A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e...

25

Transcript of A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e...

Page 1: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

������������� ������������������������������� �"!$#������&%(')�����+*,� �"-�.��/0�1��23���"� ���4')�"�156�7!8�"�:9<;=�>�&�? ��&% @�����A�&��#B.C�/0�D������EF�

G"H�IKJ"L�M�JONPRQTS�H�UWVYXZQ[L�V\J�]_^a`bJ"IYVYH�VY`cIKVY`cdTI�H�L�egfhJ"XZS�iDVYH�VY`bJ"LDH�j&^a`bJ"jbJ�k�N�l�m(LD`cn�QTUWIY`bV�N<J�]8M�JFdWopQ[IYVKQTU[l�M�JFdWoDQ[IKVKQTU[l�q\r

sut�v�t�w l�myx{z�x}|~x�T�Z��������� H�IKJ"L UYJOND��ipUWX<d�x�UYJ:d�opQ[IKVKQTU[x�Q[e�i

H�L�e��`copJ"Lpk��7`cL

PRQTS�H�UYVYXZQ[L�V�J�]8^a`bJ"IKVYH�VY`cIYVY`cdTITlDmRLD`bn�QTUWIY`cV�N�J�]8�g`cd�oD`bk"H�L&lD|RLDL=|(UY��J�U[l���� t��FsT�"� m~x{z�x}|yx�u�������b�� jc`cL���IKS�o&x}i�X�`cdWo1x�Q[eDi

��HON sT� l w�����t

zFm��g�g|RM�r�x��)Q duJ"LDIY`cepQTU�Q[IYVY`cX�H�VY`bJ"L�`�L k�Q[LpQTUWH�jc`b¡TQ[e¢jc`cLpQ[H�U£X�` � Q[e)XZJFepQ[jcI�]�J�U~jbJ"LDk"`bVYiDeD`cL�H�j7eD`�IYduUYQTVKQH�LDe4duJ"L�VY`�L�ipJ"i�I~eDH�VYHg¤\`bVYo¥`cLp]�J�UWX�H�VY`bn�Q<eDUYJ�S�J"ipVYITx�|aV¦VYopQ<VY`cX�Q H,iDLD`bV£epUWJ�S�I£J"ipVTl8VY`�XZQu§>n�H�UWN:`cLDk�duJ�§n�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I~H�UWQZJ�]�VKQ[L¥iDLpJ���IKQTUWn�Q[e)`cL)H�eDeD`bVY`cJ"L VKJ�VYopQ<X�`�IYIY`cLpk�J"ipVYduJ"XZQ�x�¨\JC¤$QTn�QTUOl7Q � `cIKVY`cLDk�`cLp]�J�UWX�H�VY`bn�QepUYJ�S�J"ipVZXZJFepQ[jcI�V�N�S�`cdTH�jcjbN¥UYQ[©�i�`bUYQ=duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I VKJ���Q=duJ"XZS�jbQTVKQ[jbN4J���IKQTUWn�Q[e&x+ª�oD`cIZH�IWIYiDXZSDVY`cJ"L4`�I�LpJ�VUYQ[H�jc`�IKVY`cd�`cL�VYopQ S�UYQ[IKQ[LDduQ J�]6VY`cXZQu§>n�H�UYN:`�Lpk�duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I[x��0L�VYoD`cI~S�H�S�QTU[l«¤$Q ¬DUWIKV~IYVYiDepN VYopQAH�IKN:X�SDVKJ�VY`cd��`cH�I\VYoDH�VR¤$J"iDj�e�UYQ[IYi�jbV\]�UYJ"X­H�S�S�jbNF`cLpk�Q � `cIKVY`cLDk<XZQTVYopJFeDITl�¤\opQTUYQ¦X�`cIYIY`�LpkZVY`cXZQu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpk duJCn�H�U�`cH�VKQ[I�H�UYQoDH�LDe�jbQ[e i�IY`cLpk�LDH�`bn�Q�H�SDSDUWJ"H�dWopQ[ITlp¤(oD`cdWoA`cL�dTjciDepQ�® sO¯ iDIY`cLpk¦J"LDjbN<��H�IKQ[jc`cLDQ(n�H�jcipQ[IT°1® w"¯ dTH�UYUWN:`cLDky]�J�UY¤aH�UWeVYopQ�jcH�IKV£J���IYQTUYn�H�VY`cJ"L&°\® ± ¯ H�IWIYiDX�`cLDk=VYopQ X�`�IYIY`cLpk�e�H�VYH�H�UYQA`bk"LpJ�UWH���jbQ�x=²�ipUyH�IKNFXZSDVKJ�VY`�d���`cH�I~H�LDH�jbNFIY`cIIYopJC¤\I8VYoDH�V$VYopQ[IKQ\L�H�`bn�Q\H�SDSDUWJ"H�dWopQ[I�N:`bQ[j�eZ`cLDduJ"LDIY`�IKVKQ[L�V8Q[IYVY`cX�H�VKJ�UWI�J�]�XZJFepQ[jpS�H�UWH�XZQTVKQTUWITx_�)QRLpQ � V�SDUYJ�§S�J"IKQ�H IKQ[jcQ[duVY`bJ"L�³CVKUWH�LDIW`bVY`bJ"L,XZJ:eDQ[j�VYoDH�V�H�jcjcJO¤\IRduJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I�VKJ���Q¦X<`cIYIY`cLDk<`cL�H�e�eD`bVY`bJ"LgVKJ VYoDQ¦J"iDVYduJ"XZQn�H�UW`cH���jbQ�H�V�VYopQ�VY`cXZQ�J�]$eDUYJ�S�J"ipVTx��)Q�H�jcjbJO¤BX<` � Q[e,duJ"L�VY`cL�iDJ"iDI�H�LDe eD`cIYduUWQTVKQyVY`cX�Qu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpkAduJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[IH�LDegH�IYIYiDXZQyVYopQTN=]�J"jcjbJO¤´k�Q[LpQTUWH�j�`b¡TQ[e�VKUWH�L�IY`bVY`bJ"LgXZJ:eDQ[jcI6¤\`bVYogeD`¶µ�QTUYQ[L�V\jc`cLp·�]¸iDLDduVY`bJ"LDI[xaª\opQy¹h�ºH�jbk�J�§UW`bVYo�X»`�Ihi�IKQ[eA]�J�U�`�Lp]�QTUWQ[LDduQ�`cL�VYopQ�SDUYJ�S�J"IKQ[e=XZJFepQ[j x8P�H�VYHZ]�UYJ"X¼HZjbJ"Lpk"`bVYi�eD`cLDH�j�IKVYiDepN�J�]_¨(��½(§�`cLp]�Q[duVKQ[e¤hJ"XZQ[L�H�UYQ£i�IKQ[e=VKJ<`cj�jciDIKVKUWH�VKQ�VYopQ£X�QTVYopJ:eDJ"jbJ�k�N�x

¾£¹r��¿²�M\P£z � |(IKNFXZSDVKJ�VY`�d���`cH�IT°�¹$�ºH�jbk�J�U�`bVYoDX=°�À�Q[LpQTUWH�jc`b¡TQ[eg��`cLDQ[H�UR�g` � Q[e,��JFepQ[jcI[°��g`cIYIY`cLDk�eDH�VYHF°�g` � Q[e�duJ"L�VY`cL:ipJ"iDI\H�LDe�eD`cIWduUYQTVKQ£duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[IT°�M\H�LDeDJ"X¼Quµ�Q[duVYI[°�z:Q[LDIW`bVY`bnF`bV�N<H�L�H�jbN:IW`cIT°pª�U�H�LDIY`bVY`bJ"L=X�J:epQ[j>x

Page 2: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

� ��������� ����������

zFip� � Q[duVYIaJ�]�VKQ[L�epUYJ�SAJ"ipV�`�L�jcJ"Lpk"`bVYiDeD`�LDH�j�IKVYi�eD`bQ[IhSDUW`bJ�UaVKJ�duJ"XZS�jbQTVY`bJ"L�J�]7VYoDQ£IKVYiDepN�xPRUYJ�S�J"ipVYI6X�HON ��Q

LpJ"LF§�`ck"LpJ�UWH���jbQ�l�`cLyVYopQaIKQ[LDIKQaVYoDH�V8XZQTVYoDJ:eDI7VYoDH�V8`bk"LpJ�UWQ$VYopQ6XZQ[d�oDH�LD`cIWX VYo�H�V_jcQ[H�eDI�VKJ£eDUYJ�S�J"ipV�¤\`�jcj"J�]�VKQ[L

NF`bQ[jce,��`cH�IKQ[e,UYQ[IWiDjbVYITx�|Bn�H�UW`bQTV�NgJ�]aXZQTVYopJFeDI�oDHOn�Q���QTQ[L SDUYJ�S�J"IKQ[e,]�J�UyH�LDH�jbN:¡[`cLpk�VYopQ[IKQ�V�N�S�Q[I�J�]aeDH�VYHFl

`cLDdTj�iDeD`cLpkAS�H�U�H�XZQTVKUW`cd ®¸P�`bk�k"jbQAH�LDe¥¾£Q[L�¤aH�UWe s[����t °a�7`bVKVYjbQ s[�����"¯ H�L�e¥IKQ[X<`bS�H�UWH�XZQTVKU�`cdg®¸M\J�VYLD`bVK¡T·:N�QTV

H�j x s[�����"¯ H�SDS�UYJ"H�dWopQ[I[x8��Vh`cIduJ"X�XZJ"L�jbNZH�IYIYiDXZQ[e `cLZVYopQRjbJ"Lpk"`bVYi�eD`cLDH�jFepUYJ�S�J"ipVj�`bVKQTUWH�VYipUYQ\VYoDH�V�J"ipVYduJ"X�Q[I

