiUj 'b.1ilflil. KD : ij .! li'1 r'u n C b ,D .n ~hl ; I .d .fe!l;d~ will i I :~"ijHY~Dj.l;!f.)nll:dI!l~~OW ill hiJ;ngtn oi! l f l ' f IdQf~~ Ol h aU I~. 1 [ J i { .~hlll r'u W 1l l it

i:.d~d tn , ~~d ht!1I i I1 I~E h~h ""f tl ~dtl~ ' l)rbl!f! ' f iJiiuid ~ldnlltl,hiwl h"P."~' C ;O w hlh: H u~r~ I:;~~ "n o Ih ! ;! : ' ro I i .D1J l1d~d~nn., r~p\1G:d thil::iIJTI;IW)U~lid. .IIlt! Jpp!jcd ~n 'OUMfIlL!nl. Thlii dtQi'itdwllfll'loi', dl[~~II'iIit'h. dfoom ~ b t palo b y Pt!ll,~~,~."""11. . .tJ '1J l .1! . !10 h lhu o k ll lh 'l f 1 t.:1 dli~ ' lUll"lJ 'Iii", .IffioWjI•. ~1~ldu:LI] alili, ""th I tkl.Ll.tr.ru~u ~.eB}I l:An~,~Ud

d u ri~ . I ll! . '!apd~li~l!I. ~ n 'o ' \Ilil! '1iIiUI I I ~d J1 l~ .Sud .Ut lite r 6 ltl1 11 t ( ITuHuh: wl!4dwhl.!n O JelvUiudolili u~d''IIl~IlIfub us U _ 'iL:1 1

The Rl, ' ·~ e J 'med~CaJte)t. 'tcump11i?dl lGQ.SOQDJC ~er,:meBlly mentionsmarih uana nJ1l1.erth e name ftlu~ the ,(.hinc'!ie.erm fo r ntmluy"'s;, rne8. UJ

th e Ceh~!Ula iEm [ ltfo r Wi:1 ll,.lid in h em p '! i1:dJts,U'EIlund500 B.(" ./~I J n dl~ere is aftheQ~tll~I1:Dlc\!lth.:ncedta1 th e C hInese 'Itulrhwlt!d h~mp rm~ell[ules perh J ) lP. s3:;u.~lI'lyali 110DO'B.C.'

Ard\eoJ(I&1~~tvid,enet~~i wen iI~ lh I : ~e~ timun'YorHUrO~Q'LU5.rlilr~~'u~!rinIU~IU~SLh ; ]l UJ~ s .o ,Ou .D1I'" ip r~adreliaimus:nllrihumwuse Wr!s~wanl from

Sibwlillo lurvpe lb lrin g th e4mhu n d jtb ~enWrl~sB"C.IKeH1t'sR.:urJl[lmmgd e e p~ f fQ ' l em itUl 'fI~'P~d!lf r r l i JmLN:Jlpariml h a '! !'" b ~ nrou-ndn~butl l ' s 1bu . r r aSand Germuy,{!Jand Hen:ut0~uS·say,Sl'be S "ym iB J i l 5 1'buill s.m:lln nfmd tCIiH'5.

tn:p~ huidli1,tl\r~w hunp ,seld~ ( , ' I I ' blc[ums on r~d-hQlt 1Lon~SJun~.whuw~~dfo r jOy'i ' { II U u fYlIflDr.iOT h e Sc) '(hiJu~'Swere s w d l*mec1ho:~em'enth,nllP~'IIUplof M.m:o~J .hU'1am] A~eXil li l.d! !rth e 'C r ea l u s@ d i S cY l b[ ~ !I llJ ;a v 8 Jlz yiOC lWirQ , r e r rOn lD rlh!~if alm1ie$~,~nd U1 ! cGnlc . i l~ l s ,IO fAIJr;Qns , rqul@rl , .~1rirJScyLhfwl,,(lli~mrm to keep llaw Ilfld '0tdot. Proman Il~:SHlrr:fi::3JPW.lU0 :1'fiewr s ( ) Jd i e r s ;whl'l lUfI l o n ~ n d€UP~ w hu : smoke'~DIPII=are Im::nil ' i f lgm e w .

The Gf l0Ck s endRDm1JJIlS u~d hem p fu r ~. cu r r d . i J g c . i j n dlexHln.~ IIlind 't l ii f rO ' I i IlJI~em(Gre~k:-Knflnobis~ [nUn: CDm 'J~ bis) Willw e !'l,1 UL I IT

pre sc m !SC~CrlLJlI~e'word Eor the d,liu.s . ,'MQn~o~r, DhHiCo .mEI 'So111! e: ~~s1CI:1uUl'yA.D. uml 'G:d~n~n, h l J '~j~td o~nWrry f \ ' : o omme n d ~ dealiu~abb forUs ilbiUt)' to ~UJ-e e lfu rl~g IlndllSl[Uuul plins, eltlli:~l!d. nOHtS • .3lld aSC-3

Jlr~a~n! u!hudo,g ,de;s~rt.I'2 : thll)o: WIJ5 ~11 ililantlihing~mUUfU 'DrLr:~u.h~bCnWlitllMt:llhH!i~ ~tid a .. 'Per:s is : t 'Egy,t, Pllullnedo. (i,liee£e. ~ndRome'dUff"1these iCEl'IlLIJ1fielj• ;allndDantempmmr); I §Choh .u : : i J i , pis en ~ 1 I~· revealing [b e

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spflead Qlr hnoldcltiull elmS, thnl"~,Ih(nH(Mj! ::lfl!~ls.. T~r SIlN~"ans.l~tlhlt~~ Es~l!iIn.S:Jend e l : rdyCl1dllia:nsap"pil'IT (ID afi\'C been mlllUml'llrUlf1lFJ.



e-J~Or.:;,~j 3_ d t:n!lndr~sor fcligiQWjNtlcteUe,inc[ul1lnfAI[hc'DiuEl,ysiutandO.r:pJue .mY S'U lH C 5 11 ItEl~IIIISil~'~A rhluls.,' Thebes, lind A!uX~n :Hj r i~evidQflt~y

pl~~r\'~d milg in : l L'ertmonies.and df' l .! l ;Gkfl~wledle i i emi ' ! ! i ec ro t ! :~1yrO'F len...cnlliil'~es Lbereiln~r.Tht'lugh IJ(UUenlporary mi:l'l'mlIulUU. Iftl.se"arme,n;,n:~,adily~drml ~h[l'I.haitihis!bW!)S wicle~yuSidby ' ttwArab,' ( i J !JI t iuns: l1I lthe-~bneof'thl(ru'~cJe~, no O l~ ha! ; .'$i;!lh;[o(lIQruy ejll"I~Lntd h.ew itt, u5e ,a ' fUSEIdll!d $plread.

I \ l! jl l' !;u ld l lkc'lw SU"~1 llla~ ~hc ,1iI101~l'eiltelJlabh~ ,ex'~(II1!Hion [O r Lhe~pl~ !.1d0" ham~ mil)' be Fm und!by I,ovkirlgmUo liw YIri~inpD'ftncarv,:'~rilsrJ l h J ] lD 'ma~ l1 ! J . ]&k t sDf the lime. tl1f~ [gna~n a ln hem i1 ;u . TIleAr,BbEmpU'l i ! .w[ rh ¥ieJY rapId 1I3II:mcrn t II en tal OO~lImur lJ i! ts ri o n !f~press l1Ied ~U'1.

magnin~d c lE& S t - li icmi1uul 'W I!llLi ,s ,.eand pl',a~i~b:dhno~ IlnrJ iC:sci~ulr i f iebrl.glUtp~~s :lJlnl ~ hu o I!~m 'o ped!luiJ ' lJi!,Llull'·~DntkA~!i.",r WiLhin ~ 'heEm pire .•wllil ich~RHJd everlltu.aUy frt1'M Spain t!J huH~. thltt: W1J1l: tWtl ma rw stmlI l t :hes ('IfM,I tO;~wm bellef: lhI!: Suruds, Wh Il wer,~ (linhcu . t'l J ·x~ :pu r t tunic:::d1,and p owc"rfLlUy esrchI is it ed ;9J11dlhe S~L1'1es, w ho cil!dllled dj[lClCthneagefrom MO~lI lll1mc:d t"s da,lIStinerF ilJ tima and p :l'Q eb .dm~ the"",lice G fthep , ro J ,hel ~\furious,d est,cn dB lu scw l ud Im ame,o r th e Shl'it~, tl 'u~;SntltiU-sw eoo ~hemO $I rad ica l,ru tmost f[!.Dau,,_ and dl~1[[I1l5it:~dBnlif~.c. nteyp ,w se ·rv ed ~he G fi:'D 'k a It:h ernhiliiI wrFt:hlllt.~dated 300 hi] 700 A.DI.1,pgh:IUl!£. Syr i :a£Imll1 J.eHm l~ ofrneditnlw.or"k.s:( d:u c:d from5( 10 A .D .o ;mwBJd ) •

.and Pe r&i i )nand Ar. .t br c me lt tph fg~l" a.~trufogiaL WIJ~h:llemicll~ i,el(ts

r~om 750 ·A . ~D~ liwnn ll

~ I tbink it mijs~ Likt t lYtmU t tUUl'Wt~~d£'. r t l gu : r dud .DR "uceul l" wu.1 he-l loo"l'In'h~ldif:d" by Oljl ' l¥eJlboll:i lJscllo.I 'antoday " w dlpr~\'ld,e: I h e · elues r n~ ,m~$ , J l l f ) 'to luuh:~~{liud ow IUUlh~M ' iIUS ! :Ib'llcmneS~\\, id e: \p lt "a u ~nth e MwU i n lErnp.].reil)r ll5'O A~D .

S In 'ern ! o f th etotiesin U te ThcmsaJld ,~mJQneNig l t iNomenrlon eommcaand royal ha . sNs .huse, Lm:fgjr.,.rrans]a,u111 8 ,AirsIl!jan manu.scrip'hltm ~cd e,9 SO A . [) .I' 'le ll:s ~he f~ IlD\VI naamlllSIllg parsble:

J\ M u. . ;k ' .mprr- i . : ' . [e ~ b . o rlUI / In th 'C 1I J l ( j 1 J ! i l t ,LL~uga. ro . ! l t .L lw IJI~ o f··bI.'1J'l!!."'LI p l.Jn L ...n Wl.ltdl Ih~ p!i1l1ldp[eLp,d~llr b; l.., UJ!1.u\bul ' ~~dfl1dln.'l: skC!'p, \Ii'tl!<~o !l.'tlrfk'd tJWJ;il .~wlLh the \ ' i l l l l i[I 'fCC ef J~I~d!ftuu[ '1lC' .IhJH II p.~p.l.H£Cfnl 1m1l1~ mine uf lIiH!'.prohrblhlrl ~hil~1 II!.iidcll !Jn~iIIII IHf i ! i JL lvec fInm fel1 fl:'mn M i br~~1m m lEu: :InHl~1 l}li ['1..IIUd,fori!fI~_ Th~'lIW!ii I "" Uhom b~ ~i m u:vu~rrJIlrt [' ritd ilnlml,ruJllii.m:ly.• lrhlil:hr i" l IhitI:JU!Ul~. tt l l~ di:mcn o r""d lll!h 1h : J . " 'C ' .[old ;,HjlJ~ th:a nJr~'Ii! IL I fnit wlIrdlllI 'm,~}U1 n ~u i flig .tu . . t ttkcCEl1e l: btu b ill q l.Un:m~ l!!1 ren d J[Q'!.~nib t hur~1,u .eb o n o r r e[ )O ( V,OU - rm :Lp ,o s ,$ C & iI . h .u u .· · N ilU;lJlI.~~ d u :. 1 J .( t~ .u :hii~,~·~ftilr r~ll ~rm~I1.lhl:~uill.tI~5 ! iQpn1lc§ . l~IlOOI~'r::n.-dIus ··liIl!~·· One ~ .c : s"llDn~H m.-IH .iIl~ 1 1f c : IW D l l, ,, 11S

Th is tale (]If.ll hlrpOli::ntU:ill!,IJ'flhOOtfJ. pr~C-!il~ leads i1m:10 lilelU~'III'e[M ' u sc:o ftann~blS: WQ !l_." i ! fe l~~nd ijlre~d ,~mr, :mlr e - l i g u lUSP i!! 'H iU' f I l . : : iwilt professed

3pin"~ US WI: :! LUthe 1m~lde world. .by th e weU·kl'HlwuMus!im ~cllgJuu.s



pr.. . .lC C of Taqiy}'a -c-muiDlJ.5 dtss lrn u l suonL II ~he race o r ht l .Heatllh,lJrm~;;II: b IeeuLl~ the Is:m~ili!\~ere l 'i!g;!uledU~ heleth;!I,by S:un'r~~Muslrnu. Ihe,~'WIUIC uS1l . l ! l l lyforced UJ conwa] (herr ~lh l_ ( ' mthh: m:1lTUlUU_

In iCOO A .D . iJ I r~fJ ld lU lL] tumbl,mw\lilJhu.iorl!uyIsma~1inamedEl'a&:ln:~!·,SiJbbahcaplUfeli the r"n U:cs.!;jor Alum u\ iuifmrtbcm 'lei91 andesta blsshed th e ordell1'~~tGr.rkno w n as. th eA:!lmSSI!na.fbn IBeJLnf~an onhmlQxdn-ofUC'~~who df'~dilf 'J ~241 A.D.,5iil!5;

fUW.tlM lid", ~ilM C 'whew 11H4ff1it!q Cwo j',jl MU,~I "fi;hc ....i.:l efI\:Iu1jJl ' i! . t1b efml ' i r i i J l I1 I~n" lQ f P~r",i,J"":hIDcam'tmluf!lI~1 h~h~IUt, r t l~ l l I4 'I~ wil i l~l'i.tII!1u; gnd alld:ml dliFfll.R:nl 1111 'iUb,$l!IQm"., Illt:'~o~h 0 fI'!" it IJ kL k~iJ1i L Ia Wur d r ~ : s ~or ' tbl~~um I: ",rdillr*.zlllri)'ndl~d}Ihh j ,j, tmpl i, I·dUDf!ul«Ju riIJlid"gld if ''I;£iCLfiy. U '1'Jn:lldlb,]~m~fbl) filr~"'':'~J~ ' i ! ~ J I " " .and M!:IJJfIIl i) r>l:omIrnlQf'lrIi!I'IIf1U&~I1Jr5!1g~'mlullif ] 'lht 1!clIl.r~sU3 t\.,IJ. fi\r ..b dale"), d!~~.",'rlc'l'ldt",ddrug IIppC;j.U~dpu~UI:!I" IiWH'J:ltin!:lU n~ml'lilr [lni!l~it~u]tu OrtJy~~ ~i ~ri!JII'fI,p.lI~d.1

A(I(:orcHmgtu g :o . ' c t a lCn.5ad€~t Marco Pp l 'Q .and ~!i1ter'EUfQPe1l!tl'lnVeUIi:lr5.Jillmn-ii-Sa.bhnh,IU'Id QUter[m13Uldliefs (u n IO! w llu m w en!e3l]eLl··Old M:mo( th.eM o . u lilt a l J [ J "~ )drreeted 1nijti'3llt i:8il' iIII:Olu ~ :fab,lukll.llBm u u m a mgllFdensQJ i ! jU k no (;k ed W (lm Cl!~1 , w i 'l h 8 ~'li" I L ti ley u ' 0 110k ,~ i~ JlI ~iDrdcn'l'~!!Ur(HUlded by love])' henns, : :mdr r i lOl lg tUlh.el .rwemmP'at l l~H•.laUlr Un:D id M ;a J1(St . II~ik:blwou'd ~e:jIjth em t.h eyb ad .m n d .ccdbU.d . ;3tiJ!litem 'fPaml . t i $ J J .and if they J10 i ln l !dri l lef'a'lhfui Doe~~ theywgu~d cunUne ~fJ lilt ~,4Fnrirted

[0 .ltHodi~e ~ C;~lellf 1hey wc;re kdled In fo1!:owulgout mheiIarde~ whichw e r e. u '$ .! ;J .a U y10 inYCtgli~thirir w,my 'ln to th e F'ttiTIUC of jJ rmmllenl ' ~ h l a 1 i o 1 JD r Clubdan leader and kill. h iR t . e)ver the r c o nW n B s ,.narli:ul.~cs]Jl 'OJ,Hl'g il l1 d i S : t5 ' g r a '5 S l yJ i "1J1 ,~erp ' r en :dU H ~legl:n ii l t 'om Qi,mt h a t mi lr i:lluU l lI Jo T I JUk : e 5.L1SJass[ne~[~Ultl l l l1: t .I ,g~in' u scd hMh ish'I D nerveUnJI1l~~~¥esUP ror kJ~Hnc;and lh fllp .li:up lewhetumed o n. w~ rerllJn:atIIGc!\~i1IV,C;S,,3Ii1d:wi1y n'lurrlem,s.bl~8QiS I the F 'relJ l~~dlola:rS)'~V,cslrel1t ,S aell' th cQ ru~d thatlh e word""IS5ti~ln~'eamer r om""Jlild1sh~dtm,,""__,.3i:dl~,·1~kc'~$ - and m e 'mY'l.llIN a ,heu~rorlb seCtllrQ.

The '~I:I~nd w ~ ~ r H Smy'ri:ad.dimc~~L1es.fi!iS~, ~~ is m n 1~ .nmwl ! ' l l, e~M 't~Ywhal deugdr lcehrmulisuFP : e r i Smand ,Syriau s e d , The GfflllCUi.ofhlliShl5hwereW I ,th ~ J yknown i l l tbl: lime. bU I "u seo r 'th e '< i-mg'b y tJi1,~(AssI!rJdn) :~d;lri iesl.sI:J~,~Qcslelle iU1BE 'by I&maiU"(!orbr \\llniollJ:,SUA"i, a uU r 1 ~ u , . : ~ 11II,SecanrdJ~.ill ~eiUrd. '0 th e ctym tlh~ !Y. ,lt Willii ( In~y i li eelf!crni,es(If l neAsSB :'s ;s il 'l i ~the:Sun ,n i: 'l ;mdC1u~s thnu -who called ,h~m A~hn. lhe:y tililed ml@lQs~l¥e$Filla"', frdlhfu1 Olltr~ ami so i'iL wa sta t11iJ.f like ella oU shm:emtofficIals~(I d a y ca ' l J J lng.a nY YflU [ lB . r u d icm l aI.cb lp e ..r hm d . ~ " TM in U y" am ID ImCl':ilt

~mpt)rl::mIJJI}the dil1l&CI1'p~~,y,edby the ' ASISa~NSWOu sed ~am acid19 aVWOI( ] OFPil I. 3ru :m.l ;It wu s O lIn u sedwhen t lmYWefl l OIlUIlfl t J1e l ' l I ' I1 I l5Sj t .U ' l l~U



dLd nol nervelitem up fors! uiJitler.and [m no WBJ did iI cause C'rimc' .murder, orJ . in i sann .y.I'r ~y l t h i nB ,Rllig~Qu,faniUit i.$D1 intilt , I ud iuu i s ;n f

Ssrace n tD 'rigue •ra th er th anIlasbWt. ~US I!d ".saWnat io lL.A I,any r _k. ror dle 'm tix i few h nn dddyean, h.a.dtim pentlmted everyMul1 lm k 1m ,g_m . N ,rUrall,. gW l ni'ta a, ei ' 1 1 0 11 )wUh reQgimus[f!,\,ul.u;iuilEa rl :e~ Dr ti u Jdo ,x omciaJ IId:ed to banlt , 1b:isis .oyia WeI'll: lone:lhIOlqhcoun rte ,!limesW IhisuJry: ap e '" andudanllrous'~ drug b in tr 'lJdU:&eofrom I1IlI farei:p bndl 0' l n b,YpelH'D! o rlineaR" n ' ,u oa]Jif:Cfly 8;,it iadopted by s nmU .cults of hwelie lIIStU8. lhllm dmnsl iJ11per.epdbl,(mlup b:y ,~ h o li. ls a n d s o fplOple .A I , '_In a~ ,e s b i b1 i s b~d.,ndale tE ,a l iz ·cU' s ,no tjust _ fad" 'rb.,. try to . ban I OIR g fD u n l kthar BO IfC -an~h has ',n dane,cuminab us: il.· nd il is alien (0 J;ivililof.ldS IH liety. Man,yare pe,M£Uied,

manyJaI ld1r IxjJ ((I evenl IdJled; bUll IUtr-dru,gLums,lu t IlQ'~e Qoceplab!e'LOa ce r r 1 l .m ,numbe[. :lmd evu rtu3Jly offitkdsmU fI bowto die wil l of th ep e o p le 'O rbe Q v£UiuUWll.Thai ISUt I 'moVieo f DionysuslIn d 'W in e .orKin!James IlliU! tobacco o r tile.Spa::nebnus land tUJltthooc1ate;;,3!! 'u1lt's them.crw we~'n=in ri~I'~ now., leI ~wi~ Lewim. mho famed Hlll i .~nL1:uy'psyoophiminaoolQ1l. tell it:

I I ' re.oo,dtd. fiIq Lm the if" J 31, U teEmu SOu1 fCU ' !Sl'n::fkhounIuledi~D ~d UL .mar ]fllUm .tl!~mp COEl,wmjJtIII;liIII1fUlIlI,.g. Ehtlpoorm ~, 1:' ;)1bwing Up'll.nb lO rUllis : deMrip!Hon ~n JD.ru!!iro

dettd ad 1U Idim,rimnq II ~ htmlp -la'teu .. H efJrd~md. mcn-. V{' l I WI ih we r e ·Clonvicl~ of Ic.tq IIh p nt jhOl.HdImVt Ifle_- r ~.u .h p u llt d (ll.II~ ,mId I1nH:QI w. t .r e m lJ je ct e: dU' L hbp.u:n:isl1mmL BU'1 1 '1 )1n93 (he u : , .,f dlil ~!1Ul~ JQ A.ru.b~IIIJttttrilOfY hadhtl!~~ .19

SudI i- sth e way II a!lW,IIY S,seems tD So . P la biliHQ J l~ n c :n = a 5W i,e rim c. a nd&rimlbWpunlsbDn~mt or dru ,gIII aiws'JS makes tbl! rOfbiddc'nmbs1;anc~'mDre aU metive.

~e ' w ln le ~ in In clJ_J ffl:ndu had n:pho o dme

'Vled.icI: U ion. andShi'll h a d B~lmed n t aD ,of L1liHiUrib,LUe:s,and m )"u, '$ ipre:\l iou.~s l s t i oc . i auwwi th i:n tu xio otion SQds.Sbivar'lad ! O f 'des:tr1llCtion~rlbirth. medJl t l l~lOD.andd ,op8 . s ohm w .oM i,pp dby pou ring Bhang ov~rUn~, ~h , pbal1~cp,llar whid1 symlmJitudbkh~'_~f mucul111elinlefD'~nd bI~ Shiv, SI~reatblidc.' ul~gadanded 't lf lg u lH lro o liim g fe m : a1 e "p C ilw ,B fB'S];IIecl.,WlS placntodby offerings o r Bha~g il l hup bf!lW~5dPJ1nk byth e worsl1ippc~:sIh ' f . ' .msel \ les .th eB ' as now .,.0 p er !C en t o ffudiBl'swa nderin g sn ddh usdaBy Iconsumedtmge ,q uan tities af bh angIDd I81Q 'd pnj J in fu t dUll~ Mu l ltb III asmow. nomardllge flail ~ o o lU d a ycell!!bratlODt ar reUgious fesuwt waw!dbe

cm np l,e te w ith ou tcanDab:ism~lbhBkes* sw e etm ea ts~ a ._n dilnok:c.



Tlli~1;;'JJm~' t . ! lS1J rn l~ ,pmQ.u r ~ ·Rogu \.: ..•Con~c!.£" b. lh~1'lW1l.~r enu rn ... In _g ,j CQlIr .~y Wril en r,un 0' bou l Ih t yerlI UO U _ .D ..fh i !

kl~,hcH or W lilch Wlli on~ J '0' . II. In Ih e t tl !: 6'OU b idtwo CnJ,·timnndi .ilill cam.: baLOI!:l n UI'IJIH1 j t l , i JB .~ ,ott d_m ,'Rd .ili!chmn 0"~ qU ll f, !: J\!I 'I .*cl1 IlIru!), han1 \ u! nymph e r file' bll7Jl.l'. The jud,g£d~n'~nl.h, 11' : :111l\JiU o rI.! d~D!iil beful bl!:wLUgl'rolllalP)'opinion.~ On'l!01 It. lI lW ln l ...

"Here I Illy g nj: bllB.1 I I be prod.D I ,dep lit:'111t: J u djtoJ f~ki ~Il hi ~m]Ju L 1:d y ~lid lh e nneJtmg .U ~ I:'l!::diI'T -

"L":I 11 e h~' wh l il j Uu ('llIb! :. pinch). Ah! J hn ii l l ROW ~.oab y 1h.c Inli'lr~~1 . . . , h an : c& :ItDm!! , gan t t J" "me l l i i iJiDPodr~ iII iIdt. trect~d~''ilIIfl:Ilem\lnll'i or the humaur ... r ich pr"dll~!E Itetlrb~ !\ppclhe;. 'iJlJlcn~ Ih~... I', lind (U~ D ~phrodl:f c!"2;O

~ Ih is 'time lh e Mu Ums ruled north m, Indla, . ",hUu Hindu raja:scO llli~ iI ~d th eltinBuom.£t,ath~ seuth rhe 'eflllpil~r,eo f VUayan ag ar,This i 'SlmtcJesl hl¥ bCC"dus e"J·Vij,ayat' whi;b meimlS. tVtCloriouS,•t w a , a ammOnepjlh~11 fur,marih uana. D ozen,D rreligjOlu;ri111115,ro t ~Uinl c -a rn .nab i swerede,",e~Clp,ed,tJlIl'l'n L bo Tantne Buddh-ist Ktflgdmnso f T ibe t ' loll th e ,Shivaitl '~ 'mpir 'i i:'O fVijayaF • tn the iQU'th. Then lh ~ Molltuts toak ,over[rom theMu .s lims , coFt5uUdatedmuch of I t he subtunUmmt, DlI1d made d.mg use,~,eciany D fmn r ihuana ,8 II offtcia~part or court tm ~~DrW,giI'l:'t1 ; )1 , uof'the.t,r:m,taswntowide s cu lnr U! : 4 _According 110le:g=ndLl1e:81e:n o:ngollordTarnerlane tow ed hempamund 'his §plcndid &Optio1at Sama : r £1 i 1 l o1mJlus:s:la.11 and h is deS.Cendanl~Bobuf the G rH [~filesl M oghul Emp.for ofIndia. described bow hillwllufcl sommn I mix tincture ( ) f hemp andop ium. ~oo(c. lSDS A rD .). B.obu f also "nte ttemp sw eetme'h ,nd. w h,~ntaking hemp, abjured tlJeo'hgj H reports no III Of ricdent crre~lts from,eil 'her ,hemp' U~· opium, bu t was sorely dist1cW'd by w in~ -- hUi

·,Ilie:ath."II'}·lifc·:·l : :1 'A lth ou gh ili1.s isiuuuuling b{jtaU~ griU s h dbetomeseo rn citlHy tu ;a pted[ hO i ,the E1T I p ~ ' O i rorna~rg f A~Q p rC 'ftned n ttl willetHI~more inilporlant Lh3(this infoml;J;'tiontrulyprm'lde H I.due as to' (h e exactdrugs used 'by tile Assamns. SmlX! the Ati~~pou.on \Va'S tlarc.cnic~pu

th e mt.mU~1'l ~Jeep . ~tT1d mih .n)'p~~chdeU.c .giYln· Ihem a visioill ,0'(F a r: :il.1 ls e . :~SU5]'1'e'C!~hal lh~ LsmUillialche-mul'hl oom::\lt 'iUd"8 'lf~S lym~l)suJed dos ufcanru3bt mned Lh opium nd p e::rh ap s marnJrakIdB1Ur",or soma other sH~hl ' 'SHmu]nn'lwhich , lik,r our rtme-releasee psules , wuulubon on ~he various, required e' ects llinp ro pe r o rd er.The~~m3Ui5 knewhow to make tsmQIUNS(it i5 from their lmons.,prf-wmribly,th ert P 'atcel!u It:amtclt mil e unetu r ofop iwn ., l tl lJ . :I l1lum) so'it is .possible ~h :H these drug s w ere mbi.edmalcoh(ll . This 'wQ iu hl e~p hU n baU Ithe uarcetic and m.dd I)' p sy .l_uJ lie and llmu~nL effect, of'lhcpoUon.li tnd wmi ld ! c [a rir y som e o f 1 1 1mode II'fl co ITf-us~on ,over l lie d rug , 11.1L

perhaps\lole will nev rknn .