H�UYQ�X�`�IYIY`cLpk�H�V�VYopQZVY`cXZQ�J�]aepUYJ�S�J"ipVTl&��iDVRH�jcj8duJCn�H�U�`cH�VKQ[I~H�UYQ�duJ"X�S�jbQTVKQ[jbNgJ���IKQTUYn�Q[e&x��pJ�U£Q � H�XZS�jcQ�l1VYopQ

H�SDSDUWJ"H�dWopQ[I�UWQTn:`bQT¤hQ[e �:Ng��`cVKVYjbQ�® s[�����"¯ UYQ[©:iD`bUYQ¦VYopQ�duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I£VKJ=��QZduJ"XZS�jbQTVKQ[jbN�J���IKQTUYn�Q[e&x�¨\JC¤$QTn�QTUOl

VY`cXZQu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpk+duJCn�H�UW`�H�VKQ[IgH�UYQ�duJ"X<XZJ"L�`cL jcJ"Lpk"`bVYiDeD`�LDH�j(IYVYiDeD`bQ[ITx�ª\opQ[IKQ�duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I[l~H�jbJ"Lpk+¤(`bVYo VYopQ

J"ipVYduJ"XZQ�n�H�UW`�H���jbQ�l�H�UYQ�k�Q[LpQTUWH�jcjbN4LpJ�VZJ���IKQTUWn�Q[e+H�V�VYopQ=VY`cX�Q�J�]�epUYJ�S�J"ipVTx ¨(Q[LDduQ=VYopQ�H�IYIWiDXZSDVY`bJ"L J�]

duJ"XZS�jcQTVKQ[jbN J���IKQTUYn�Q[e�duJCn�H�U�`cH�VKQ[I(`�IaJ�]�VKQ[LgLpJ�V6UYQ[H�jc`cIYVY`cd�`cL=VYopQ�SDUWQ[IKQ[LDduQ£J�]«VY`cXZQu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpk�duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I[x

�pJ�U�Q � H�XZS�jbQ�l8ª«H�IYoD`cX<H=QTV¦H�j>xh® w����psO¯ UYQTS�J�UYVKQ[e¥UYQ[IYiDjbVYI£]�UYJ"X H�jcJ"Lpk"`bVYiDeD`�LDH�j8IKVYiDepN J�]�o:iDX�H�L4`cX�§

X¦iDLpJFepQT¬�dT`bQ[LDduN¢n:`bU�iDI�®¸¨(� ½ ¯ `cLp]�Q[duVKQ[e ¤hJ"XZQ[L&x¥ª\oD`cIy¤hH�IZH)IYiD�p§�IKVYiDepN)J�](VYopQ=¨\� ½ ¹�S�`cepQ[X<`bJ"jbJ�k"`cdTH�j

M�Q[IYQ[H�UWdWo�z:VYiDeDNA®¸¨R¹�M�z ¯ ®>zFX<`bVYo�QTVaH�j x s[������¯ lp¤\oDQTUYQ(`cL�VKQTUYQ[IKV$¤hH�Ih`cL�eDQTVKQTUWX�`cLD`�Lpk�¤\opQTVYopQTUaiDIKQ\J�]&SDUYJ�§

VKQ[H�IKQ�`cLDoD`c��`bVKJ�UWI�®���0I ¯ ®�N�Q[I�³�LDJ ¯ UYQ[e�iDduQ[e�VYopQyL�iDXy��QTU�J�]8opJ"IKS�`cVYH�jc`b¡[H�VY`bJ"LDI6H�L�e�Q[XZQTUYk�Q[L�duN�epQTS�H�UYVYXZQ[L�V

nF`cIY`bVYITx_ª�opQ(¨(¹$MRz�UWQ[duUWiD`bVKQ[e s ± sT� S�H�UYVY`�dT`bS�H�L�VYI]�UYJ"X t dT`cVY`bQ[ITl���QTk"`cL�LD`cLpk�`cL s[��� ±:lF¤\`cVYoZ]�J"j�jbJO¤6§�iDS�n:`�IY`bVYI

QTn�QTUYN v XZJ"L�VYo�ITxª7H�IWoD`cX�H�QTVhH�j x�® w����psO¯ ]�J"iDLDe�HyepQ[duUYQ[H�IKQ[e UW`cIY·yJ�]1opJ"IYS�`bVYH�jc`b¡[H�VY`cJ"LZ]�J�U$S�H�VY`bQ[L�VYI�VKUWQ[H�VKQ[e

¤\`bVYo��� l���iDV�J"LDjbNZ]�J�UhVYopJ"IKQR¤\`bVYo�f6P t duJ"iDL�VhjcQ[IYIVYoDH�L w���� duQ[jcjcI�³�X<�x�¨(JO¤hQTn�QTU[lDH¦IYip��IYVYH�L�VY`cH�j�L�i�X~��QTU

J�]�¤hJ"XZQ[L)epUWJ�SDS�Q[e�J"ipV�]�UYJ"X VYopQZIKVYiDeDN�l1H�LDe H S�UYQ[jc`cX�`�LDH�UYN=jbJ:J�·�H�V�VYopQZeDH�VYH=IYipk�k�Q[IYVYI�VYopQ[IKQZ¤hJ"XZQ[L

¤hQTUYQ XZJ�UWQ<jc`b·�Q[jbN,VKJgo�H[n�Q<��QTQ[L¥opJ"IKS�`bVYH�j�`b¡TQ[e)`cL)VYopQ<S�H�IKV~IY` � X�J"L�VYoDI[x�|»]¸ipUYVYopQTU~duJ"X�S�jc`cdTH�VY`bJ"L¢`cI���

iDIKQ¦dWoDH�LDk�Q[I�JOn�QTU�VY`cXZQ¦H�LDego�H�I\VYopQ�IYH�XZQ¦S�H�VKVKQTUWLgJ�]�X�`�IYIY`cLpk"LDQ[IYI�H�IRVYopQ~UWQ[IKS�J"LDIKQ�x��)QZH�UYQyVYopQTUYQT]�J�UYQ

`cL�VKQTUYQ[IKVKQ[e,`cL�X�J:epQ[j�I�VYoDH�V�H�dTduJ"iDL�V(]�J�U(VYoDQ¦X�`�IYIY`cLpkZ��`cLDH�UYN�UYQ[IKS�J"LDIKQyH�LDegduJCn�H�U�`cH�VKQ[I�VYoDH�V(H�UWQ¦X�`�IYIY`cLpk

LpJ�V\H�V\UWH�LDepJ"X=x

M\JONgH�L�eg�7`cL¥® w����"w"¯ SDUWJ�S�J"IYQ[egH�XZJFepQ[j1]�J�U�epQ[H�jc`cLpk<¤\`bVYo���J�VYo,epUYJ�S�J"ipV0§>UYQ[j�H�VKQ[egX�`�IYIY`cLpk<UYQ[IKS�J"LDIKQ

H�LDe3VY`cXZQu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpk duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I�`�L¿H X¦iDjbVY`bn�H�UW`cH�VKQ�l\j�H�VKQ[L�VAn�H�UW`cH���jbQ,IKQTVKVY`cLpkpx ª�opQTN+UYQ[IYVKUW`cduVKQ[e `cL¿VYopQ[`bU

s

Page 3: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ�UWX�H�jcjcN�eD`cIKVKUW`c��ipVKQ[e�J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I�H�LDe duJ"L�VY`cL�iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>n�H�UYN:`�Lpk,duJCn�H�U�`cH�VKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn�QTU[l6`bV�`cI

duJ"X�XZJ"L¢VKJ�oDHOn�Q<H�eD`cIWduUYQTVKQZUYQ[IKS�J"LDIKQZH�LDe�³CJ�U£VY`cXZQu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpk�duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[IyJ�]aeD`cIYduUYQTVKQZJ�UyX�` � Q[e V�N:S�Q�l7Q�x

kpxbl�VYopQ~¨R¹�MRz�eDH�VYHFx �DipUYVYoDQTU[l�H�jbVYoDJ"ipk"o�IKQTn�QTU�H�j7LDH�`cn�Q~XZQTVYopJFeDI\o�H[n�Q~��QTQ[L�SDUYJ�S�J"IKQ[e�`cL�VYopQyjc`cVKQTUWH�VYipUYQ

VKJ�oDH�LDe�jbQ X�`�IYIY`cLpkgVY`cXZQu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpk duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[ITlaIYiDd�o4H�I�VYoDQ�jcH�IKV¦J���IKQTUYn�H�VY`bJ"L dTH�UYUW`cQ[e¥]�J�UY¤aH�UWe XZQTVYopJFe&l

jc`bVKVYjcQ�`�Ia·:LpJC¤\L=H���J"ipV6VYopQ[`bU6S�QTUY]�J�UWX�H�L�duQ�lpS�H�UYVY`cdTiDj�H�UWjbN�`cL=duJ"XZS�H�UW`cIKJ"LAVKJ<X�J�UYQ£duJ"XZS�jc`�dTH�VKQ[e�XZJFepQ[jc`cLpk

IKVKUWH�VKQTk"`cQ[I\IYiDd�o�H�I�VYoDQ£J"LpQ�SDUYJ�S�J"IKQ[e=oDQTUYQ�x

�0L=VYoD`cIaS�H�S�QTUOlp¤$Q~duJ"L�IY`cepQTU�VYoDQ~IY`bVYiDH�VY`cJ"LA¤\opQTUYQ£epUWJ�S�J"iDVYI6H�UYQ~`cLp]�J�UWX�H�VY`cn�Q£H�LDe=��J�VYo=VYopQ£J"iDVYduJ"XZQ

H�LDe VY`cX�Qu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpk)duJCn�H�UW`�H�VKQ[I<H�UYQ�X�`�IYIY`cLpk H�VZVYopQ=VY`cX�Q�J�]�epUYJ�S�J"ipVTx¥�)Q�¬DUWIYV�IYVYiDepN¢VYoDQ�H�IKN:X�SDVKJ�VY`cd