For th e next. fou reenturle • kn.owledge o reaanabts :sp read from ladiaIlJnd 'U1 e M td.dli:E a t ih'IO ElJJOp and Africa. Rabclids abCIJJ, 15SDJd,esn1b~1ll ,t imGf"ift3[i\'ely though mect111UIfl~ maughUJ be jden~if[ttb'te,,,IS

th e U II rb Pantngru .cl lon.t• mnsac'kfu,Ic c 'latts icalsources (~INi:aUy P~lny)

n lii med j\ I , a Ihe.rhab rer 'nfOl!1fl ll tlnn .1l Th - la t in l1 ,e rbal o f Ruflnus, C c .128,7 A.D.,) had 11I1entfon.edi~ us , t :M o ,p ' e . :J I 1 ,Blil tCa,OOHllin LRc'D«-mnutJtI;uJludedhl t _ h e'~'powdell qr mar1'cllgu5v i d u eTi u ~ 4 'by th e o ld M - a n€if t h _ e ;

toU nl.in ;~UIII nrll major ~ng :ldb 11rbat. Irna gf WRUam Turner,l.dentil'iesIL co ue.c.rJy in l.s~ IH i "H~mp'" linBug lish .." 'H i JL l1 r r c · 'lliI DUkb~an d ""'C h ,an vr~ "m F~~nc.hfl N'idudfUI' u,lpepGr's complete h~rb al (c . .I~4 rc ommend iL rnr II'U tIl' or aUml:- f1 ,", 'in clu d in g ju und ic et

cQuah in g} 'Worms.. gOU 'l,and rhcu:mnli8lD~:uJ. RaY ' 1 l i '11!,hodu'sPltmfammin 16~L ac.cLil~tly de- UMs Ille; ',diJilai~e.lillerlh:a" of 't.anRnbis;"'~and a popumr quarto 1mLondon th e rome yea! eVI:D menuuns ·"'bangue""Ui)i:(l b yP ' , em ;ms .,29 Th u s - I o o _ gbefgte L ina aeu s ch s sifil3dJ r [b,ot.amcatl 'ya s"Can'Jl1hiJJi r& d ..• flQb'il~r lin Im:lill" in J1153, I I I pl nt was n wn by'aUits eomrnen names ihrn :upoul Europe. lo w aswid~J reeomm ndl!d inrDik med icin t.: . sn! J'W a s th c r r ft1 r eprobably Divawble,.Lutheriropart1sdfrornth e Eas l (n CUlU "'3tedilu __Uy rul l 'Us med! in li1 d rlJ,g ~B· w eU asrar <1 , a lA .

Em.mtssorn:-srrom urope to frlca, t'h M ~dE~;sl. rmd e e : c ' o IUybldiabtpn !~'juh,n~, ack rQllo,rts of il:i U~ IJ.~ k psydtus,cuve drug. uoAJ,r!ctJdUs.~a ldcroCL'tInetJmvencd ~~1 o hrlstIn.l t i lyI de&l : : I r i bed lits Usa tlyT'lln:ishm~around I ~H lDA.n ..u 'C 3rcm dB .Orln., a brilh.mn PtJnlllgtU!'5eph)l~i n wbo raerle dinG __~ o r aqu H er cel1tury~nd E n o Lhis,uwmdope ..refu a clear ,nd s.oLe.ItUfi~3UlJU.,. o r i t "Bangl . l l e · ·111 '.561. o J!Tnef ' f~l lc l : ljuurni.ilist tnwveUerBernier descr~lbad :In umu su a! form of d.tu I

lO rlu r· -nd e:\i"I!llU n p l'BCi.;ed b~ th e oghul sQlrereigasQ rIrndia. "Post"ls th e PlUsmJ w ord fer3 poppy bead HId ' IOWo"cUng" isone lf tb same"!&me.m de lrorn UfU,sIt\:C up ium~powy c:ave rs soaked oVt!'fJI II II h,tin waJe rI.lnJ m lxnd w-LI.hih~n',B .andDeatH), N,igbtsbudeWIlS usod an C(JUmlieu 100

import nl to be sumnm ... ~)· xecuted; bose

. WhD~ Ii1 •d. U 'l~ • G l1lJu -:h ~del rred by Tl'fUdeoflal r~m:5fram 'llkflllY; Dff..A I J I ! 1ECalp ~rth h bt ; .v . . .. . .. l'liI b l l i J ~W.m to n~CfIl!itbrl~' j rn~Ihum nth nd tb , Il!Il: "lIll g,t~.¢" "nythins. to ~f )II'I(L~b!: I< :Wilow.t :U:~D) ~uu l - unerI~ ' Ih v ' o ; nmdhl- 1lI b!.4nger. btdm1k -m illie ' IA Ihe. ""U ti I d \I dim I 11 1 lu . Ih lill"'!Io1ij;eB~ (lqa:!

" lie 'I h)' .m .w d ~lreC~ ~ m I: : lurp id an jdh ~C 'S . _nd <)1brn~ ti ldld.l ]

ther ""rhers ml5la on ly · ssert J ilia Po . s r as m ude p nrn arilyo,fBhamg.wh~eh ~10uld be ke I in mind: IIIlItl!~nl thaI many -<ufopean ahouPImurihuana \\'0 a fclilR il pOOOJl



Jo s ;. u 't the account ,r m a ihm UlaU~· in ludl hy Pu n ul::ue~t',Dutch,Fn 'nclt. :md Y riH shmI:s:lUJJI.[HlI:!I., u du s , ptrates, I d hllr~iJU!l!r~1 an:

diW nnfu], rcgur.Jing n.nub,!',Hi jll~ dnll!lu1 Hmli l1 heathens urul MUlsJlm

fakers. Lhuu: IOH!hcnesth the onlempl If h r l . , ; ;JJ I'\!O iJ r1,l~U , rno I'ac;CuUnt~ brc dL ,'p rt~ Iand super ]e! d. ~1(_lr:-'()Vl!],_rnure \V1I· krlu\\,1f! liH)UI

opu rm than abuu !l:~,"n:Jhis, am J " th" ~oJflrh. ;i~H10~t uni errn y ",,;mlflllscdth e -ffl'cu : nr th etwo quill! tI II tl.!nl 11ru.~,.Tl: ',C ! .: l, JliHx& rt:::Ilcd bl -tmpc r i n 1 , i s I 11n,mi n~~,I"'m lid 11Ic~,, '$(.'hf~i~~flcnwsfigallvn r U tu rnuruuunabc i n J ! cOIHndcflJd mh . l i lic ~nd a mlle,OI!.,; 1l . I~ i :HlI) r r l! t' b }rmgl~n ~1~J \ ' ~ i " I ."ritmnal! lind m .lhl.lrnans. l::yt?1I rlu mil , l : iowrey,D bf!l1~hpt! Jet.!rw Ju]unl L11~1 .1h:$~rl ECU;hHity IU tn' marnnUITI:J ~ t ore In: dc!scribedlhi effecLscmr his Mu slim guide UIJl!ill.1c b~'l re hll! iurued (jU,l Ionl .mrn. ElI,~'''~ ". rh l l i~rd'inYU,! lort_'rI t hack U·I Emr~p> abou t use tll;grass as ~l ps>'clroacl' ' 11142drug,

'W:IS: ~'rh l!:d b~ buing fi,ut.:flJd 'Iucugh ' the s;1J 'p~~dhou J l t 'U : :~ l1 l i tH l I I "ofef!1on"its. espl 'r 'rs, and wh ll! rnasier-rnce hUPaucrnt. L:~H"r on, Ihc

CLUtiUmll'fI! ellTed o f rh i ! . 'lUi~jnrurmuHrm ",·ould be d t~ pro t tuhmoJ] 01manhnana in 'lo ft'rvWCSNn l lnaUuu .

ln a tuw lillkoWhivu'!i ihml c'ye, tile .Drhi h l.uuk o oL J r ( ) lu.r h l \ J Ju :from t11c MogJu. li !>nnd I ,o \n l l !drh c ~!JbCouluu:ntnr"~\i,ay prtCIUIIlS resourceIor eeruurics - \which Is YI, 'hy India 1 4 ; ;!lU 'ptweJ~)·[lrll;,kc:n rlJdifJ~.TheFtendt , mCill1\\,tule.w re 0l\.P1:IlItdlJl~ intq o rth A IJill IU CUlJl1IU !'l \\Ilh

Lb.eDrm~h. In j 7 111 8In!! IOU111; apL)leUl1 Rnnnrillrn: ~i:d ,JJ1 am lY l1F

fife n ehmI: 11. mcluding :. t vustmedical lli'ld s . j ; nmu r, c:.I[I;n:hm-rll, lull' EJn'fl:lanQ SYfI 10 Ci:lplLl'J~ ,he&: n[h ns as a sp rngbuard (01. 311 ~ iurk on l .nJw.The eX~L:dillan '-"Il'S dicq:Jl>lnJIU'~~r~Slilhing iu Jlalrpolllccn'-blfing hllmlteij inth e BaH~e o f lhe ,1 Ie . .1 Iyea r ! aHH . .but It l l . dvanL :cd :dime!:t mm e u JHal,l~iniWD \JHI: s: ar h 'eo lu gisl"bJ("lughl~i-I,kth e RoseH; tone. u ru l thePre-nd1snldlers dblcrWCfi!dth e ph!'~~UfC.o r 11~shh.I'll: lndb : r t l ue l1 rthe hal ' )i~ back1 1Fnnt.e, Fo'r d1~ fint lime fl whu ll! ;' a rm yof Eumpean IU n Ll Illl P!I.:~'[lJh!'lh~r 1l!l1 ~f!t um;ucce fu~ aUL!n1rl WI Pfl.,lllbr, Itl and Fn:n~h Inte~SI HI

the- ex ou c and O riCilft1 (alW:iS· U(OU'i:\1L1.,m "thi~ cl"nlexI Syh -C2~ r · ei j ,1. : Su.;)fll~!bot.ted 1~rrH sChu.~ ,m~ tYI l11 ' l J 1 l neYanti the ;\stlSS'rI s qU1ckly becarn

part ol Ruman(l\: tl!&~nd. Et114H51 wriLersL, tkeDeQLlliIlI..~}

and .'nlcr~dQ!:I ll J'm u n J ,be-came ad tlh :: 'l tdto laudanum bm also uteLlLannabfs -whkhhad lhe 1 l1 evU'ble •.d'fl!'~t lr~-.c~n~~ui11lghe ( .;n [ J f\ J~of l bc .we~l1[h~t- 0 Im up o p u L a litJrenHure,

The Bmish E~sl India,'CDmp-any.llsjn~ cUppCI.sh ips Irom the U .S.andoL'tunCO Lmldcs . i: lI lh ru ih a iE nghu d, a n a 'nt'ric:] in the Opium W·a r s .b)G-UJWUI1. ' !o p ium rnImlm u n d tluilLI1£,h UllSCI upulou l) ' In rWn~1fo r '~;J. :1 In .1rn m:), bOJ.lllhe ."m~ rune,Ill- 183, Dr. "Iniam 8_10' h'.ull,ghneSS)lt tUroduced w e U 'r,lAp'u iiI: \,wlies o r !,;-:mna£H~mlu \\ '!lleUI 11'1e(,jicllllli:\J!!i



Auber[ ..:Roehe.in Fm'anees l r nw lB r l ylie,co n1m end~d It 0 m edicll1 le.whiche_ " r. : o umg r : ddlllOOnll g n ,~ a t p :s yc hQp h iJ ,r rm lJ o o ~QiB~ ill Eu r o J p c "J.J. MO,t liSUd .eTc.un" ,U.1b~1n h lS fi:S t!'ard1( 1 ' 1 'htllihi$hand nnm~n~mness,M'ore:lJUturned

0. th e youDg po e - t(;i;uUler, wan wmed on h tsrritmd th e ,ain'ler BOiss;ald,in hge SUileat [ the:swankyHDlelP ' l rnooan~hey Jounded th e CltJl tl 'o S

HIl~/dshfn. ",biah w a aU I1ded over tE te'n:v- IEJew)fears Ib ~laudebire,,,IBalzac',. Fhm'berlDuOllli;. and mD'S~ the' odlln r mOLLSw,ri[e,r:sIQf ,tile llm,e~uU lo r whom ,spread theW()fdJ.Jfi In bri,e:f.hll!shlsh q'U idd, Invaded mheere m af From:h s c . rCD IU lnC !31'tislictOciely~ I i 'mdlh world has been I'hu le w end C!1lr nnm- 1~lrhapS one- U u t! taittu:bout a judg ,ll, f~o .mB u debw c.C an:n nd :sa m , eWph ,D If,or'l ihewhrde Frenchuwotven.ent :