��`cH�I$VYoDH�VhUYQ[IYiDjcVYI]�UYJ"X eDQ[H�jc`cLpky¤\`bVYo<X<`cIYIY`cLDk�VY`cXZQu§>n�H�UYN:`�LpkyduJCn�H�UW`�H�VKQ[I6iDIY`cLpk~J"LpQ(J�]�VYopQ(]�J"jcjbJC¤\`cLpkyLDH�`bn�Q

H�SDSDUWJ"H�dWopQ[I � ® sO¯ iDIY`cLpk���H�IYQ[jc`cLpQ�XZQ[H�IWipUYQ[I8VYopUWJ"ipk"opJ"ipVT°&® w"¯ iDIW`cLpk�VYopQ\jcH�IYVJ���IKQTUYn�H�VY`bJ"L�dTH�UWUW`bQ[eZ]�J�UY¤aH�UWe&°

® ± ¯ H�IYIYiDX<`cLpk eDUYJ�S�J"ipVYI�H�UYQ¦`ck"LpJ�UWH���jbQ�x~²�iDURH�IKNFXZSDVKJ�VY`�dy��`cH�I(H�L�H�jbN:IW`cI(IWopJO¤\IRVYopQ[IYQ�L�H�`bn�Q¦H�S�SDUYJ"H�dWoDQ[I

NF`bQ[jce=IYip��IKVYH�L�VY`�H�jcjbN���`�H�IKQ[eAQ[IKVY`cX�H�VKJ�U�I�J�]8XZJFepQ[j�S�H�UWH�XZQTVKQTU�ITx

������������ �������������������������� !���"�#�%$&�!'(�� )���*�+-,#.*���� ��0/1�#���� ����2��3�4�!�0�!$5���"�1�0���6,#���4,"��.

7 �%8 �0 9,:�04���<;>=?���",#@��BAC�%DE�����GFH,#�JILK0M�M�K*N�O?$P���Q�����43��R�%�G/��0��E������*3S 7 �����������T����

�,"���<+U8 �0 �D�,"��. 7 �%8 �0 �,#� ����C�0 �� 7 ���*�,"�3���3��C�����V'W�*�"�:�%$X�",#���%�0 ��R����%�#�YO2$5�Z ��%�#� �[���,#�&��4 ��*��.

�0����3������,:�*��,"�����,#�\���0���% ]�����Z���"�#��$^������*3S 7 ��������&/�� 7 �*�*�,"�3��*3��_�� `�1,:� 7 ���4�a�����Z'W���"�#�%$

.������� ����",#b<���c�","�����0 ��6,:�S���V�R������:�<O2�����d���#�#�%$e����f�� ����2��3�g+L ����#� 4�%�h��,#���4,"��.6�,"�R�i+U8 �0 4D�,"��.

7 �%8 �0 9,:�04���_4�j/�� 7 ���*�,"�3���3��YO��,#� 7 ���4�)�� k�6,:�S���l�����l'W�*�"�:�%$m.������% ����",:bi���Z4 ������4,:�,#���l��������#�

$P,:��n�����4�4,#/��:DV��,:o2�% ����*P�","��@n'(3�� 7 �,#�����Y;Rq(J"LF§�`bk"LDJ�UWH���jbQ~eDUYJ�S�J"ipVYI�H�UYQ¦XZJ:eDQ[jbQ[e�iDIY`�Lpk�H<IKQ[jcQ[duVY`bJ"L

XZJFepQ[j x �0L¥nF`bQT¤ J�]\X¦iDjbVY`¶§�e�`cXZQ[LDIY`cJ"LDH�j`cL�VKQTk�UWH�VY`bJ"L UYQ[©:iD`bUWQ[e�]�J�U�Hg]¸iDjcj$jc`b·�Q[jc`�opJ�JFe�H�LDH�jcN:IY`�ITlH,��J"L�VKQ

faH�UWjcJ4¹h� H�jbk�J�UW`bVYo�X ®��)Q[`�H�LDe ª«H�LDLpQTU s[������¯ `cI�epQTn�Q[jbJ�S�Q[e¿]�J�U=`cLp]�QTUYQ[LDduQ�x ^hQ[dTH�iDIKQ VYopQ J���IYQTUYn�Q[e

eDH�VYHZdTH�LDLDJ�Vae�`cIKVY`cLpk"i�`cIYoZ��QTV�¤hQTQ[L�X�`�IYIY`cLpkyH�V6UWH�LDepJ"X H�LDeA`cLp]�J�UWX�H�VY`cn�QRX�`�IYIY`cLpk"LDQ[IYIR®¸�7`bVKVYjbQ�l s[�����"¯ lD¤hQ

SDUYJFduQTQ[e=¤\`cVYo=H�IKQ[LDIY`cVY`bn:`cV�N H�L�H�jbN:IW`cI£®¸M�J�VYLD`cVK¡T·�N�lDQTV(H�j x s[����� °�½8QTUW��QT·�Q�l�QTV(H�j xbl w����psO¯ x

ª�oDQZUYQ[X�H�`cLDeDQTU£J�]$VYoDQ�S�H�S�QTU~`cI�J�UWk"H�LD`b¡TQ[e�H�I~]�J"jcjcJO¤\ITxAz:Q[duVY`bJ"L w `cL�VKUWJ:eDi�duQ[I�VYopQ�XZJFepQ[j x�zFQ[duVY`bJ"L

±¢SDUYJOnF`cepQ[I�H�L3H�IKN:X�SDVKJ�VY`cdg��`cH�I�H�LDH�jbNFIY`cI�J�]~VYopQ,i�IKQgJ�]�VYoDUYQTQ,L�H�`bn�Q,H�S�SDUYJ"H�dWoDQ[I VKJ oDH�L�eDjbQ�X�`�IYIY`cLpk

w

Page 4: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I[x(z:Q[duVY`bJ"L t epQ[IYduUW`b��Q[I6VYoDQ~¹$� H�jbk�J�UW`cVYoDX�]�J�U(`cLD]�QTUYQ[L�duQ£`cL=VYopQ£S�UYJ�S�J"IKQ[e�XZJFepQ[j x6zF`cX¦iDjcH�VY`bJ"L

IKVYiDe�`bQ[I(H�UWQ�dTH�UWUW`bQ[e,J"ipV�`cL)z:Q[duVY`bJ"L � l1duJ"XZS�H�U�`cLpk�VYopQ�SDUYJ�S�J"IKQ[e,XZQTVYopJFeDIRVKJ=VYopQ¦L�H�`bn�QZH�SDSDUYJ"H�d�opQ[I�`cL

¬�LD`cVKQ�IYH�XZS�jbQ[I]�J�U$��J�VYo duJ"L�VY`�L�ipJ"i�I�H�LDeZ��`cLDH�UYN�eDH�VYHFx8�)Q(`�jcjciDIKVKU�H�VKQhVYoDQ\SDUYJ�S�J"IKQ[e<H�SDSDUYJ"H�d�o<`cL zFQ[duVY`bJ"L

v iDIW`cLpk�VYopQ£opJ"IKS�`bVYH�jc`b¡[H�VY`bJ"L=e�H�VYHFx�|�eD`cIYdTiDIWIY`bJ"L�`cI6k"`bn�Q[L�`�L�z:Q[duVY`bJ"L � x

� � ���������� � ��� �� ��������

zFipS�S�J"IYQ�VYoDH�V��,i�LD`bVYIhH�UYQ�IYH�XZS�jbQ[e<UYQTS�Q[H�VKQ[eDjbN�JCn�QTU�VY`cXZQR]�J�U�� VY`cXZQRS�J"`cL�VYI[l���iDV$eDipQRVKJZepUYJ�S�J"ipVYI$VYopQ

� VYo iDLD`bV8`cIIWH�XZS�jbQ[eZH�V�������� VY`cXZQ6S�J"`cL�VYITx7�)Q(J���IKQTUYn�Q\VYopQ\duJ"L�VY`cL�iDJ"iDIJ�U�e�`cIYduUYQTVKQ6UYQ[IYS�J"L�IKQ6n�H�U�`cH���jbQ

� ��� lpduJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I�� ��� ®�� sO¯ H�LDe"! ��� ®$#% sO¯ lDH�IYIKJFdT`cH�VKQ[e�¤\`bVYo VYopQR¬ � Q[e�Quµ�Q[duVYI6H�LDe�VYopQRUWH�LDepJ"X»Quµ�Q[duVYI

UYQ[IKS�Q[duVY`bn�Q[jcN�l�H�LDe�H epUYJ�S�J"ipV�`cL�eD`cdTH�VKJ�U'& � ]�J�U(iDLD`cVYI ��(Bs*),+,+,+-) �4H�LDe=VY`cXZQ~S�J"`�L�VYI'. ( s*),+,+,+/) � � xaª�opQ

n�H�UW`cH���jbQ0& � ( .�`c]Fi�LD`bV � epUYJ�SDS�Q[e�J"ipV7H�V7VY`cX�QTS�J"`�L�V1.�x«�)Qhe�`cIKVY`cLpk"i�`cIYoR��QTV�¤hQTQ[L~V�¤$JRV�N:S�Q[I1J�]DduJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I �VYopJ"IKQRVYoDH�VaH�UYQR·:LpJC¤\L�H�V$VYopQ(VY`cXZQRJ�]1epUYJ�S�J"ipV32 ��� ®��14� sO¯ ®¸` x�Q�xblFVY`cXZQu§�`�L�n�H�UW`cH�L�V�duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I ¯ l�H�LDe�VYoDJ"IKQ

¤\opJ"IYQ\n�H�jcipQ[IhH�UYQRi�Lp·:LDJO¤\L H�VhVYoDQ(VY`cX�Q\J�]�epUWJ�S�J"iDV�5 �6� ®��87� sO¯ ®¸` x�Q�xblFVY`cXZQu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpk¦duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I ¯ x$�)UW`bVKQ

� �6�%( ®92;:�6� ) 5':�6� ¯ : x8�)Q¦H�IYIYiDX�Q�VYoDH�V<! �6� H�UYQ~duJ"XZS�jbQTVKQ[jbN�J���IKQTUYn�Q[e&x

�)Q H�IYIYiDX�Q�H�k�Q[LpQTU�H�jc`b¡TQ[e j�`cLpQ[H�U<X�` � Q[e+X�J:epQ[j¦®>À��7�,� ¯ ®¸^hUYQ[IYjcJO¤ H�L�e3fajcHON�VKJ"L s[��� ± ¯ ]�J�U�VYopQ

J"ipVYduJ"XZQ�n�H�UW`cH���jcQ� ��� x~z:S�Q[dT`b¬�dTH�jcjbN�l�k"`bn�Q[L=� �6� l1! �6� H�LDe,VYopQ¦UWH�LDepJ"X Quµ�Q[duVYI?> � l�VYopQ@� �6� H�UYQ�`cLDepQTS�Q[LF§

epQ[L�V\]�J"jcjbJC¤\`cLpkZVYopQy©�iDH�IW`cjc`b·�Q[jc`�opJ�JFe ¤\`bVYo�X�Q[H�LDIBA �6� H�LDe�n�H�UW`cH�L�duQ[I<CED-FEG 4���?H D:®IA ����¯ l�¤(opQTUYQ@CED�`cI\H IYdTH�jbQ

S�H�UWH�X�QTVKQTU[lEF ��� `cI6H�¤$Q[`bk"o�V(H�L�e H D�® +{¯ `cI6H�n�H�UW`�H�LDduQ£]¸iDLDduVY`bJ"L&xª\opQ£duJ"LDeD`bVY`cJ"LDH�j&XZQ[H�L�`�I6UYQ[jcH�VKQ[e=VKJ VYopQ

duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I(VYopUYJ"iDk"o=VYopQ�]�J"jcjbJO¤(`cLpk�k�Q[LpQTUWH�jc`c¡TQ[e�jc`cLpQ[H�U�X�J:epQ[j �

J ®IA �6�"¯�( 2K:�6�-L 4;M 5B:�6�NL 7�M !�:�6� > � ) ® sO¯

¤\opQTUWQ J ® +{¯ `cI6H�j�`cLp·Z]¸iDLDduVY`bJ"L&l L 4 H�L�e L 7 H�UYQ��O4� s H�LDe@�P7< s n�Q[duVKJ�UWI�J�]_iDLp·FLpJO¤(LAS�H�UWH�XZQTVKQTUWI[l�H�LDe

VYopQQ#� s U�H�LDepJ"X¼Quµ�Q[duVYI<> � ]�J"j�jbJO¤\`�Lpk�RTS �U)WV ®$X ¯ZY l�H�L�e"XZ`cI�H�n�Q[duVKJ�URJ�]_n�H�UW`�H�LDduQ£duJ"XZS�J"LpQ[L�VYITx

ª�oDQAeDUYJ�S�J"ipVy`cL�eD`cdTH�VKJ�U�& � `cI�H�IYIYi�XZQ[e4VKJ)��QAH�IYIKJFdT`cH�VKQ[e ¤(`bVYo4VYopQ=duJ"XZS�jbQTVKQAUYQTS�Q[H�VKQ[e XZQ[H�IYiDUYQ[I

eDH�VYHZVYoDUYJ"ipk"o�H�jcJ�k"`cIKVY`cd�XZJFepQ[j �

jbJ�k"`cVO®$[ �6�"¯�(]\K^�� M`_ :�Iab� G 4dc \ 4 M \ 7,� �6�e) ® w"¯

±

Page 5: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

¤\opQTUWQ [ ���%( ��U S-& � ( . � & ��� . ) _ �Iab� c Y l \K^�� H�LDe \ 4$H�UYQRiDLp·FLpJO¤(L�S�H�UWH�X�QTVKQTUWITlFH�LDe _ �Iab� c epQ[LpJ�VKQ[IhVYopQ

oD`cIYVKJ�UYN eDH�VYH H�LDe�`cI6IYJ"XZQ~IYip��IKQTV6J�]_VYopQ~duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[IRH�LDe=UWQ[IKS�J"LDIKQ@S 2 �Iab� c ) 5 �Iab� c ) � �Iab� c Y ipS=VKJ<VY`cX�Q�S�J"`�L�V

.�l�¤(opQTUYQ~® . ¯ eDQ[LpJ�VKQ[IVYopQ(oD`cIKVKJ�UYN¦ipS�VKJ£VY`�XZQ�S�J"`cL�V�.�x$zp`cLDduQaVYopQ\eDH�VYHyduJ"L�VYH�`�L<jc`bVKVYjcQa`�Lp]�J�U�X�H�VY`bJ"LZH���J"ipV

VYopQ,epUYJ�S�J"ipV�S�H�U�H�XZQTVKQTU \ 7�l6Q[IKVY`cX�H�VY`cJ"L J�] \ 7=¤hJ"iDjce ��QgoDQ[H[nF`cjbN epUW`bn�Q[L+��N+XZJFepQ[jc`�Lpk�H�IYIYiDX�SDVY`bJ"LDI

`cLDIYVKQ[H�e�J�]_��NAVYopQ¦eDH�VYHg®¸�7`bVKVYjbQ s[�����"¯ x�|�IKQ[L�IY`bVY`bnF`bV�NAH�LDH�jbNFIY`cI���NA¬ � `cLpk \ 7£H�V(e�`¶µ�QTUWQ[L�V�n�H�jcipQ[I\`cI�J�]�VKQ[L

UYQ[duJ"X�X�Q[LDepQ[e¢®¸M\J�VYLD`bVK¡T·:N�l�QTV(H�j>xbl s[����� °�½8QTUW��QT·�Q�l�QTV(H�j xbl w����psO¯ x���J:eDQ[j�® w"¯ dTH�L���Q�Q[H�IW`cjbN<Q � VKQ[LDepQ[e�VKJ

H�jcjbJC¤ VYopQ£epUWJ�S�J"iDV6SDUYJ���H���`�jc`bV�N [ �6� VKJ<epQTS�Q[LDeAJ"L¢®92 �6� ) 5 �6��¯ x �pJ�URXZJ�UYQ~epQTVYH�`�jcITlpIKQTQ~eD`�IYdTiDIYIY`cJ"L&x

ª�oDQ�H���JCn�Q IKVYH�L�eDH�UWe�IKQ[jcQ[duVY`bJ"L¢XZJFepQ[j8UWQ[©�iD`cUYQ[I�duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[IyVKJ���Q�duJ"XZS�jcQTVKQ[jbN J���IKQTUYn�Q[e&x�¨\JC¤$QTn�QTUOl

VY`cXZQu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpkZduJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[IRH�UYQ£duJ"X�X�J"L�`cL=jbJ"Lpk"`cVYiDeD`cLDH�j�IKVYiDe�`bQ[ITx8ª�opQTN�H�UYQ£J�]�VKQ[L�X�`cIYIW`cLpk�H�V�VYopQ�VY`cXZQ�J�]

epUYJ�S�J"ipV6`cL=H�e�eD`bVY`bJ"LAVKJ�VYoDQ£J"ipVYduJ"XZQyn�H�UW`�H���jbQ%� �6� x���`b·�Q[j�`copJ:J:eF§>��H�IKQ[eA`cLp]�QTUYQ[LDduQ�VYopQTUYQT]�J�UYQ£UWQ[©�iD`cUYQ[IaVYopQ

IKS�Q[dT`b¬�dTH�VY`cJ"LAJ�]_H�L�H�eDeD`bVY`bJ"L�H�j�X�J:epQ[j�]�J�U\VYoDQ[IKQ£X�`cIYIW`cLpkZduJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[ITx

��� ���"�#�%$ �����P7 �,"���<+U8 �0 �D�,"��. 7 �%8 �0 9,:�04��� 5 �6� 4� /�� 7 �*�*�,"�3��*3��<OH�1,#� 7 ��i�� ����� ��,:�S�%�2O

�������� �����������.������% ����",:bi���64 ������4,:�,#���6�R����%�#� $C, ��R�������4,#/1� D6��,:o2�% ��%�*��","��@�k4�Z�R��������6,#��� +

,"��. 5 �6� ;����� [��,#���1�#, 7 ,: D0O $a�c���% ��c�0���43����V����]5 �6� �0 ��c'(3��"�:DQ��/����% �8��%� � 6����c/������%�","����;

� ��� 7 ,�� 7 ���"�:D0OS$a� �0�4�43���� ����:��Z�,"�R�i+U8 �0 �D�,#��. 7 �%8 �0 9,#� 4��5 �6��� 'W���"�#�%$&�k�� S3��0�4,"�",:@��%�","�����6�1,#� +

4 9,#/�3��,#���V$C, ��h�R�%����� �6���1( ¹R® 5 �6����¯ �����V8��� �,#��� 7 �TF : � G 4 C : � H : � ®�� ������¯ O $P���� ���F : � ,#�j��$5��,#.��*<O

C : � ,#���6� 7 ���#� ���0 ����R��4�% ������ H : � ® +{¯ ,:���68 �0 9,#��� 7 �R'(3�� 7 �,#���2O �4��� 7 ,�� 7 4� �����#�� 7 ��8 �0 9,#� 4�

5 � ; F ��TC : ( ®9C : 4 ),+,+,+-) C :���� ¯ : ; � �n�0���43���� 5 �6��� 'W�*�"�:�%$&�l���1 ���g+L�� ����% 6.������% ����#,#b<�%�^�","�����0

4 ������4,:�,#�������H�R����%�_I� (�s*),+,+,+/) �87�°. ( w ),+,+,+-) ��N!$C, ��[�������4,#/��:D �1,:o2�% ����*&�",#��@[' 3�� 7 �,#�����

� � ®�� �6����¯0(��E^�� M � 4 � 5 ��� � G 4 � � M � : 7 � 2 �Iab� c ) ® ± ¯

$P���� �� � � ® +{¯ ,:� �a@S���%$P��#�� 7 �%8 �0 9,#� 4�i+L����� 7 , � 7 �������0������!�",#��@C'(3�� 7 �,:�*�?����� �!�P( ® �E^�� )"� 4 �9)"� : 7 � ¯ :

,#� ���d3���@S����$C�n���0 ������i4�% 8*� 7 4�� �;$# ����%�`I&%N5����� 7 �Z���"�:�%$&�P��,#���4,"��.��6,:�S���n��,#� 7 ���4�Z�����

7 �*�*�,"�3��*3����,#���i+U8��� 4D�,"��. 7 ��8 �0 9,#� 4�%�Y; �����0���43��R�=5 �6��� ,#�?,"�����%���������%�*���' 5 �6���(' '(�� RI�*)( �+:N

7 �*���1,:�,#�������!�*������ ��,#�g4�� �D 5 �Ia�� G 4dc ����� 2 �Iab� c ;-,��%$5��8��% iO!���c�0�4�43������,#���B,#� ���0��� ��/���3�

����/.4��,"�*?�1,:��4 �,#/13S�,:�*� ��'k����"�87 7 �%8��� �,#� 4�%� �0?/��0�4�%�","��� 5 � 4�;�0 ?'W�*�"�:�%$&� ���� ?�i8*�%� 3�������

t

Page 6: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

���� 7 �*���1,:�,#�������`,"�������2�%������� 7 �������43��R���,#���2OH����"�87 7 �%8 �0 �,#� ���� 5 � �0 ����g�,"�"�_���"�:�%$a��� 4�[/��

7 �� � ��%�#� ���� ���0 �.�,"�����"� DV� j��� 7 �V�,#���l���*,#�*i; # �������I&%N 7 ���h/�� �%�0�4,"�:Dh�i���%�����%�V4� ���"�#�%$

5 ����� �� ���%�������d��� ������������ P�,"�R�i+U8 �0 �D�,#��. 7 �%8 �0 9,#� 4�%��5 ����� ' I��+ )( ¯ ;

��QTV�� ����� � �?( ®$� � 4 ),+,+,+N) � ���� ¯ : epQ[LpJ�VKQ=VYoDQ=J���IKQTUYn�Q[e n�H�jcipQ[I�J�] � � lh¤\`bVYo 5 � l�2 ����� � � H�LDe ! ����� � � epQu§

¬�LpQ[e�IY`cX�`cj�H�UWjbN�x �pJ�U,VYopQ¥eDUYJ�S�J"ipV�iDLD`bVYI[l�eDQ[LpJ�VKQ��:N �� � � � � ( � ��� ���� 4gH�LDe 5 � � � � ( 5 ��� ���� 4�VYopQ

X�`cIWIY`cLpk4J���IKQTUYn�H�VY`bJ"LDI[x ª\opQ[L epQT¬�LpQ�� � ( � ����� � � `b]@� � ( � ®¸`>x�Q�xbl�i�LD`bV � eD`ce LpJ�V�eDUYJ�S�J"ipV ¯ H�LDe

� � ( ®$� : ����� � � ) �� � � � � ¯ : J�VYopQTUY¤\`cIYQ=®¸`>x�Q�xbl�iDLD`bV � epUYJ�S�I(J"iDV£H�V�VY`cXZQ�S�J"`cL�V � � M sO¯ x�PRQT¬�LpQ@5 � IY`�X�`cjcH�UWjcN�x

�1QTVB2 � ( ®92 � 4 ),+,+,+-) 2 � � ���� 4 ¯ : H�LDe ! � epQT¬�LpQ[e IY`cX�`cj�H�UWjbN�x�� ] \ 7 ( � l�VYoDQ[L Q[©:iDH�VY`bJ"L ® w"¯ epJ:Q[I$LpJ�VaepQTS�Q[LDe

J"L�X�`�IYIY`cLpkAeDH�VYHFl«H�LDe)VYopQ�epUWJ�S�J"iDV�X�Q[dWoDH�LD`�IYX `cI�`bk"LpJ�U�H���jbQ�x�� LD]�QTUYQ[L�duQ�duJ"iDjce VYopQ[L)��Q���H�IKQ[e�J"L)VYopQ

`cL�VKQTk�UWH�VKQ[e�j�`b·�Q[jc`copJ:JFe��R®$� ����� � � � 5 ����� � �d) 2 ����� � � ) ! ����� � � ° L ) X ¯ l�H�I�`cL=^hUYQ[IWjbJO¤´H�LDegfajcHON�VKJ"L¥® s[��� ± ¯ x

� opQ[L \ 7 )( � l�VYopQ�X�`cIYIW`cLpk e�H�VYH=XZQ[dWoDH�L�`cIYX `cI�LpJ"LF§�`ck"LpJ�UWH���jbQ�l&H�LDe)`�Lp]�QTUWQ[LDduQZLpQTQ[eDIRVKJ���Qy��H�IKQ[e

J"L=VYopQ � J"`cL�V�`cL�VKQTk�UWH�VKQ[e�©:iDH�IY`�jc`b·�Q[jc`coDJ�JFe

�R®$� ����� � �d) 5 ����� � �d) & � � 2 � ) 5 � 4T°�� ¯0(�� �(®$� � ) 5 � ) & � � 2 � ) 5 � 4T°�� ¯�� > � � 5 � � � � � �� � � � � ® t�¯

(�� �(®$�� � 2 � ) 5'� ) > � ° L ) C D ¯ �R® 5 � � 5'� 4 ) 2P�0° � ) C : ¯ �R® >Z� °WX ¯ �R®$& � � �� ) 5 ����� � � ) 2 ����� � � ° \8¯�� > � � 5 � � � � � � � � � � )¤\opQTUWQ � ( ® � : 4 ),+,+,+-)"� :��� ¯ : l \�( ® \ : ^ )Z\ : 4 ¯ : l1H�L�e�� `�IRHAn�Q[duVKJ�U¦duJ"L�VYH�`�LD`cLpkAH�jcj«VYopQZS�H�UWH�X�QTVKQTUWI�`cL,VYopQ

XZJFepQ[j xhª�opQ~eD`�XZQ[LDIY`bJ"LAJ�]8`cL�VKQTk�UWH�VY`bJ"L,`cL=VYoDQ~jc`b·�Q[jc`�opJ�JFe)® t�¯ `�IB# M s M �87�]�J�U(iDLD`cVYI6VYoDH�V\epUWJ�SDS�Q[e=J"ipV

H�LDe"#¦]�J�U�VYopJ"IKQ~VYoDH�V\eD`ceALpJ�VTx$ª�opQ£jbJ�k"jc`c·�Q[jc`copJ:J:e�I$`cL�VYopQ£`cL�VKQTk�UWH�LDe�`cL�® t�¯ H�UYQ

� ®$� � � 2 � ) 5 � ) > � ° L ) CED ¯ ( � a����� 4dc�� ����� 4 � ®$� �6� ) A ����¯ )

� ® 5 � � 5 � 4u° �1) C : ¯ ( � ����� � 4

a����� 4dc�� ����� 7 ��� ® 5 �6��� ) � �6����¯ )

� ® > � � X ¯ ( � sw jcL � V ®$X ¯ � � s

w >Z:� V ®$X ¯ZG 4 > � )

� S-&<� � �Q� ) 5 ����� � � ) 2 ����� � � ° \8¯ (������ 7 jcL1® s � [ �6��¯ M"!�# ���%$��'&OjcL1®$[1��� ��(� 4 ¯ )

¤\opQTUWQ � ® +{¯�( �)�R® +{¯ l � ®(* ) A ¯0(+�\w%,.-D S C8F G 4�6� H ®(/ ¯ZY G 4 ®(* � / ¯�� /,`cIaVYoDQ£epQTn:`�H�LDduQ�]�i�LDduVY`bJ"L=H�LDe ��� ®(0 ) � ¯ `cI

epQT¬�LDQ[e=IY`cX�`cj�H�UWjbNZ]�J�U�5 �6��� l [ �6� `�I6epQT¬�LpQ[e=`cL�® w"¯ l�H�LDe !1# � � $��'&�`cI�H�L�`�LDeD`cdTH�VKJ�U6]¸iDLDduVY`bJ"L1x

Page 7: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

� � ����� � ��� � � ��� �W ���� �� B��Q���Z�

�0L=VYoD`cI6IKQ[duVY`cJ"L=¤$Qy`cL�n�Q[IYVY`bk"H�VKQ£VYopQ~H�IYN:XZS�VKJ�VY`cd���`cH�I6J�]«VYopQ~X�J:epQ[j�S�H�UWH�XZQTVKQTUWI�`c]«X�`�IYIY`cLpk¦VY`cXZQu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpk

duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[IZH�UWQ oDH�LDe�jbQ[e¢iDIW`cLpk=J"LpQ�J�]6VYopQ�VYopUYQTQ L�H�`bn�Q H�SDS�UYJ"H�dWopQ[I � ® sO¯ iDIW`cLpk�VYopQ ��H�IKQ[jc`�LpQ<XZQ[H�IYiDUYQ[I

VYopUYJ"iDk"opJ"ipV£�:N)H�IYIYiDX�`�Lpk=VYopQ�VY`cX�Qu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpk�duJCn�H�U�`cH�VKQ[I�oDH[n�QALpJ�V~d�oDH�Lpk�Q[e4IY`cLDduQZ��H�IYQ[jc`cLpQ�®�Z± � w"¯ °(® w"¯

dTH�UYUYNF`cLpk(]�J�UW¤hH�UWe¦VYopQajcH�IKV«J���IKQTUWn�H�VY`bJ"L1l"` x�Q�xbl"H�IYIYiDX<`cLpk\VYoDQ[`bU7n�H�jcipQ[I«H�V_VYopQhVY`cXZQhJ�]�epUYJ�S�J"ipV«H�UYQhVYopQ6IYH�XZQ