JIDIla,.W iI r~5I1cctlJibkWII~fD. iIJD~IU[liIll,mblc rn n s . . 'SO 'I : 'I r ! \ ' J

rQ ik '.' of thr:~"'d. one of tbfJ p··,1c who.:r1tlf1lCilr1

itconlQlI is !;w.ilf,s;tw·e"jmp.l1m,;ilU;the I1lIlQUI'IiI ' ' tbpt bl l1s lmbtopp,~. _ tin 'o f hiifll.h e :s ud dtn b' bqun 'Eo jUmp ~boUI HI tb~ mosEhnle ' i 'U 'gII~~n ~81]i1 tile. The V uel inn r ITIliIlIi$tefWI!i Te~ca;tmghw' If. Thi§ nlI,Ilj) w h iii juifpd ' Ihe : .It'dQDI If h1 5PG!O ' r. ''dt~;'4lgqtUf,hd ~ac'hr leamd Ute~p.l'l

Thc;up ~nortdby (;Qn~lmporafJ feStli1rdu:l '5" th e same Ithin!, was ,happ!nwi in Ul . eUnjtled S1a'tc's - U I faC I,~aurplnl i l lg1 'YI '11the· U .S. liI~D ls toh.avIl :u sed ,can nabis, asan intoxicant befol1l M .exico" (lid . He ,m ;p Ihad b "n,pow ror cloth :!iilIiHZemheSpard nls brouglu 'i,t 'to IChnearound J545~:UI

and n a d been l:U[nv]uedIn (h ' U .S . ee lAteE since ]1 6 .1,Ii -,hen I t w asp:Jam~ g d b y~x ,pflIS5 CDm'EOO11 I' Q :f Ith.e'K iJ I& ~in I Ul£!tclI\vn. 3 :9 I r ,Q fUc aHy.C f ln s.h lt r1 n ' wetllU~.r' ii iapinsl Ira .maritlu3nil 'was· ss0,t ' i3~£dw th the'ru:sJ Leul) Ji!presenl.alwe!'egisJafwe un IUner~c : J l .~he Vf rS~1 I 111 aICe . n e r a JAmemibly In UU91

, "For Iluffilpe also bo,m EII1g1imand Indian." ItheI.lonllts deeJoed I, a d1em~lv,l s . •"'\\Ie da 'I'Cqil.lil'eand enjio 'lne:a nh.ODSS·hoJde ,( fs ofth18Co l o n y LhalL have.llny o lf t.hoseseeds tomn a k ,, lryalltUtli1f'Ih': ltC''' ' 'I\I!JR,iiliS,tUlI, " •.-,0

fllr th ent.::kt,chaplerin AmodcmPQ~JJw e hIDleto 1 '0 bo 'e ktDA rrica ..A s:mecnuoP l'lil l'n !'r ore , du!'lmulli]]i! brou&ht ha$h.fshhuG. fgypl as early Ii.S~heUJtb Cl lHUJY,bu t i l l l . i l JnUonin~o,mis; p raetlce asragarded b.y tl1 i!efsi3,Dadep t s ( lnclud in l[lh erollowlrs,o fS k c 1 i K hH c i d o J r .w ho d j : ed llO S I A .D .)8Sa s e c r e t to 'b e kep t r ['~m Qr,d. inazym e n a J s .A] Nev.11I '1Bl! ! reS, fr s .P tC a dillEgyp t from Ike U Ih, C - e n tU r yo nw a rd, 'w h ichis also abol l \ ~f ie L ime 'marty,cenlm1A tr1~ ~ribS odi.sceveredlrt4 In ddi.io ft~ "Wem:tQ ut A fricaluw 'h .obad Ilrst umieds I'a ,v lS lD10DgthemseiYes, ilhen .ith th A,rll'b~Bnd.rl llwly i l1mf£ai l! ;' ''w-n: mml5l1ves,traded, appea. rlill' have :bu rodncedit mtDJ lra :j~ and po . ibly mto the WeS lIndils ,I \U' Thus Br~dir ns s tU lcalleannabts (maconhtJ)by the AfricanW Ol rd sIDiamb,a '" and ,",Riamba'4~ -



and. duu: ap~rt "r'om us t:u l(iydtitm forhell'll'Oln1:t m,arihmma'i u . ~i tS :adrug was known In. th e NQwWodd. l ne :X l f JC : lb l : yaSS:UCllaledwhh theAFr i e . a nstIve lr,lIde.

GeQrge Wa.sruo,ID.nand many other coloRful farmers grew hemp Fcu r

crath. but s V,i l l i i f ichus inili~u! th e U elih· od 'th a i th ey.k lle ,f ih dJif:

IU it druB- fn Il .W :shinlmn sepna,ed mnl from mall!c plant, whim 1 ,done un1y w b11 polenit resin 1£ desired, s, eeond, li t seems Ukcly thatC'OIOflJa lmnS'l rs. . ,r, $)law nthe !lI~ ef ~ar UI01!UI 8~ a chtll b :y the'iTA frwang.;(his was I .':e nl!~nly don ein J'muli;a and dJl 'Weg IorIies, at lhes am eHme ( h uu Uhh centu ry ).r o UQw i l 1 g'LbeirIlrvduc1u;m gf pnja frornJI.ndm.6 Thirdly I lallld~um w asI! :o ,mmoolyliJ'sedro r achesand l'a .ins -B~n jamm F ra nklind . • .e d Il£ldw te dto op ium h icbh i H 'Iokfo r lOtH - and

this usc' of dmni!ibli , i lI$ a l horne fiemedy. accompanitd b -syclloac.ivlleffecl~ would no'[ have been shack ing. . fO 'FeIn·' ICivUWar. hm p wa~ lheSmJth's 5econd most im,pOirtanlcash crop, aller tolbJ1'II~, 1 and hi~ t r eac lyaI,lHl1~bm1~r ~h~ p] n r, cO lllp ]edwill , sbv'cs' iknowledgeQ ril .u se as iId rua, n1aLk.,~,;t improbabJe thal pat'W3i ,nul used fo,,"psyclu,att .~vc, e -c reeLS.

Around UJSO~or mf ll: ~ roUowingO~ShnUitulu~1j 'y '5recnmmend,at io . !U, .,Am&ricandoclQ r~ be ,anu smcUM·aD5 tmnctufC and~'racl QP'~n!IY,andth, habit !,Va ip icked u pby nDnm~l.n t: nl u s-tB lO ;L nu IT 'eatE r degN e Ibo omu cgn~emp rnry resca:rcben suspect. Freder cit HD:mck~8 very popuLarm,edical [e(muer Ircm PhiladelphUl, -p rim l1~ed with b_ h ICi3IlU1abi:;lndlca andit vSllllel),he grew Idn1&e]_w.AmericiJJ;Ieund resin fr.Qm, bO'lh1 ,0be 3cth n::; p rcp ID 'ld .. ~,omn~mation of the cannabis with other amelesw hich (he) foundL-t),aSl2~ Ie}! lltlllQnUruuypCI l ,lj 2r (' -~@ n;:cip.erO f wh i d 1 ,he refuood rndisc10se~ andruUUlUyrG cwJ I ] J l 1 u n r. k : dit a 's an ap'hr{n!U~ in a~tltur1{llgfCuide (.8 5[1) so ld aUGiVerme ~onuntlnL 'I DayardTay10rpuiIrJUshedhis "Visit:lIn$u rHasllish" aDd S f }VF r : \ Jgno 'QY,fI 'I ,lJus . . J II lLVti IJh5

:inclu.d,m~FIb:. llilll!h L.udlowauempied to rl ,Q JDe IQuinceyin d ep ictin g'the pltlusuJes n d herrers of gobbling huse overdo .ses of hash ish andTllden's _Dmol!ls;'c!lnn:3lbiS:ex tracI 'y i l1h:hQld a til corner drllllRstQ f:Qr ,~

cents iJ l shut , l l4d 'hJ ,Wappended (0 lns.book 'The H6Y1'ecs/ ,Eater U 8 ,51 ) anMIII;h: in lIke Nl:wVgrk Tribune Wr iU IT I 'b ' ) ihi5 phy!id.ainl D r. I.W.' P ahmfn~Wt1ich M !iC ribed in demll theu se of c:hurn,rsblung l and gunjah In Ilndb!and ' ,cmmmmded 0 ShuugbJ1 I! !»Y ': swufi!r Amttnoon dOCEOrs andWI iter;.49 By 1 8601 even I~h~aqu a daCIgrs of ~e O ld uue I , ~dUEl,(!io t} l w ere h .ip '~ 'D 'lmmp~so and,~JHmUte u u n;cr g en eratio nVI S s~arU"gto tum en, ss a Leaden a1affilbl ... gnhu:ai Cubiu I. onke, pointed out:

\ ' 0 1111 : 119t'ul:t~tim 'Ill b e g IW I ln ! ;tlJ UlS IC ~ h .e " 'I H i1 n ;g '~.sn POJT I ! ! I l r u -.m] ,U!!J lg .~hli:i-tllIldoo'5,·.bUp UJ milier ill dJITtmlDilirll!Iinl'ltlir. ro r y m~

J ( Jnnb1m IJH ~:it 10 ~'1i'n'lll~ ~n be U 'O - f1 I ,gmI. rl 1!!lne [. 11 .··dit~iilk·'.1 :1 '11t .



W1111hlln :mfbliU~d hm,p InJ.'iud UH: p~·du ~f uh- . : '~1ie~. mU~llu,pl i .k1,;u quid 'of ~ab:a~'. 1m\~r:ni the liF~!md gwnl~,Qf"il deep red, ,andlr ~ j I J~ l . I J , g edIn ~ b r,p rg-dJ:J~8 .,,!n'le11 - 1m ~V~ ~t:n'[hnt. lng~~ bN r ,Illlld'~(!I~- will gi l ; I ! re :W~1 r ' fvI ••1 l . :gng . .. ..wd ItH Lip:$ ; ,m51~d ' ! iilrfi:fJ1 "'~~5.

~mi! 'th~ ··~~Ik\·~S 'I,

The iD1'P~rj[anol of dl~s f B s d n pUo . r uwitb b em p w E ild ~ ruU a.3Wtmg me1 'I aE 1 S l,:~ f ld elf lll li~ tS J m u s tnO I b l: !lJ t1 Id e J es H mU r'IQ d .M~UmlnJ jThtl l f l l 'au~Emersori~ and! eve:nWbj,l tIer aMudlild,LG JhuUa extenSlYI~,y and refened LoVedl~ ,KolOa b iI g E uw 'ltng ,ttlmu ; and'M i ,u l¥Ule~an: iJiiIIUle is sa,d ti l hS\lereceived a 'ronkru~ ofgp"i~s f;r(lmCaim, i!J'uH~Dn:tenis(If whh:.b ,h e w o uldnOll disdose to anyone. WiltJuna, Illng)t~ ,g- ;e lUU'8UMmany 3d:vernurouswrher~ doctQrsf and iU "tis'U fn~dmrned (11]~ and semj~secre'lhalshkhdubs~f.i\ddb ' e~Dun i i inerery D'U!J jClE 'en yf ram N ew VOf'kLDNew,Orleansr j ~D ISUIF U fu ::m ! & e O b ,,u W,f;! iC D1816~ wben the Turkidlt ms,hy 31 1£h~ JPhHadelplt iaEx.p05U~on r,a1un'l li ha !l l·multkin,Lan d 1 8i,3J wh:cnHJ t Kplle ,d•.&;:duc4New y (H'k,"!,mn~ i l! lxuriaus mashlsb, ·hQu!ie ,'wWd\wo u l c lbe me.em v yofmy p sy cbed,e [~.c.[melt I day _s -2.All!'this lushiu .U,B~ and a l$pec~ ;d mtE..U:J.UllUIQ~" 'WflNormAnnJfi~

~ a n l 1 ebe'fore the : ,Dm posU1Y'!lde- i&£Tlp i l i .onCD rnmdh'l.1miaI 'I 'G W rAin MOKh:o.dum a U1I81 .53 1 h \V. a~omly ailter 'el!!:~enmye,3lcquBintuJce wlch ~,

• bh ;illtlig .eX~ ijc a ,and Lhoc t ! i . l r i :th'a'm.'Yank.~,\l f .ea:me:dwbo 'w tl lm l0 . r ib ,U :Q I l ) l~tramIhe M ~1;je aa . span tsbWtlttl I .1 l tN 1 IUrm eI(im~o~icau'l)~tJ II ',o t ii \YO1!GheCcG'lI 'dtngte anew ~heory b y l:dtiSb au ;hor M id bael Sch .o ' l f i t dd"CMll.C from,M e j ij k - a l 1 ~S 'p . a 'n i ~DOliQiI'UQJ,a,5!ol,

ThI!J~ wit:hln ac.enluJ)' : traer N'a:p'D~E lan':sarrm!y inLtUiduccdlItl",! pfa~Utein Ew,mpe. ma s ; o[ the ' w o lB 'Ml Iul .c i I ,turned GIn; art Ilnipil~ed byd.ope 3 t J 1 dO r ien ta .li i~ w a ~li\~ A nI r I ,e$ . i ed ' eI. e~ ~aHt ' c _u l r i t~ · s .wf'i1.er!:i. tu:u:imed i c , o JI1tubDdUe:sglarlJied dle 'h erb~ a,adonJy a rew ntU iO 'lU - anhodo:!l:~poliCcl.!iI:lllte.E.!ypl~ fIlii e.UFnple ~n, l .o1i1lwSplrohlbit~llg r r . IBenebth Uws p l:& :n d o r s'D f t;lnnabii t uUu t e "~o,'we;y,er.h . u ke d J s e '! !'c J ra l m a ie v o ie r nd,em~D.s~i.m,erilalf5m~r 3!;lmn , e Jn ism~,ulf,i .ta[&dm",and WDwing11~ , i a J i e~addi~'~i'QR_lin

ryt!;ry 'C 6U 111liY~ th~ wru.l~'C wea lm . : hy.'maS :~CI ,~~im'f ltd,ep eIildcd 01 ] n0l1tw.bJt ': s lD" '~ ,J ,a n d a e " r v a n t sfo r d fi1 J,G~~rpp'lyand :sIeOliel:I~ thecJUlb ' s :~miss'iDn~uit,sdec:tilld its usc. by lumthen ,hHlltwes; and poH~ ignored Us USl!:by lllilebllDr,geoi:iLe.whfch le~tthu~m free [0 R1U\lfl agamst Its U~ by flilliw5.