H�IVYoDQ\SDUYQTnF`bJ"iDI_n�H�jcipQ[IR®�a± � ± ¯ °1® ± ¯ `ck"LpJ�UW`cLpk£X<`cIYIY`cLDk�e�H�VYH£duJ"XZS�jbQTVKQ[jcN¦�:NZH�IYIYiDX<`cLpk£X�`cIWIY`cLpk�H�V�U�H�LDepJ"X

®�a± � t�¯ x$ª�opQ[IKQRLDH�`bn�Q\H�SDS�UYJ"H�dWopQ[I$Q[LDH���jcQ�J"LpQ\VKJ¦¬DV�X�J:epQ[j�IiDIY`cLDk�VYopQ\Q � `cIKVY`cLDk~H�SDSDUYJ"H�d�opQ[I$VYoDH�V$H�IYIWiDXZQ

duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[IyH�UYQ<duJ"XZS�jbQTVKQ[jbN�J���IKQTUYn�Q[e&x �pJ�U~Q � H�XZS�jbQ�l�P�`bk�k"jbQ�H�LDe)¾£Q[L�¤aH�UWe��}I£X�QTVYopJ:e+® s[����t�¯ duJ"iDjce ��Q

H�SDS�j�`bQ[e=iDIY`cLDk�® sO¯ H�LDe4® w"¯ °�H�IYVYH�LDeDH�UWe À��7�,�ºduJ"iDjce=��Q~H�S�S�jc`bQ[e=iDIW`cLpk�® ± ¯ x6ª�opQ~©:ipQ[IKVY`cJ"L=J�]`cL�VKQTUYQ[IKV

`cI6opJC¤ X¦iDdWo�H�IKN:X�SDVKJ�VY`cd���`�H�Ia¤$J"iDj�e=H�UW`cIKQ��:N=epJ"`cLpkZIKJpx

����� � -� ��56��Ep���aE¢23�8#��%�EF���$����#�D����#���� �"-���$�>�&�������&% @�����

ª7J<epQ[XZJ"LDIYVKUWH�VKQ�VYopQ£]¸iDLDeDH�X�Q[L�VYH�j&`cX�S�H�duV6J�]7VYoDQ~LDH�`bn�Q£H�SDS�UYJ"H�dWopQ[I[lD¤$QyduJ"LDIY`cepQTU�HZIW`cXZS�jbQ�dTH�IKQy`cLAVYopQ

H�IKNFXZSDVKJ�VY`cd¦��`�H�I�H�LDH�jbNFIY`cITxyz:S�Q[dT`b¬�dTH�jcjbN�l�¤$Q�H�IYIWiDXZQ¦VYopQTUYQ�`cI�HAIY`cLpk"jcQyVY`cX�Qu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpkAduJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ H�LDe VYopQ

J"ipVYduJ"XZQ[I(H�UYQ¦À�H�i�IYIY`cH�L&xª\opQ�J"ipVYduJ"XZQ[I<� �6� H�UYQ~H�IYIYi�XZQ[e=VKJ�]�J"jcjbJC¤ H�jc`cLpQ[H�U6U�H�LDepJ"X�`cL�VKQTUWduQTSDV�X�J:epQ[j

� �6�%( L ^ M L 4 � �6� M > � M�� �6� ) . (�s*),+,+,+-) � ) ® �"¯

¤\opQTUWQ > � H�LDe � ��� H�UYQ�`cL�epQTS�Q[LDepQ[L�VYjbN�eD`cIKVKU�`b��ipVKQ[e¥H�I�R ® �U) X ¯ H�LDe�R ® �U)� 7 ¯ UYQ[IKS�Q[duVY`bn�Q[jbN�x+ª\opQAVY`cXZQu§

n�H�UYN:`�LpkZduJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ�`cI6H�IYIYiDX�Q[e=VKJ�]�J"jcjbJO¤ H<jc`cLpQ[H�U6VKUWH�L�IY`bVY`bJ"L=XZJFepQ[j�VKJ<H�dTduJ"i�L�V(]�J�U\X<`cIYIY`cLDk� �6�

� �6�%( � ^ M � 4 � ��� � G 4 M�� �6� ) ® v"¯

¤\opQTUWQ%� � 4��]R4®IA 4 )! �¯ H�LDe � �6� � R ® �U)" 7 ¯ ]�J�U . ( w ),+,+,+/) �4x�ª�opQ£epUWJ�S�J"iDVaX�J:epQ[j&`�I

jbJ�k"`bVO®$[ �6��¯�( \1^�� M \ 4Z� ��� � G 4 M \ 7,� �6� � ® ��¯

¤\opQTUWQ?[ �6� `cI�epQT¬�LDQ[e=`cL# w x

ª�oDQ£LDH�`bn�Q£XZJFepQ[j1H�IYIWiDXZQ[I

� ��� ( L ^�� $&%W�('!) M L 4 � $&%W�('!) �#*�6� M > � M+� ��� ) ® �"¯

v

Page 8: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

¤\opQTUWQ > � � R ® �U) X $ %Z� ' ) ¯ H�LDe � �6� � R ® �U)� 7$ %Z� ' ) ¯ l:H�LDe�VYoDQ\duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ<� �6� `cIX�H�eDQ\duJ"XZS�jbQTVKQ\��NZIKQTVKVY`cLDk~`bV

Q[©:iDH�jFVKJ%� *�6� iDIW`cLpkRJ"LpQ6J�]�VYoDQ6VYopUYQTQ6LDH�`bn�Q�H�SDS�UYJ"H�dWopQ[I[x«�)Q\]�ipUWVYopQTU8H�IYIYiDXZQ6VYo�H�V8¤\opQ[LZiDIY`�Lpk(Q[`cVYopQTU8VYopQ

��H�IKQ[j�`cLpQ\J�U6�_²£f �¢H�S�SDUYJ"H�dWo1l:VYoDQRepUWJ�S�J"iDV$XZQ[d�oDH�LD`cIYX ® ��¯ `cIhduJ�UYUYQ[duVYjbN�IKS�Q[dT`b¬DQ[e<¤\`bVYo \ ��Q[`cLpk~·FLpJC¤\L&x

ª�opQTUWQT]�J�UYQ�lpVYoDQ~LDH�`bn�Q£XZJFepQ[j&J"L�jbN eD`bµ�QTUWIa]�UYJ"X�X�J:epQ[j® �"¯ `cLAVYopQ�¤aH[N�X�`�IYIY`cLpk�duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[IRH�UYQ£oDH�L�eDjbQ[e&x

��QTV � ( ®$X )� 7 ¯ : x PRQ[LpJ�VKQ)�:N�� ( S L : ) � : Y : VYopQ,VKUWipQ,n�H�j�ipQ[IAH�LDe�� $&%W�('!) ( ® L :$ %Z� ' ) ) � :$&%W�('!) ¯ :VYopQ[`bU�H�IYN:XZS�VKJ�VY`cd�jc`cX<`bVYI�H�I ��� � iDIW`cLpk J"LpQ=J�]�VYopQ�LDH�`cn�Q�H�SDSDUYJ"H�d�opQ[ITx¿PRQ[LpJ�VKQg��N � $ %Z� ' ) ®$� � ) & � ¯VYopQ�jbJ�k"j�`b·�Q[jc`copJ:JFe�J�]��¥]�J�U~iDLD`cV � iDLDepQTU�Q[H�dWo¢J�]$VYoDQZVYopUYQTQ<LDH�`cn�Q�H�S�SDUYJ"H�dWoDQ[ITx�ª�opQ�LDH�`cn�Q�IYduJ�UYQ�]¸iDLDd §

VY`bJ"L4`cI $&%W�('!) ®$� ) & ¯@( � G 4�� $� � 4� � $ %Z� ' ) ®$� � ) & � ¯�� � ( � G 4�� $� � 4 $ %Z�('!) ®$� � ) & � ¯ xg��V¦]�J"j�jbJO¤\IyVYoDH�V¦VYopQ

H�IKNFXZSDVKJ�VY`cd~jc`cX�`bVYIhJ�]«VYopQ~LDH�`cn�Q~���7¹�I�� $ %Z� ' )RIYJ"jbn�Q

� S� $&%W�('!) ®$� � ) & � � L $ %Z�('!) ) � $ %Z� ' ) ¯ZY ( �U) ® �"¯

¤\opQTUWQ VYopQAQ � S�Q[duVYH�VY`bJ"L+`cIyVYH�·�Q[L+iDLDeDQTUyVYopQAVKUWiDQAX�J:epQ[j�I�® �"¯ §�® ��¯ x ª�opQAIKJ"jciDVY`bJ"L S L $ %Z�('!) ) � $&%W�('!) Y `cI�H

]¸iDLDduVY`bJ"L<J�]&VYopQ\VKUWiDQ�S�H�UWH�XZQTVKQTU�IBS L ) � Y x�¹$©�i�H�VY`bJ"Lg® �"¯ k�Q[LpQTUWH�jcjcN�eDJ�Q[IhLpJ�V$o�H[n�Q�H~dTjbJ"IKQ[e ]�J�UWX IKJ"j�ipVY`bJ"L

H�LDe LpQTQ[eDI$VKJ~��Q\IKJ"jbn�Q[e�L:iDXZQTUW`cdTH�j�jbN�x7�)QRSDUYJCn:`�epQ���Q[jbJO¤3epQTVYH�`cjbQ[e<H�IKN:X�SDVKJ�VY`cd(��`cH�IdTH�jcdTi�jcH�VY`bJ"LDI�]�J�UhVYopQ