r em i sm l1 J l s ~ ,,a nd lh J: p bore r '~ a~ s",In I8~3, pan~yali ,abdluh or guih IUve,rl .h le~pium Mlar~,'rtLHil~hol$

w e r e r il~ ldill the Br t~_ i j s bHIJ!HSe o 'f 'CommD11s.3fbQIH e a n n u h ls u se 'U1htd: i . i : l i .p ;liIJ 'H ( lu lla rly inBenl3t " (h e ' ,In dm n:H~mp D' f ,U .g sGQmrni~ ioJ lc' : :uti '~ned101study the prob1em fer mC.r a y e 'a r;pd.\cred IL tYiu . e l k : cr n ; , n l[.HB W~'"U~S&C5

in 1 r6 ·u 'l: ilimon f"he -- adng~" madeR eMuips [0, 30 !;ilie:S1 and - a~nru}!i~



e:ucd.y 7' yeilr~81,~ ~od a y~onAuglls~ 6. 1894 flnWuul m ·i f ' repen bl,~ v en m.a.v.: '¥olun'I;u .with a ecit.lp,1more Imlu ll;Jlis bectTh~5 . 1the moSldall"St1veand lblDDUgh ,-.o tln c stu dy'iiWe,rdone on tunabj" GOOChlde'd

't h at smo ll d ,o sIWbemp IN bene fic: · ~..mode r .I eu . scof ,cannabis~ eenifr'_Bular,m d 111 0 1gnifl nt J~ ju rio u s menla 1p , b y .Qli, a ', moral erfecL;,andd lb cm llt e ~ce ssi'I R:' u scw,as hann'ru], 'b-tC 'aU _It maC i ethe ' lUau mo r e3U '5& l : pUb , l £10' d 's e a ,s e '~e ve n a b U '5 E'W~S ~n5 harmful d l an abU ls t ,ofDthtrto . I druss su 16 rue :hot Whe-nId Clan t Q d -y ,claimUut •DQ r:e_ardihas been deneinto th e IDng-tJetm~U,cl[Sor mariJuuna.~'I1they ICQII,YBnienU,rGI I : e l 'dle IC ' I i deneu(;:om-pil~dliI,yLhI Jn di n H .emp Commimun anlfstudymg CWilNrieS of cannabis eonsumpUolI'nd :srno k ABin Indll.M{uco¥e[, the CommiJ_' :n lnok IPl lm,10 in. estl lah C3li, .fu'llly th e b u r r o 1 r

sU:ut,s wbid1 rlL' witn 5 to ld tht., M,d d1 :

I, ._ [I bcm lib m ,' I .lnrRfn. (atom ,fiirlMJ b'iqutr)' 1O' r u t£ !lowUnlI. the. err"" af hcmp drv I 'lie oltuwi d Il'Iwb, l_ls, an,obwy, , tkm!.Tb, 1a1p ' n um b c ,o 'r Wi , [I" ,- 'wbo,Pl ' t l fe__ 1'IG1'W1rto luw Ste!lll [ t h_scl·rrCI:'I.l!.Ill , gU~ ILtllimllnilm.~-bfy mllQ)i whD pli'all!l!I_ '1 0 h 'OhSlli\'l!d III 8Ii. ihe nil" rfiw_U:n:e_' , i ~uJd - _ reaU III to Ii'll an~ d.-linil, ICCOUftl

, o r u .on _ 1 1 1m ~:nmr in whiCh propormmlo r IJ 'I' , Ib~.k 4 t Jwnm:I! tbe. iljrD l~mp l toI lm li'll'-ltu ~m l ~fie whldl~mbb!e 1.0 dwW MOIl ClIh~b' ha.w iiiLde i~ l I ' "III ' " . , .1b IdtmUiI:mJ5 t a i : n ed lJilom , iImllnp i dJu§L-5:5,

'D1erefod"lheCommimiGOeoncJuded~

Tat p:rOb'ljlUQn ,D r 11I .cnluv ,[I, n Ii!'IflJu~bun, 'p_l3n'lro, i t~1k:s" I!Qd o r'(be mmuf'lC'lwt. .01 !He (firthe d.miS iii-rived,froM 11mb n ei1 her _CD_- nclIrqccr I'll fn c n.dihf\lllu",o' Wli'_=_!d ~rreeIJ •• ,.56

:f fb lm ' b ,j 'S ,o f th e'C'Ontmmsjgl, &everlidtim-e$'emphnh:lllyl Ip1a ' tedmal t h eyunhes:i lalmglypYe.tb'Dir VUI1Ucl ~i ,apin5lme n ,I v io len t m easu rea s , t ot alprhibiikm in re~" _ c l 1 1 ,0 1,y E lf tO eh em p 'd lU IS ' .lS i "D I e ythInn:oomm Dded, ¥51emwhidi '~' ho,ed WCIIIJldlessen a,b~e o r'the WuiSamIi, •) l f iBvent ' t a .e'LlDITSI!m]IB* a s ,farill m ~y bit p assible. [f,am doingh lUTD ~ om emM'lv 'W l.dto teSkUIiI the :IDallccmenl&tD dlllf'umtldaD of tlte habbwhi~b milJn h i dl10 sumhatm~" _. JY s. m ofl iKll .SbI1and I'ft(U1U ,~

t " L io n s u rp e :r v is e- d lbifID' (B rh l d l ) Go - - v eD l lm eDt or I nd i a ov,l,usueml,loctdand p ,ro \1D:ll: ia iregulation. In a 'ptlUcy s:tiIJ:tem~HUeme r k . a , b l yrl: f~vru ll 'r£ ltlaQfem;poliol qU i _Siton '.of propar mati lWDna _m qu l .lirmll 'l lI e CG JDuti ss ione~pl ' l_d du=Qpbl ion"1:balt1hBn :is a megilimal,!:'Uft or the hem 1 "dUI! s~ •a :mn i' Wm e d tlut l~~i.r J - r iesmeUOU l ad IQ m -u se 'o fmOR ,dit!ttrio



substances. r ~¥.·11 drive rh o people .'Imln u huhn tlu Llj'l til winch b

known I iinorhtr ~I '" hidl 'h~ e~'ilf11:JiYl ~ 1 :prl:iJl .. ·1. Ih ..·) UTe l1u lungeij u s .Un a h h !,"'s."t 11111S H ie I U I X ' WJ~ wuu i~1.I Ih.,.1 "LVIH I ) " rl.~~1d. . : tf'\i'('lll8ribUianalegrsJattllIl \\uuld drive people ru Imrr~ c!.:.lJI,gl.l'lIUithugs. such J1

i : IIh: :uht dJhua. I,1r' nfu,~ Hi !/ io , .m t i- p c ~ _O~d ly Plllp )..,\;,f I Ih a sma n lm u n ab~b!g lli zed : ,m .d r~g.u li J li ."d,lred c t 1u l J . ghIllai ~hi~ ,uult..! I ~~r mppefl. nm: C.lnOlil'!y wi!h 1h:l :Eceuternpornry govenlHlllolnls wuu l d urnlers tand d ie dBl?

If~stih~ ef p roldb,1 ing'HlltUnlaULI while !o.'llccd.smack, ill1d du\ nc~sarereiJ ldll, . avaUab1e.

lInfru'lUo1Jhdy the Il-iD Wepnrr\"\D~ Bl'mmu rh e IllSI sensible poUty5nn(lI"~nt mad' by ElII1Y\YI:.tem _go" lCrn rnCTu~t;t)~i I~ miu'~ UJanu . The201h·..::tIHmyle~:Ji1 hisw,ry d' g l U ii is une IUr Ir:n:: lsm.IR'pt;rlaH sn,. badscence. ,and wo:rld'1lide nrannnal dictatorial p uliey p rml1l1~g utcdby

.\rncrn,c~n nn:nu fU11 1 ,idW1~ ul l1LJ 'I~U:' il JJ !r :tn~i1 .'ngn~l'r(U'llQ, flo!}';!.:.Thei J ]cgi&U2.*I.l lQn ofIl l lLtlhU::lf i{!c a r n eUO[lU'1]]ii ", ,;~u ie e f~\'IIU \ " ' 11 ' 1,r'ff"R i.t -

rmpp i n l l trlh es c onqu ere d hy rl ' lI,!U.S . ~In ! 804 8, 'lh l"fJl:i k C' .3 \ i - n1u n n sl pe-nuilllgalun& ,he ie~.C ::8J! brde~ atth e turn IJr th e century, th e"'''~rlbrll;k·~ texk~~nlaborers 'who wtnked i .1i!the -SuuthL.,·,I'nUI~Brd t 'a t r-s ; .and above all (he'"Diggers" w ho sp read the p racnccnouhwa rd fw m NewO r lo !: n sdurinllhe II 2 .0 · .

. 'T(I I Us knuwled to rn a ihu.ann ",'as Ilrst seen and 1J5C~1n ew Orli '!<.:1.111!!

in 1g lI(1." th a rc.i~y·st J ubLh . :Surely Cornnu S51oner later \\'1 (He .mv'cahnglu sIfu dsrn ill fu rtherrl:ill1... k:s· "The pnh:,iCiI: jj~ no~ ~r:ye ' xhm:e l J , ~ ·~ . )~thelil11£ b lit raph lly b ~m. more md mose L H.lllcruf ~umrn ! , ; .mb:m\\'l'Ogi:-a n u J n g T h e\ - . ]dQUS characters0 th e C.iUy .... Pm t : u L ; 3Uye,"'I?I'YIh~~'!J m th ecUy l:an'~i~l!u n:!.!ognl:t~blcdes~ftp , ion Uil'till: J H 1Y'.\I ~ f f et.'U ." · fj uIH.lIn~yth e r eu fr e e , w hin e1Ul~is l poli li t· ians. [ ! : n o dj rumuhsts iln .~w O J ICi!US ". .. ..lu·p aig ,n cd a ~in s[ l1~f&h~!ln1li u se . w hitb resu ltedlin the UrlUed St resGovernment prup !iiliG \mld.:~ddc il'fQh{bhiUIl tIll C£UUHlbi~in . I t) II O JI tlteHa,~e ('DllIferelllC'e (1(11 Opium, Suni l.udy . .lr,S. I!dVConIUB~' .pg~inSt~nd wUllP aneh e VW;J's troop sun,lund 19H ) {Villa·s mit" smo kedpet Irec~ andrnilfd~· d C ' the m:uU'mm,J full ung "La eL L·ar~lI!hA··l. u n J It Ihl! P nUn111

ICHmdZon .e aboutth e same tim e, resulted m rh c ereatlon u fAm!,;.lk1i'sfifSl.' I tHu l i l unm ' l,n~'1~libiH~lnl y r h eFcdenIIG(lI~'t' f ! l J n . :m 'un J~U1Uilry J t I I .19~3, .U .S . P an aflu lCanlll Zuni : miUun llulhorj'Ues'st.'l'Iii:d('lr!:lII~all'· lIIfll.herFlv,-,".dec la r in g:r~ss IlIcpl for our soldless o ( * " 'mo s .L icotered" ::II:'ld· · PQn~ ,"Ril l'i3n") Hh!re~[iI

l'n the , :un\!.) I 'e a r '~ ew O r le~ ns :banned IPot by ch~1 ~rdi~lIlI~". andL ' I J1 .U5 I i lLna -rclubired It S[;lll!Wlde lin 19~7~ The ~naH YWa5 a rn ax uu um550D n n el ~ 6 unq hs In jtllil.61 EVtl'nh~ro re lh-lln~ um cstatn -dill largenOfJwhjt~ pnpU,13~hJlIsh:ul gr~dulliUy me1 \ 3U l ~ 1 JgJIIM. CaHfornia,t ru ,



I,nusmpl'if.vllb its hu t ! ; ' ~'-Im' k ng hiett l U pDpU] Uon _flG opwum~sm o bn g c tu n a to w n s .Iabeled m a r l h i'l JJ u . n a '. p o is o n "a n1 ' ) 1 0 1 ,p roh ib,u ed 1\;£,p o sse ssiu n u nh ~ § p rE s crib edby it pJ1ysidan In 19f!t andInduded it RIi11cng

iJ"e ~h ard··n i : lr ( lo ,m iC3n ; ! unn r na ' r p~i l l1 ,e ,W1dcocllint fri l lm929 , . ( 6~TI1.)(mandC olerade enacted p ro~libh ion L a~siI i l ~2gl~ and 3$ PU i w ent up lb,eW verhorn NeVIOrleanrswith JalZ. qui~kl adlJ ,pwdb,Y ,gJn:HuBj,acksan d PuertoR l c - a n snnd a r ewwhine mU5idanf m im~ i sl ind New YorkIQUowvdS lu i~ [1 11

t 93:~and nu).RilciliI ll pe rm_l~d lb~ carnpatgn bOTbwor ld-widelImi m the Un.ilea

S uu es ,So·t [ljHed"m e tU e ilr J '"[F l i rDrmat to 1 1a J hutili PD,1 S JUp pcr1 'e d!11s I J il 1 5 tM 1 .