VYopUYQTQyLDH�`bn�Q£H�SDSDUWJ"H�dWopQ[ITx

����� � -�+���&����%�����4��5�5����1�&E�-

ª�opQgIY`cXZS�jcQ[IKV�LDH�`bn�Q�H�S�SDUYJ"H�dWo¿VKJ¢¬�jcj6`cL VYopQ,X�`cIYIW`cLpk)duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ,n�H�j�ipQ[I<`cI<VYopQ���H�IYQ[jc`cLpQ�H�SDS�UYJ"H�dWo¿��N

IKQTVKVY`cLDk�� *��� ( � � 4TlD]�J�U . (�s*),+,+,+/) �4xª�opQ£LDH�`bn�QyjbJ�k"jc`b·�Q[jc`�opJ�JFe�iDLDepQTU6VYoD`�I6H�SDSDUYJ"H�d�o�`cI

� $ %Z�('!) ®$� � ) & � ¯ (����� 7 !1# & � ( . &Oj�L ���� � 7�� ab� G 4dc�� � 7 ® s � [ � � ¯�� �

! a��#" 7Wc[ ��� �(®$� � 4 ),+,+,+N) � ��� � � *� ¯�� � �6�

M !�# & � ( � M s &OjcL �� � �(®$� � � � *� ¯��� � 7 ® s � [ � � ¯�� � �

zF`cL�duQ [ �6� ]�J�U . ( w ),+,+,+-) �4l�`cIa]�UYQTQ£J�]$�7l�IYJ"XZQ~dTH�jcdTiDj�H�VY`bJ"LDI6IYopJC¤�VYoDH�VTl�H�S�H�UYV�]�UYJ"X¼H�duJ"LDIYVYH�L�VTl

� $ %Z�('!)�®$�8� ) &<� ¯ ( � ®$�8� 4 � ��� 4 ¯ M��� � 7 !1# &<� ( . &OjcL � [ �6� �(®$�8� 7 ),+,+,+/) � �6� � �E� 4 ) � *� ¯�� � �6� ® sT��¯

M !�# & � ( � M s & � ®$� � � � � 4 ) � *� ¯ �

Page 9: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

z:J"jbnF`cLpk Q[©�i�H�VY`bJ"L+® �"¯ `cIRUYQ[jcH�VY`bn�Q[jcN�IKVKUWH�`bk"o�VK]�J�UY¤hH�U�e&x �pJ�U£`�jcjciDIKVKU�H�VY`bJ"L�duJ"LDIW`cepQTU�VYopQZIY`cXZS�jbQydTH�IKQZ¤(opQTUYQ

� ( w xhª�opQ~IKJ"j�ipVY`bJ"LA]�J�U�k�Q[LpQTUWH�jK� `cI6IY`cX�`�jcH�U[x$zFipS�SDUYQ[IYIY`�Lpk~VYopQyIYip��IYduU�`bSDV � l�IKJ"X�Q~dTH�jcdTiDjcH�VY`cJ"LDI�IYopJC¤

VYoDH�V�VYoDQ~H�IKNFXZSDVKJ�VY`cd�jc`�X�`bVYIhJ�]_VYopQ£LDH�`bn�Q£Q[IYVY`cX�H�VKQ[I%S L $ %Z� ' ) ) � $&%W�('!) Y IKJ"jbn�Q

¹����� 4 ®�r 4 � ���� 4 L���� �� ¯X ��� �� M � 7���� �� � M �UC®¸M ( w"¯ ¹�� L ��� �� jbJ�k � �$®�r%7 � r@4 ) � * ¯ ��7Tepr 7����� M ( w��M ��UC®¸M ( ± ¯ ¹�� L ��� �� � ®�r%7 � r4 ) � * ¯ ���� M ( ±�� ( � ) ® s�sO¯

sw ¹�� ®$� 4 � �� :4 L $ %Z� ' ) ¯ 7®$X $&%W�('!) M � 7$&%W�('!) ¯ 7 � s

X $ %Z�('!) M � 7$ %Z� ' ) � s 7 M �UC®¸M ( w"¯ ¹�� � $ %Z� ' ) jbJ�k � �R®$�87 � �14 ) � * ¯ [;7 � �P7����� & ( w��M ��UC®¸M ( ± ¯ ¹�� � $&%W�('!) � ®$�87 � �14 ) � * ¯ ���� & ( ±�� ( �U) ® s[w"¯

¤\opQTUWQ �� 4 ( ® s*) � 4 ¯ : l � * ( ®I� 4 ) � 4 ¯ : l s 7 ( ® s*)[sO¯ : H�L�e=VYopQ�Q � S�Q[duVYH�VY`cJ"LDI\H�UYQ�VYH�·�Q[LgiDLDepQTU6VYoDQ�VKUWipQ

XZJFepQ[jcI£® �"¯ §�® ��¯ ¤\`bVYoAUYQ[IYS�Q[duV6VKJ VYopQ�VKUWipQ£e�`cIKVKUW`b��ipVY`bJ"LDI$J�]a®I� 4 ) � 7 ) �O4 ) �P7 ¯ xhz:QTQ£|(SDS�Q[LDeD` � ]�J�U\epQTVYH�`�jcITx

��� � � -� %>�&�C��� �h�C���������"�>�7�´EF���"���>��#´/0�1��*A����#���5�5����1�&E�-

ª�opQ��«²~f �¢H�SDS�UYJ"H�dWo�¬�jcj�I�`cL VYopQ�X�`cIYIW`cLpk~duJCn�H�UW`�H�VKQ£eDH�VYH¦��N<dTH�UWUYN:`�Lpky]�J�UY¤aH�UWe VYopQ�jcH�IKVhJ���IKQTUYn�Q[e�n�H�jcipQ

�:N IYQTVKVY`cLpk"� *�6� ( � ��� ]�J�U@. ( s*),+,+,+/) � �0l7H�LDe � *��� ���� 4 ( ��� � ��\`b]3&<� $ � M s x �pJ�U�iDLD`bVYI�VYoDH�V¦eD`ce

LpJ�V�epUYJ�S)J"iDVTl&VYoD`cI�H�SDSDUYJ"H�d�o�iDIKQ[I�H�j�j7J�]$VYopQZduJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ<`�Lp]�J�U�X�H�VY`bJ"L&x �DJ�U~iDLD`bVYI(VYoDH�V£eD`�e,eDUYJ�S J"ipVTl1`bV

H�IYIYi�XZQ[I�VYopQyn�H�j�ipQ[I�J�]8VYopQyVY`cXZQu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpk�duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I�H�V(VYopQ~VY`�XZQ£J�]epUYJ�S�J"ipV�H�UWQ~VYopQ¦IYH�XZQyH�I(VYopJ"IKQ¦H�V

VYopQ£S�UYQTn:`cJ"iDIhVY`cXZQ£S�J"`cL�VTx�²�LpQ£opQ[LDduQ~Q � S�Q[duVYI�`bV6¤hJ"iDjceAS�QTUY]�J�UWX ��QTVKVKQTU\VYo�H�L=VYopQ£��H�IYQ[jc`cLpQ�H�SDSDUYJ"H�d�o&x

ª�oDQ\LDH�`bn�Q\jcJ�k"jc`b·�Q[jc`coDJ�JFe�iDLDepQTUVYoDQ\�«²£f �)H�SDSDUYJ"H�d�o<VYH�·�Q[I$VYopQ(IWH�XZQ�]�J�UWX H�IR® sT��¯ ¤\`cVYo�� *� eDQT¬�LpQ[e

`cL VYopQZVYo�`cI£IKQ[duVY`bJ"L1x�ª�opQ�H�IKNFXZSDVKJ�VY`cd<jc`cX�`bVYIRJ�]hVYopQ<LDH�`cn�QZQ[IKVY`cX�H�VKJ�UWI S L $&%W�('!) ) � $ %Z� ' ) Y l7]�J�U~VYopQ�IKS�Q[dT`cH�j

dTH�IKQ�¤(opQTUYQ � (»w l«IY`cX¦iDjbVYH�LpQTJ"iDIWjbN�IKJ"jbn�Q<Q[©�iDH�VY`cJ"LDI�VYH�·F`cLpk=VYopQ�IYH�X�Q�]�J�U�X H�I ® s�sO¯ H�L�e+® s[w"¯ Q � duQTSDV

VYoDH�V � * ( ®I� 4 ) � 4 ¯ `�L=VYopQyIYQ[duJ"LDe�VKQTUWX H�LDe � * ( ®I� 4 ) � 7 ¯ `cL�VYopQ£VYoD`cUWe=VKQTUWX=x6¨(Q[LDduQ~VYoDQ~¬DUWIYV�V�¤hJ

VKQTUWX�IR`cLgQ[H�dWo,Q[©:iDH�VY`bJ"L H�UYQ¦VYopQ¦IWH�XZQyH�IRVYopQTN�¤hQTUYQ¦]�J�URVYopQ¦��H�IKQ[jc`�LpQ~H�SDSDUWJ"H�dWo&l�¤\oD`�jbQ�VYopQ¦VYoD`bUWe�VKQTUWX

`cI6eD`bµ�QTUYQ[L�VTx�ª�oDQRQ[©:iDH�VY`bJ"L�I\H�UYQ£IY`�X�`cjcH�Ua]�J�U�k�Q[LpQTUWH�jK�¥x$zFQTQ~|\S�S�Q[L�eD` � ]�J�U\epQTVYH�`cjcI[x����� � -� �>�����1�"� �$%��42 ���������� #������3��5�5����1�&E�-

ª�opQ6Q[H�IW`bQ[IKV�H�SDS�UYJ"H�dWo `cI8VKJy`ck"LpJ�UYQ�X�`cIWIY`cLpk�eDH�VYH£�:N�H�IYIYiDX�`�Lpk£X�`cIYIW`cLpk�eDH�VYH~H�UYQ(`bk"LpJ�UWH���jcQ�®��K� ¯ x�mRLDjc`b·�Q