,3'S il,u 5ilra u:d b )' [w nsemeneesfrom th e r93 E ,'1 QrlfJ'UU& lediml (Nld'

SUI1 J ' i r : a iJ ( llmai:

nu : dlilb '!f1nrilfiJd bllrli~(Il' IJlnlll'.n.~ u h:~~i5h l'Id nrmm i~nUlIr-.:.ui 'u:d lulilldjvitluud but hQ rnanl c!ih!d II.t~Jr in I~II n~ nndl! r Ice~ II Yie.U . ,.: d Qmm llint[JiI~e.iTI~ rou~l eu l J ,l !. ll ll l'l Il J " d c ; ;~ ;m nUu : lS -m u~h:ohol c. w hil~1thii: fil" I lf ld n ll~ lJns , add .te :d 1~1~ICU1[J IInLlDp~um,,~I"I'Ql!.': :r"'hi~~ arm: 11 11;.'tl 10 h~ns Iol't.:u.]un: nd CJYlhl.f'lt~Dn.hUn! df l~i'kr rnmt :d ibarhmt!Il~IiII, illldphy b:nn)\6~

111 Bear I naW!\P'pe'li'.!i ran natiDnwide stones ahout pO l whleh COJW&,l-

eliul:y Ui:.m dI r1l1J' Uwana u I~ ''IIsddicllii·' ' :iIlullcOn "UseDpO l l with [[UtrlC'Dt·

ks : as WmUred r U a c k .311tho r ,u fLhJ!.seri~:s.said

nll!'UHD - co 111 f t m.orp l1ln - ffU trth uw lll -I. ,lph ,um - w h.1 d ' ~ .ii' mailer \ lhb:h II I ! I. '?Ond ham;arb no \'f Ih"n W i!lulhn.I i 'S

,..\rfoUnn <:la!m m~d by :l~l.~pol pfIJpegru1d15tsNa,s ~hijl H '~11l5idll l imOty_M iss N lnekeont tnuedwuh theloUuwwn somcv.hal xagera:led h ' p olhe-,Slti

'V01.11l.lmD ~nH\ 'nllu!!h r t1 ;u il~"~11 inIJ wimJQ~ -btl): to dnve tb~WhDI'L. 'pttpuT,rui n o~ rh I'Ih£:d ,.111:,) t~fk. "'tWln~. 1 1 1 O S M od.

On Fla ,g~dY. I( j~O. [h e F~der-ul!BUU3U of -r arcaucs \'i,E'iScn~ated in theTrea su ~. Departmen t,lind n l!ne v Bu reau "s firI ItD.R!) 'Wert"110'push fe r~!iT~blishme'm of tw o re:d'efa~ .' n rHco1 . i c . s ,r:lnn~ for U~fl co nD .lu !metH ,lin dlli\,':Jiimfll1l r p~r~on addl I,ed·~ It, opi 'I s "m l l""'lndianhemp:' ., TheBu r e a uhrH11dlillldy! lO o k u ptho rpm ents Lhia '\mtJiI"ihlJ9l11;1UE lu s u d c r im eJnd insan ity . sp read themDCHJ5 ,S ,r im : counuy by newlpaper, mogaZine ,andT3lh I ntl pu: d rOlf a njf'O nn .aft d 5 ud to b adop :u~d-by allsunes, wblch Indudud am,JIUIUal1~pnJnibiUtill ThSUg11 lJ 1 e ne1NIB'U!fI~U1heuded by' ( mmiisioner HlHr)" Anslh i iger.w a s .100 sophbtttauullo ouchi.('llfgum I'd In ' ¥ l e rUyfUdi![ terms, their n r s 1rlpor1 on pot, forthe yeur

1'12'9.pOHued UU,l lbrtl~



Ill[ t\ ~~.[~ Ot' h.ru lSlld ~IDTI]jI '[llJlIH1!nd mh~P-OWd0iIIf \kl\ bo't~l mll£dl Upli~ Q 'quid ' l J I ftobcllc~.-h t~m, Iliile L! ,~rum ~l! i;Cr i l dleqli led. ~~,if bnJu,~ If:I JIw;p:~ .iJl1udU'll. 'eij;viokul m~oNimhQn. L~~ bwrW1l1sdrqllitS . in giyClWa) foil' · 'bang·' .~d re dlips. !TI iS 'Le :a .d0' ' [~dIno~:s.

b< l foolTi! ! l : :1hI : :"'St)~ k.·· 5 t

The lmJUlrtUIi1J1 ' o ,r IMs , fa~dllalOJl1Yriililkem:palld hliH Bamo~g U tIllall~el1d·~(l'ImM s~,smust not be~llIldl~:r~timau :d •.Whitmalli], l1u)i'e'i!li!,EmersolITl.and ,even Wbin ie r .a ][lld edItO bu:Ua~ :Xte :n l i ve .1ya:ld fB f e : r r e r dto\I ,e .d j~ Somain g1 , l )w lng'tenBS;;3Jl .dMllvi:l;1tl:Ila~e in fi~elsSHic lt'o hanr,~'! :e ,irfa{J ~ ~runkfl.! l ~ ofgoodi~s,fr'DJn C~ipOl.ILhf caMillUS o f 'w~i,d 1b ,e w o u ldfillcnd l se l e sa to u .nyone ..W iiJ d n 2 m,n l l e ig en era tio n manya l l i v rmw r r : o u s"fillerfi. d,etel:on!and Mt~at~ h a d UlUlfld!en, a nd semi~ ae ag :tb a 5 b i f J b .chllb.setl-uld be raund Inevery major cjly from N ew Yorio1:0Nc'wOrlean.sto ~aflF rancmoo bl : , [ \ l I"C'en1S7,j j '1Iw11 t n th e Tu r k bm dJ i spla!y 9.\ Ithe PbiladetphlinEl"p osh:jon(1lIlJU.HldlU.~iJ1Hlk,jng,and 188:3,wben 1 ft" • K m lldC'SClith~dN,ewVcl'k~s IUGsi hJxuria~s basb 'W; t- 'ho lfl5et wbidl w,ou .ld b emeen '\ l'y ofany p s y du~d l b l c 'rre:ekmday.51AU l~ h!l,mipU .R , .and SUlPtI~te .d 1Daribuanause. i l l No.rm Am e - n c 3

I IlW YIe'b efo re Ih .e ftnU ,tls trlv e:d eOOr i ' p l t J o nID fma riiu Jm31 g rowntn MexIco.dlllC d U U I6.5 :1 It WIl'S of i l ' ~yafter l :J (f cU ' II 6 - u 'c q .u :a u u :a n c ewith . h a s h : ~ .b,han,; i:XlACI. a nd tincUuiL ':'U"j1t,"lankif;15 J~wr. " , edabcQZmB.rihuIDilI,FromIll!1!M ex.ll!lln~S':Jfl1!1tWD!I'd nuu.iptlRIJ(illl tc~ea.nll)~ or PDt" w hidlaUOrdiD(1.0 8 new t BU~D : r yby Rr J~ l i b au th or M b ::h 1iWiliSdl0fidd" '[lRe< from:Mex'i'tan.Spt"imp{)~ 5'~

Th.uS . within Q C e'Nulfy after N .apD]edfil·Sa rID)" mhod L iICirJ th e pr~etice~n ElU{l . ) ; I f . ' ! .mast of the wDI, l ' d,h:ul:turned urn; art i1iqtmIrdb < rdope ,~ndOricnlDn~ wasIne. / i , .t I,e sWde rage'; m~Dt[t cui~i!!iil5"j'wr~teni,md m.odi1;:a]a.uwonties gformed Iw e ]]e(b~ SfJclJ0J.l~)l Ii [ew Il1 a li~n.s : - lorthodollli..police-sUite ~t. rOlf C!XaJiIlpk - hsdJ law sp.mhmiUDI.illL Dene:nJ l~hespT.~ndof~,of ~l!tnlll:l,b'l5cuu 'U i i " e ,hO iw e~~ 'r•.liukedse~er.tJ malevo.hmtdl ' lml1o)J5~1mp e r i a i j Sm . ~r&.d.sn~ilUthttn.pulI':itantsm:"and g rD \ \. r jn gl o pw t e,addlitUon. 11 ' 11

every COIllJil tr y r me w hi1lewt! ;a_h:hy.m~:s~el re ~I~e d~l'nJlRldedon Oiflllwru.t eslaves, and ~rvant5fo r d r n ,! I S 4 lP P"~ Ya n dse:nrice illl dle clubs; ml~ s iO .D . a r l e sdq:l'ied, in use ,0 ,~~eaJ.hBI1n J.Uve s; an dp',td.J(13igt1l;Drl~dU S , H9! by th ebDurg,eois:i,g.:wbJ.ch'Ief~t_h1m'J free tu 010 ve 3.g a:in s ~! its use by lII;:1iLive 's ,l\ll1!l1iBlia"ESl,~Jldth~ pooter , a l a s s e$ .

In 18911. partly as a baeklla;Sb.,o r gut'l1over U1e opiumwars,qUf:ltliODSlw eM nti.ss.ato~.h ,e 'B , r i l f l s i t lif!I(lu .se g flCommons a b.oUI[Ci,lj~m!lbisuse-in lnd~a' ,pu r ih : : I I J , 1Br1r ilt B e n g a l. T b ehu l . t anH emp .Dn~~C0 l 11 r n i 8S i cm(;!Q~wefttdh).study the ,mb!iem for DVtUa.yeur:plmfoo twldeJ1cf fnnn ] .l'93 'Wun~si ~U~,·~'s.tl E n gmy · h~dncs" m ane f ie ld nips to lfJI clUc.!:i"IInd - ~ImlCl\St



su bstances, or ~vcn llll\f~ lh eil~Urdc I'UlI11 ti t hubu Ilw evtl 11'1 ' rJ . . .luch hiknuwn tn iJn(,~hel (If wtrfd~ ~h~I;!Y~IOTlIy h~ !;~~~rllct. IIL) lilt' n~j ~"mgclju'l'lUn3bl~.'" ~l 11ius lhe rlloc \'liJk \VlHt re 'I IliJJ I 1U\ i IH ly h!.~1 rk~ I~'"

manhunaa 1~l!.nIDllI(mw ou ld dnve p€'op~cIII nune clml,gN'lIIJ~.tllUg's,. such 8 i5

i:I'h~r1lh~'JI.d~una. ur n.ar~fl'l h . a~ .~md:'pCCI~h':Jd~)1 rI111I1u,;!;;'~1'hti t II~tlninnmu Iw,legrulNu am l Ieglili'Hed,l re el)' ":nwJghl~H .I i ~h~!l\'N~,nHd~wi lmpp~n. nul.! (J~Imily wish rhat oo.UreU1punuy g_oY1nl1lHUHlb \~!ouJd uudesstand the ducl''r e _S IU l I !~ u fprtthUi]~~'n~ lfH~t,Unli{llua\!"h-ilc 'tl!Pj.'C"~. ~ .m m :h . u ndl l f~wI1~11~an~'retlt1U~'ii'l,1an~hll!'

Llul{1r~um.lbi:~.Y. h e U i.D Jl;,upurt wil~aJmu51 nhe l as r senssblc pllltlli:y'Suue-mtrU 1 I J 1 , a d ctl '!r' 1 l i : t~ :YWC:.~h~i~ : g_ov~nHl I1Cm,ah~LH t r J i . l r lh l l i J ;n l l .nw10th ·cell Wry ]~ ! l a Jh~ ' I ! i , lU ryu r g rass IsDJ1l! ul l ':u. 'l~~in.0 11PIJ! I'l alh 'i 'n . bDdsetertce , and w (Jirlldw ~dli:~HutilJI1EllI d'i.aLI!I1.on3'~ puhcy promulgated by

Amencan r nu : i s [ r~~Ut1i:trul~ ,and ~llr·al&~r~dhdn~ mJ r ( J t 1U~~ro.~ke HI' :rUagal.iztl nono f m J) r ihJu t l .nacam e tl"bUU l b lu:: .u.m,et.lr u"luJ ~,~}l1'~ 'm;i'~'Rir -Fj!ippilrm tribe s ..:umlu cr~ dby '~ h~ U .S . 11111UNJ8. f_hellhll:k.CtlllH:I.lryUI ' I I ,L 'S

npn:Uill1g lIJiDng lh e rw11 "~i~ bo rderat th e usm ,,"f th e ~,erHmry. ~hc· · l\VjJlt!m :k'·Mexlc3u lahulI'fll'Swh!J ~ ,o rkC 'dIn LheSUllUlh;,r~l United Stalc~,Wld 8'bOV~ u ll rJu: ··nlW!r~··w.h(l sp read the p rac neenunhwa rd "rom Newo r : ] ean . s ,during theI~n .o · s ,

"To tU J f'kmny lws e' m :u1hlJi.n na .wa sf1 l f1 t~e'n ' and O ~~din N'I! 'w·O,d~3nsjnl9 ~0:' dUll c ilW 'Sfubh.: ~Jcty 'C " 011 iH l lI S i5 1. 6ne r laier W.H1 lre , r.evetlfln~ 111S.

ral:lSm K1.r l i r thC'~F~rmld-i:5 "The P'r:I~ W:~

~YiJ~ A'~HverJ

ex~lenSlVe

inr 'h~Um~ b lU ~:lPII.Uybecume 11U)f~ arul RICHe J , 1 '1 .1 : .11bH ef I,.'!Umnl'UI~ k&'Uu\~~lc ;t,lgc

.anum! [he ~1]~1U]1.I8 cburucters of the 'C ]'[Y ... I'~ru':hcnn)· ,every Ji1c:~min Ibe

ci~y (:Ilr~t!w~ tI r~l("ll!#1il.:lbl~df!oCf~r.H~(II,)JI Ih~ dE'ug~·strre .'1~~~· .no'ShurLlymcreaCl,er. whI t ' I ads t: PQ ]lti{ 'l:,H~~and jmttltJJlJblS in N.e\i .OFtelllllS uarn-palpud ugm.l1llif. rnai lhuana use. ~rh i c . b remhC'(t In th e United SUltC.1i.

Goverru'!1~n~ prO'(}SJn~ wodtJ~\vldepl:Clhi,1:miot1(If ~~I'r~tl,bi~ ~q I I ti t th eI ,~ laiu e C enr e " unn c con Dp urrn .Suni lar1), .U . S·. adve ruures ' a»l)In s l ",ml ,'" ~tli:Paftu ho VW~·sUr.ll)PS l I w um J Ill! (~(\tUb"51Tnen s fnu~ :e'dp en i'r tc l)Wandn'I~u··DhedH l ~h~mIJ r i h i u an aro~ksung ·'"L aICU(rmlllohjl" ~" ;,nd: 111lhi!P ' , : .m · am l : l

("aJlullt lJil~ abou t th e ~l\I1euma , resulted 11 .1 .1['IlC ercauon () J A~ncrka"sI1r,li:~mt l r bh , t .mnuprmh'ibiu(:Inro ytile F~d~ral~o~erflm.;nt·, r.JJ1junu,tiry20 . J 9:!J ,U.s. P'lI l1 .nhm C1U'UII,ZlclIiU!rniUtary IiIJuJlor1iies is!iuedIrih:uiar Numb~r HiJ.~.ded:ndMg , ~rassillegal fO l r ou r soh ilC lIIS r'n1casHyeolored" andl ··Totml\lcarn~") IIhem.ti J

111 the 5am~ y'!:ur~e", IO"'leansbanned p~'l ~~I ~ity Qrdh1iJ~mil, ~nttLouistana p,r0hlbrutcd 11 '!iI~:a,~~wlde.n ['~ 21 _ Th el1alWty was a maxrmnmS j ,OOfine or (3 mDUlh5 inlillL l ~ :it E v r nbrrore t hu t , ti~mlt stUlts:wi,t~1~argtngnw~\i~O 'I;Hl ub UlJlTUll"li1dJr:aE'.h,lIi1llymeplilfd IJraS~. CaBrurnl~. rm



e:r\i1mple"with i~s huge ptJksmuktng ~hicflln~popuklli ' .Ul ' and op,hl 'm-smoktnghim-ato,wnl, labelud mar ibuldna· ·pni5lm··in •'lC7 ~ prohib ilod it sposse!\smn IIJ nlleS&prescnbm:l,by a p}1y~jdal'l 'in J 91 .S., I!!ndIIlcludcd it arnons

the ·Ilhardunarc tl13 herein, morphine. aud c . me in l\t!g} t3 TeK lIisand

Calu l1u llo enac!,ed p roh ib iUonlaws.in I 2,Q,and, as,po, WDIi 'I ~up the Ri'lo'errmm InV OrleaIlSw'~h jr3iU" quLkly a du pu~d b ,gheuo Btack~.and Puer tuR icltn s iJn d3 few w h JtenlllJlsi l l i3J15.Ul inQfSand N~w Yerk n.1Umvcdsu it inI'}]~and liffJ.

Racism permeat 1 .I the C3Jm.p3Igml bmh w .orld~w id~ and inthe UnitedSlllh;~. Sa·Cllha'J.umedit:tll~·'infDrmauun ~1119u tpu tsuppor ted this racism,3J mUslrnt d by WiJ sen tences ~rQm Ul 193I iVe~'I.·Or/tnnlSMC ' d , cQ /Q lfiSUf7/cu.1JuumuJ:

The - d ,· bn su !l. lf :a nd b .me fu l in n ll l! n~f h 1 ish 'ru J(j, Ilm1l l~ uerrlc.'i'ln lcd ~o tfu:blliIlitJ:dsMil : f1 !J mnni ~,l~.d, it lr til 1r1' lLlh,Ht1l J . IDJ IUC~!I U!IiwcU . The do m uu anr :e~ an .d .m ou cnUp_hLcnil!'dl i, ;u am nIth~~!tICI Jf -(p l1~1k. whi is lthtr r lWC'5 and mutiO:Ds u.dth:.::ted101 lump .:md OpiUIII .

some o rwbll :h liD.: ~Ull im:d[0 I re it tf In o f eu lmrel l!Ad(,"I"i:li:~- l!un.r n . . " iW l i: '~e'leri~r r"d bgth mefll.n.llylUl l !pI'Iy!dal1}r)!i

The He3 rs~ l lewsp~Pf il lt tS rM Inat ' I . ' .mwidesto ries uuu t r "l ",[un cons! t-

entl)' lcrmud manhu.ana~ 'S~r. s·~nddLjc\S'~und CQo l ' u s , e dp[l~ wi ti l !1fffOO1·

tell a .sWin i( re d ,B lu ck.gUO l"H g f L lie s erir: s,'said.

n~IQ ln - (\Q~,:dn- morphln - l 1 ' I . .rn iu tu ' l, jI J -opium - Whil l diJ~~U ffHI~lcf \\httlh it i~ ?Ollie hO H .:.r ~fio W1JrW th.an tlw 'tH u u ..&!ii

Anu"he'fIcb im mode bJy I mi - p e r pru,I1apmdbh'ow as i'kal u C"d\ l5J . ! "d:~nfianity.Mi'~ "B lackcl lnlmUed w uh LJle rollo,wmgsomewha( i:~ aggetufeGhypothe-sis,

YLI\JIIC".tUf~Q' ' :J:\0\.!1~ manikuall.\l!O ";fmduw'-bu3to dnve the" '111;101r. ,op-ui II n litl dll: nittdl"l'.:l'i ~'ilfk.:< .J.nnl;, m vrn' rnnd,~f.I

On Flag Day. j t 30 , '[he Fede-rlJl'Bureau o f .areoucs wns trea led in Lhl!le a IJI Y f)epa:rtmn~~~l1d th e n~' Bun : : a u : sfin.. actions WDn~ tOI push F o r

e~u3b'!ld1ml1ra0 r tw o l l ?d to raJ~'llInrc011L:srtlrms flOt th e con rmetru !p ,i~niU-eaflTIern 1 r [Jt!IiStH1!iaddicte,j·· 0 oplates (mell "Indlan hemp:" ,., The!~nel1u till 111,H ;U i i J1yrook l&'pth e 3J'gull 'E'nl~lIuH mnf~iiUillni!l~tUJ~~' crimeand m~nHy. spread them scross [he cnuntr), by newspaper,m~gaz.blii:. anrau l , uru l p re' edf(r r a Uniform aJ~(ltICS Cude to be I ldopt€d by allSUItes U.lifcbjm.::lud!l}d.arnarDluana pfohfb'U~n. l1H"~sJl 1;lhenew BlJr '~ilU

hand LI b ~'Comrniss lnnarIt(l", Anmnger,WD'S la u sophh;~iCIl.Leclto coaeh1I~>JIf_gumentsin ovenly li,tu:f~zterms, durir nrs.l repori om pot. fo r rh€year

P:J~q:pouu",dold ~Dt:



"Tilt: In, 'l inG l inkEh.l~ w e'tmllll.: be : D.:5C '~f~J' ,etle.-lU Dill' h ~ItO'lllo'beeT I :uun:d ' rQbt l~1L: '1J10 m iHlj~IIft;J.,mD J ' g u . D 1U Ito' "mCL\ " " sny" ' ·10 l'h~r1ll:e"'lr.ThIl'I m ak e iI !;l!Islomu ra,r lil~, wbo w in g~'ie I:M:!d,n d '~ iu lm'u ' rIhl:ldUf ~IUhlillUiD" ii~,~ Ul1urul. n11

Thus th~r ta s- it .! ' I rgUlmell il s againS 'fmarihuanah ad. be enfabri~_lld .leilaid DUm b y the ' edernJ SUre'1ll befure m940, .The , cl ImedL h a 11mariltuanillcilu:ud :~e:U" .;rrilrie~Dr v io 'I II R I .;e •tlllJ,$U~ in:sanUJ"~;m idled 1'0'be~oinl,'fo:rdecades'~OOe3r[er.The Am!!'f an pubUcll with iUtUeraJ 'x,penlncewtlhmarihuana,hu .d I I1Q OdUH faQu t0 1 ceunter (h e . l1IJ..rIroU·6.fBibrit8~1iI:)i]TlSuntil intt l L:U , 1rJ50',s m8 e g ro u p lO rwri teR popuh tr-ly caU 'l: drhe l "BcInik'S"learn dnbolu ,be pra,clice rrom ih ir Wackmusician frien d_ andstanedmem8,f for mamlilan'DIwhld~ js just n .ow heg tnning ~Q put in the mOor,e

,pontic [,d .:Uier; al"JI lah!s and onei~ camPU.Ki . .,:2]1 15 fiut'l:!g. semehow, to cDndud@ Ibis lpll his~ory of madhuan3Jby

predh:tlng lhal poss w iD 'be iegalDim"n the 'U .S . b do re 119101,j'fAM'DR'"J _', ;un , .jp tQ rep-a]pDI ,rohibition ~r"UUildb~e proeeedIrem "~AC ', lIpu lc 'oGCI]'d~"[ lOU inp'apB~ '511t~9Sf!UltjnAs a [fjn d u s ad dlmm'glu Sc1 iYJayo Jay" VijaYll' - A'RIHUAN 'A IE .ICTORJOUS!'

• k J e cm ,e dRg~E1me_,

I . ;.1rtllllntl" iii da Samhim. oot I 1. Seet an lE i .V _ l . 15: t -nsl t ,edby

M .B.A . based onWhitney.L:mfil'3iOf.,l3m]aUotJ ,in l tn : rvar l ! : I0.,r1ntalSerle • C"ambljd ,B t'.'90S I' alluml8. p. 642.N r mM JTayio t ~ .-.€Ir,'olit:., " Vu ru r e ; s .,/JalJltmmf Gift's 1949)1rl~dedit io n. N .V .• [J ehuRoou. 1"63.pp. Jz-n.

3. P, Huald & '_. 'aog "ne. edl€.in,e..Y ''I Wo"ldUniwnUylibrsll! • .McGJ'3w~HU1"11 6't p . IQ.

4. lold by 'M.R.A~ r.om Inror[l13~i(ln m HUMdIt. , IORI. pp. ~6~18.5.. R. P. W ilion ,11tlrihfQ1m:A'ffle tim 'J N __D'ffl'ghob/em, PhiJade ,~phia~

J-8 . L ip p ~n co u. H J!3If. p,2.

6. J n hD lR ,a eIf;! I.

~OT: A Handhak a[fa,ihrmRJI.. N.Y ,lancer Boob.l Q7 10 [lIliIi 'o' ':rsill 'Baoks .HUi1)~ 1'. 11..7. Kwang-ch ih .cbang .VIe 14"1100/061of AlU;it'l,r Cllr,Ul.N I!W Haveo1

Y Ie Unlv rsb)' Pre$5~ 1963;lD Wcbard 1::1.Blum et al., DRUG.' I:Sade"p lind Dm". San,Fmnch.eo.JDss.ey~lI$s. ~97~O~p ,. 61·62. S e ealSQ Wahon"p. 1.

".~ 1 4.1 ,A rlJ Jm ,n e J ~ "F n :m .cnTQmbi of thekythlSRS/' Scimri/ir:American.212: ~0Q .l1 0eM ,cy ~I '96S ) .

". • Rein n r,URmnwmts from Pn~h· oriLc TIm lin, in G . An:dr ws&.5 1 VrnkIIUJDg,el l is , • •11,~ B(jt~'k of CmJ ' .N.y ." 1G ' r on : rre~~ , 9 6 7 ~:p o

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10. l Ie r'l 1du tll 'l ,lIatorilllj [V. 7'4 -75, l)m"phn~u1nnd.uhunby MJtA. m_'llnjuullaReyu;w;# S,bn ·JUiI'IE]9 110 , IP.21.

I I. Rcm in ge r 5e,~ nDh: 'I a'bove.JL WaltDHt p.' ;, _nd s e e c.R. Bt omqu i . l : l t !~IQ"/rlQnD'. Beve,ly HIUS~

. ~ encO£ Pr,e :s~.199B , P I'.~ J~ 24 " a nd 3-4 ,! 3. S' Jobn M. AUcSlIu.Tli'r,Sacred Alluhruom 'The Cross,G:ud n

Ci ty,N.Y, .• DDubleday& . u,.IQ10.~4. OwseiTemkin, "M edicloe and l(jmeco·Alabi Alch my,, ' · BuIJel'~j r4

,I'I! H am ,,,, ul AI Qidm:. 29: ~34·11S3 (J glS5j. See also: EJ.Ho~myQl 'd)Atr:nf,fllj, Ibh~murej! Penqllull Books, !'957. C h~p lers. 5 and6 .

IS QUD't.iC(hnW aU .u l l,p '. [L

1 6 . For 3J 'eaneis d i 'Cl l lS&iDn of Tt ! J f l t J 'Yu"see B , e n u lrd UW~~ .n , , 'A IN J o s J 'i1J..i.V,. Bas.te Boo);; ., .1968, ,p .2 .

Ii' Quo'tl ld 1111'W ah : n ~p h l.1 . Bernard Lewi ,lIInUt 1 4 a bo ve ,p l. J.219 Lewis,Le in . PhUIUtlxlit.:rJ, londun, ] Q3J •p, 1107 .(Amerit: iJn i2rHtJon.

1194 ) .201.1(; ;A . IGde'f, an ,App!:ndll hJ Ind.'n HempUrnp 'gmflll"5Slon r, )..9'4

ReporllV,ot J .IP .. 241 .: ! I . NtJrmti~'r!( '1 r lu ' J ::m O tU s ) '~ J fR' i I" . \ " ·,Q(Jnzal z Ut' Cltil'ijiJ lu O't CtJ'urluf

nmUNf a ' Salfl1lmlfuJ, ~.D~ 1401·140/j. M~lildliJlmrrans. , N.V. nunranklm Tepnm' (no d; l ! teJ l ,p . l7t

2.2. ru~har,dH Ilumt L. _ HlSUJry of r~Hlllll3fb~,"tn Blum ctil l V'i'tPlY tw'tlDfl~IlS ItnDle1 abfl'i1i ~r. 65.

,23.allon, .p.. [1 RaheloLis(l~li ns )tccrpled 'in David Su~!.)mQn,ed.,Tlw.Jfil"ihullnaItzpfrs. ·.V .• SigJU.nBooks. J t} n .pp . 14S~Hl2.

2-'. TIl n ,.btll t (Ru/imu. . I. lynn Tlnundike. t"hic-agot UIll'lltHflIY tH

ChlC3r;OPr & ' S .I '946.25. Wah on.p , 17.16. WWam Turner,I..ibellll$d ~Re' Hel '.fja"iQU538 ;,The Naln,! u{IICi'b j

(154A). riLtx im ne byBnu en, IllJdcso l& s~am, L ondoR.The R aySocieEy.1965

21. Culpeper' Co"npil: 'U;" .fk"brJ 'l ,n:,rodut;~d by W. Fo ulsh ern& . CO"1London I: N ,Y .• ( m ~c J nL~ J I .p . ~83:. •

28 . JO i1 l ' 11 f lCRai~,~Jj ' f , r. .'1b.u ' t lU };""lUUQ'lUn (] 68 ), fe'pJint by J. Cral'fh:~

,einheimJ H i t ,N lit. (lia s1~i1, Serie~ x x vm ..~96,2 .291

• _Th'l! ,Qj fiis,. oj" C(f1~r. TiI>f."C!Chm :,v ltTlf'. _TtJkt'c;fJ" qUiilno ..

Loudol1l"ChristopherV .ilk instm , • the'Bl'lIck,Boy, 161_,:,feprUI'Ih!d10Htll'lf!f(Jli Uiac.'elia,n.VI): 112!pp~ 20.3B.



.1 '0. Car llillllil3IUS., .. )J~~lBl P/a1n:vum. ralC~imUe0" the 1stedi1'lon ~""53V:rJ~.U~London. :R(I, ,SfldetY1IqI5'9.

l I. L eo A fri:cBflius.The .HiJl.&;De:Jt:ri,p.orA/riN. dDlIl~nJ'IO .E n :K lis b .inthe:year H iDD by John Pory. Dock ,5· U r. Robw i81~WEl~ ed., BurtFGlJ1IJd~nrep rjiii~ . fD'I HakJuyI, ,Sadl!lly ,Vol. 111.p . 1 ' l :2 .

12. WilIlon.pp. 34.ll . Bemil:l. in Frrer'~'5Tnweh. Wimamlrc~CtlI,ke.Nend r i n lU e t b l c > n sOCe i n ,

Kr,ausR!l!prilU'Ud:.• 1%7, nIUe I ! p. 91.3 4 ..A Gwgmp.hical A,rOOt1111 atCountnf!s RDUlH:l ,he.I i [JJ , ro/lf!"'l&a~', . 1669

r f J ' ' 6 ' 191, by 1humtJ;I BO'HJrfY;'Str J J r : h a J l d ,C a m o r ;: 'T em p i! :,e d • •Nonde~n/Ue,ehte ' l ls ,IClnJK rau s R e prin tI t19i7) fo : rHa l J t luy~ Soclel, '( H ) ,05)'.,ppl.18-.8 ~t '9~ 11 UN ..~07'.

35. W.B. O~h lu g hn !ill5,)"'~iQn tbe pTepanli~:tgnso rkIlebldiDI'iIhemp •.Qfgllllj~ ~'.. »am. Ned" Qllti P/l,ff. Soc.. Is'npJ U8 ,3I ... U J) 7J ~1O~;(1842) ,4 ,2~-il .

36. E .J, M ickc~,Jlr.,l'h~ Amlidlll fQMtHSEI In F : r tm r. : , 11Liferalu.R', Chape~Hm .Uni"lusity of Ndl"tb '['·lIroUna'tess, ~'6i9.

311 ' .Ch ades Bau r1cmf!!,'HOIIJIWintt a HMh:i!h/"in Ellen. 'fox tmm~ation.Arri;/idal 'qm.dm,.N .Y .~H en la r,& Her{ j , e r.1 1 9 1 1 •p. 1.51,

31. 'W ' :i I '[ ' [m ,p . 24•.39., P,.A . B r tL te .1Ec - on ( J ,m i rHlstDry (JIV i'ginJ 'Q in' l1r.e17rh C e f 11U r J IN , '!Ii_.

Peter SmUh~P~lS. Val. It. p, 206.40, LG. Tyler, Ed. , )'Ilflm:JlftJf5 of Early J!,1,ginfD.N.V. , Scr lbn l! lr '5~(~9Q7)1930' Procee,iiA P efth eV!rgmla Ass iemj]]J ",p . 265,

4 \I . j~Il1Cohen. $,ddl HeddJ; J '1l ' f!Ki/S6.'nf of J , l rJfT 'J 'CrfJ .:EaslViUa.pOther ~19 Ju ly 1g l&S .

42. B lo t'lmquis ((note t 2 ablllYeJ;,. 21 ,4 3 .. Blum (n ote"I' l1ibDve),p, Ill.44 ,WalHl1In.pp.. 24~254 ! S ~.se e eXt'!'rp ts fromWashifl,Q{olrl'sdiary.Aru lr~w!i &.ViJl 'kelH1QI(no tl\! 9

abonvcl. 'p . J 4 •.JUsa 8rcID"¥anle x:c:e rp u; fromWasldnlt[).n~sleue~.1'\J\ .IORrnrA,Int.

46. IH ump . &7.4'7, SDh;~men (n Q. t t n, abC t \ ! e1.p. x i v.48. Fn~dem:k :twlbck. 'mcq/l1 IJnulf1!' GlJiiJe'IN .V ~1850.4',91• LW.Palmlllr.ap pendi'l: RD f FUz IRusbLudh ).,.~ s J lJ I!Ila.sht!,~shEarll'

(N ' .Y.• 18 51).repri It tid in n'e HQ:5ly Papsn, A1f fL1dLeilie] N ~Y .~~~Uii().

50. R.Jt M eM re en s .'~e-PQ n ofUt~CommjUf:e an C annubis Ind iC ' ! l . uTransactionsor lhQ i 5 th M!lua~MeeUngof Ihi 'COhh~S~au : ' M · ,d it a]S C'leielr~Cll~u.m btHil.Oh ilO~fE lUeu .fO!lilel & ((J. t ]860,



1"--

S,l. M, I( ' .Cooke. Till St'Vi"~J $,fslf!'5 ~JfSlap, Lundnm. ] 860,'lllIt1tfd In 'IuliKupf~~bNl'u Il:d". 9,,.,/1 N'D. l . A u~ u r nm1 90 0, BDI)kl , p, 5(11.

$2. . Fnnlk leslii!'SAlmalulc,1 8 76 " fo r ,d rll~ vtn l0 l PJdladcdph ia Ex :po :s jt ion~and! ~~1H . KiJn~f r u nQn ,m~ , r u t d y, !"11 ,Ha s l l i s i hHou . s ei~ New '{ark/"IIQ'{di11r ';IiNew J~,toutJilyA: l f l g t J z i u s : ,NtW( 'n :1bo~ ]ill.

53. ~~lill ' t '~H'I.p. 2'5.54 'M 11 ~hi l J t:11Schg,ritl,t TI"e' S!J~~,grCa5'f u/ POI't B~Uul ' ;m: ' . P'Ullg'lJlin

BC!ok~,.]{ )q'I ,p p . 1 2 .fJlI ,da'~t55. Ala7,ilunltJ: .Reparf ,uJ d~Jl1,.'fluJI,1.I,f!I'fIfJ D',UIflCOJnDllif1wJ'!i~ .1ijfH~IjJ:4.

S illv ! :w Sp : r in g .Md.~ l1u'. '! ,.J ,a : f l ( tSCl lT1P u b etl..1 l 16 , 9 ' tVut 1 . p •. 2 t14 .S6. Ibid."p , 3$~.507. Jb,d_. p.. 287 .s s , Ibid.S'9', Jb , t J . .& e l F~JI,nk.I . Com illi!. npicse,m.tSlUlnJI So(),f the M a tmuann '\' leeIa tbe 'U Jlli1led,

S'la'les:' In Walton (l10t!: S ab",cjl. pp. 201r.6 r . S : e e . ! ' .1a , . . i , I . lDH1JRe~lll"1cV;;;:,~., o , t ' ~·DI1' . 1068 " "'·'f\lia.rljl1lHUll and llu:

M.I~II~.a.ry;~\ r omp lle tC ' T t cPQ r ;:'pl~.6 2 . . '(;,um i l iJ , .note (lU ' i . I lbov!!,p ]7.()) ·'('u<unn.:m The CaUfu,rl1ia ,..hu'fjuana F"tlueuion SUtILUe,'"Hus~ifl"gs

,J.dU' J[J~m'{jl r9~~ (M arch, ~ "lb )1".759,64 , A .E fas.'4~er. "Th~ M aribuarl.1MeDlll:~:'N. o : ~ll1fJd,SIlt 1:.

84 141 a~ 5 2 .(Ot"tUD'l!f. l~,] 1 ) .6S. " 'llliil'r ,e d 11 ~ :h H ::1 ...n~'f#!.- . Y., o Stil! Cumpau)', ] Q2,8. p , 41., (1 .6 .I'ud,. p 4~6,'7. T:rnHh.:in tO p ~ u ,m ! .1 m !OUm'Dangerl'IUfI D m gs fu ll 'Ute year ,~nI.l1ngD ~ c .

: 1 ~ •19~t~.Wtl.shm,~lol1. e l f umJDW'~3 . 11 J Jof Narco t iC ' J .JI'~JOIp o j"

& ' IbM.,'P . [5.:6";I!.NL;U;f;lIrA.",. ~lard\ I, . lUI.1CL Tra fI'u :IIiI Opiunl and OrnerD[lng~rilrtJh$])lrlJI,gs(D,r th e Yfa JendJ:ng Dee ,

l~ . Il]A4" W~':lhing.h.m~F e d c ' m lDunwu grN,! i1 ic ,o tics.1 . 9 4 5 ' .7'1. l . .\. R.ln\'ell lIm.lR.RQweU.A" ~ 1 , . eTra,'lof j, 'Wa"ilum~~;nrt! Wt ', ed u t

Mflth~,,:u. JllunlimHI Vmw. Cnl., 'Pa ,e i f lc'rc~ •• '9J9.e:xecrf;HEHl~Ji ' IEnenGutJ;,h~'.tat.M ri tt /u r l llQ .N.'V ..A thertcn Press, l'g!6,9'~.68"

72. Th e JJIH~I,~'F"wlslFJ(I~ lu U u .m k A H anIGhUtbe~g,Tod 1-1 .M f k u r ly a !M,D.•and the F~~;t H ughL udlow ~lem t'H ·~a lUb1l'af1 fo r theM g e n e r o u s .olIiS~~milntr!tm 1b~lp:in~dl~over ~tn:neof abe mB,tedRlI.m!edWpIiaparingth is p ap er.ClJp'y.righ1IH:)M iehactR.M drichti UJ7~.



Til pr d liB ,.aper,·· Brie' l.egtJl ,Hf~' 1 'i f lJ ftll ' i / 'I l. t JI I Il • • ,

Iw bee" pUsh· d II the Do Ir a~' Foundation In the mterest01 slwddillq mote lighl an 0, IlI'S1 l'iuw: weed, I1nd r preselus Ore~Jil::W ljOill's0 the a"lIwr; QUa not necesstlrily thoseafthe: p~lb~islwr.Pvlirit 'a1 l'ie.~potn Is aTC t:fltirp.ly liuJrr! 0/ A fflUrlJllitJ. lne; w',;ch ismention ~d in tlte text. TIIIJQ II ,Fom-u/utj() 'n uas ,u~I'er n thepast.. nor does ,'I 110\\ t endors« Wl ' puTt/tlmar political philosorJ/tJ,r a ard;,~ I allY tl'ug .

. Q th r, In me qlP t (0 /full out m are lJlJ fd the a uurcnersiaJ,SUbjecl f 'lie drng wDrijutJno,lle (It It I ow ume el '6f) (Hie toI"BfJJ(IS nnict: as paIsihle V" rife subjec), pro t1l1d can, regarding botl:tile srJ t: iuiogtr :o . l andmedicui usesoj 0,,'$ s'Jb'sl'tln,e.

The Do If 0 Fo« fJ(lti~ n, a nair-profit ella flable ana etlll '11~tt naT orgOI,liZ(lio • nffers vsriI_V if II} -I m«; relliist·c i,,:fornllr-0'1{ regardln 011 ui7ujal chen teats in the social (Jml medicallmllmn

us /abuse " fJ C(rP1IJ For ntor ;nforml1tton~ O'Jd (J comple(t! list ()f

r1lllla'blr!publications. on alJ maio« dr.ugs, w riteto':

00 IT NOW FOIUNDATIIIONNational Media centerP.O. &ok 5115

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Reprfnts tZwilable. Tins is DIN publicQ/toll no. 207. Pnce per COPJ"jj eems, J fJ . . .9 l ) pies 1 0 ee tl each 100-499 oopies 2 nts fac/,.ReprfnlS may be' ordered from Iii ClddreJsabove'.

Tn 19 74" Arnarp lJiJJ. bu : .•U'49 combi,u !d ...~ ithNORML. the NIJJio lW lOr-gtmizarirnrfo r th« Reform aIM tJrijIU lRa[;.aw s. Rer1lIers who wo uldlike more tn!OrllJtl.tion on tlris group ill(Jllld write '0 them at 1117M StrJ!t!I, N. W .t Washin&ton,. D.C . 2001'1.



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A Brief Legal History of Marihuana

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