VYopQa��H�IKQ[j�`cLpQaH�LDe��«²£f �gH�SDSDUYJ"H�d�opQ[ITl"VYoDQh��`cH�I_opQTUYQ6H�UW`cIKQ[I«]�UYJ"X `bk"LpJ�U�`cLpk\��J�VYoZX�`�IYIY`cLpk'� �}IH�LDe�X�`�IYIY`cLpk

Page 10: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

� �}ITl�H�LDeAVYopQyepUYJ�S�J"ipV6XZJFepQ[j® ��¯ `cI6LDJ�V\LpQTQ[epQ[e&xª\opQ�UYQ[IYiDjcVY`cLpkZLDH�`bn�Q£jbJ�k"j�`b·�Q[jc`copJ:JFe<]�J�U\iDLD`cV � `cI

� $&%W�('!) ®$� � � � � ¯�( � ®$� � 4 � � � 4 ¯ M����� 7 ! ®$& � ( . M sO¯ � ®$� � 7 ),+,+,+-) � �6� � � � 4 ) � � ¯ �

z:QTVKVY`cLDk,VYoDQ�Q � S�Q[duVYH�VY`bJ"L J�](VYopQ=LDH�`bn�Q=IYduJ�UYQ=]¸iDLDduVY`bJ"L4VKJ ¡TQTUYJ�H�LDe IWipSDSDUYQ[IWIY`cLpk�VYoDQAIWip��IYduUW`cSDV � l$VYopQ

H�IKNFXZSDVKJ�VY`cd~jc`cX�`bVYIhJ�]«VYopQ~LDH�`cn�Q�Q[IKVY`cX�H�VKJ�UWI?S L $&%W�('!) ) � $ %Z�('!) Y l�]�J�U�VYoDQ~`cjcjci�IKVKUWH�VY`bn�Q � ( w dTH�IKQ�l�IYJ"jbn�Q

¹�S�®$X ���� �� M � 7��� �� ¯ G 4 ��Q4C®�r@4 � �� � 4 L ��� �� ¯ZY M ��UC®¸M ( ± ¯ ¹�� L ��� �� � ®�r%7 � r4 ) � ¯ ���� M ( ± � ( �U) ® s ± ¯

sw ¹ � ®$�O4 � �� :4 L $&%W�('!) ¯ 7®$X $&%W�('!) M � 7$ %Z�('!) ¯ 7 � s

X $ %Z� ' ) M � 7$&%W�('!) � s 7 M ��UC®¸M ( ± ¯ ¹ � � $&%W�('!) � ®$�P7 � �14 ) � ¯ ���� & ( ± �"( � ) ® sut�¯

¤\opQTUWQQ� ( ®I� 4 ) � 7 ¯ : l�H�LDe�VYoDQ~Q � S�Q[duVYH�VY`cJ"LDI(H�UWQyVYH�·�Q[L iDLDeDQTU\VYopQyVKUWipQyX�J:epQ[j�Iy® �"¯ §�® ��¯ ¤\`bVYo�UYQ[IKS�Q[duV

VKJ VYopQ�VKUWipQAeD`cIKVKUW`c��ipVY`bJ"LDI�J�]�®I� 4 ) � 7 ) �O4 ) �P7 ¯ x)q\J�VKQ=VYoDH�V�Q[©:iDH�VY`bJ"LDIA® s ± ¯ H�LDe ® sut�¯ H�UYQAVYopQAIYH�XZQ=H�I

Q[©:iDH�VY`bJ"LDI�® s�sO¯ H�LDe ® s[w"¯ ]�J�UZ�«²~f �hl«Q � duQTSDVZ¤\`cVYo¥VYoDQAIYQ[duJ"LDe VKQTUWX�IZX<`cIYIY`cLDkpx ª\oDH�VZ`cI���Q[dTH�iDIKQAVYopQ

IKQ[duJ"LDe�VKQTUWX�I\`�L�® s�sO¯ H�LDe�® s[w"¯ duJ�UYUYQ[IKS�J"LDe=VKJ X�`cIYIY`�Lpk¦e�H�VYHFlD¤\oD`cd�o=`cI�`bk"LDJ�UYQ[e=`cLAVYopQ£�K� H�LDH�jbNFIY`cITx

����� � -� �"����!�%>�"�

IKJ"jciDVY`bJ"LDITx��)QZL�i�XZQTUW`cdTH�jcjcN�dTH�jcdTiDjcH�VKQ[e,VYopQZH�IKNFXZSDVKJ�VY`cd¦��`�H�IKQ[IRJ�]VYopQZLDH�`bn�Q�Q[IKVY`cX<H�VKJ�UWIR��N,IY`cX¦iDjbVYH�LpQu§

J"iDIYjcN�IKJ"jbnF`cLpk�Q[©�i�H�VY`bJ"LDI�® s�sO¯ H�LDe+® s[w"¯ ]�J�U�VYopQZ��H�IKQ[j�`cLpQyH�L�e)�«²£f �¿H�SDSDUYJ"H�d�opQ[ITl�H�L�e Q[©�iDH�VY`cJ"LDIZ® s ± ¯

H�LDe ® sut�¯ ]�J�U�VYopQ¦�K� H�SDSDUWJ"H�dWo&x�ª�opQ�À�H�iDIWI0§�¨\QTU�X�`bVKQ�©�iDH�eDUWH�VYipUYQy¤hH�I�iDIYQ[e�VKJAQTn�H�jciDH�VKQ�VYopQ�`cL�VKQTk�U�H�jcI

H�LDe=VYoDQ£q\QT¤�VKJ"Lp§�M\H�S�oDIYJ"L�XZQTVYopJFe=¤aH�I�iDIKQ[e�VKJ<IKJ"jbn�Q£VYoDQ�Q[©�iDH�VY`cJ"LDITx

�)Q\H�IWIYiDXZQ[eZ`cL�J"iDUL�iDX�QTUW`cdTH�jFdTH�jcdTiDjcH�VY`cJ"LDI_VYopQ6VKUWipQ6S�H�UWH�XZQTVKQTUn�H�jcipQ[I_¤hQTUYQ L ^ ( s l L 4 (�s l X (�s l

� 7 (»s l A 4 (»s l �(»s l " 7 (»s l \ ^ ( �~sT� l1H�LDe \ 4 (´� x(�)QZX�H�eDQ¦eD`bµ�QTUYQ[L�V(H�IWIYiDXZSDVY`cJ"LDI\H���J"ipVRVYopQ

UYQ[jcH�VY`cJ"LDIYoD`bS=��QTV�¤$QTQ[L � H�V\VY`cXZQyS�J"`cL�VYI s H�LDe w �:N=n�H�UYNF`cLpk�® � ^ )"� 4 ¯ ( ® � � � )Y� � �"¯ ) ® s � �U)Y� � ��¯ ) ® � � � )[s � ��¯ x

�0L�Q[H�d�o�dTH�IKQ�l&¤hQ¦dTH�jcdTi�jcH�VKQ[e VYopQ�H�IKN:X�SDVKJ�VY`cdy��`cH�IKQ[IR�:N�`cLDduUYQ[H�IW`cLpk<VYoDQyn�H�jcipQ[I(J�] \ 7 x�ª\oD`cIRH�jcjbJO¤hQ[e iDI

VKJ�`cL�n�Q[IYVY`bk"H�VKQRoDJO¤3VYopQ(H�IKNFXZSDVKJ�VY`�d\��`�H�IKQ[I�d�oDH�Lpk�Q[eAH�I�VYoDQ(X�H�UYk"`�LDH�jDSDUWJ���H���`cjc`cV�N~J�]1eDUYJ�S�J"ipV�`cLDduUWQ[H�IKQ[e&x

�pJ�U«VYopQ$Q[H�IKQ�J�]D`cL�VKQTUYSDUWQTVYH���`cjc`bV�N�l[¤hQ�S�jbJ�V7`cL��_`bk"ipUYQ s VYopQUWQ[jcH�VY`bn�Q���`cH�I&S�jbJ�VYI�]�J�U7VYopQVYopUWQTQ$H�SDSDU�H�J:d�opQ[I

H(]�iDL�duVY`bJ"L~J�]�VYopQ6epUYJ�S�J"ipV1SDUWJ���H���`cjc`cV�N�`cLDIKVKQ[H�eyJ�] \ 7�l�]�J�U6® � ^ )"� 4 ¯0( ® � � � )Y� � �"¯ l�¤\o�`cdWo¦H�IYIYiDX�Q[I�VYopQhn�H�jcipQ

J�]�� H�V�VYopQyV�¤$J�VY`cXZQ¦S�J"`�L�VYI�H�UYQ�S�J"IY`bVY`bn�Q[jcN�duJ�UYUYQ[jcH�VKQ[e&x~�3opQ[L VYoDQ¦X�H�UWk"`cLDH�j«SDUYJ���H���`cjc`bV�N�J�]hepUYJ�S�J"ipV

Page 11: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

`cI�¡TQTUWJpl«VYoDQ �«²~f � H�LDe��K� H�SDSDUYJ"H�d�opQ[I~NF`bQ[jce¢iDL���`cH�IKQ[e)S�H�U�H�XZQTVKQTUWITl_IY`cLDduQ H�jcj8J�]aVYopQ e�H�VYH�H�UYQ<i�IKQ[e&x

¨(JO¤hQTn�QTU[l7VYoDQ¦��H�IKQ[jc`cLpQ�H�SDSDUWJ"H�dWo�IKVY`�jcj�NF`bQ[jce,��`�H�IKQ[e,Q[IKVY`cX�H�VKQ[I�QTn�Q[L�¤\opQ[L,VYopQTUYQ�H�UYQZLpJ�eDUYJ�S�J"ipVYITx~|RI

VYopQ¦X�H�UYk"`cLDH�j�SDUYJ���H���`cjc`bV�N<J�]epUYJ�S�J"ipV\k�J�Q[I(VKJ J"LDQ�l�VYopQ¦H�XZJ"iDL�V(J�]8��`�H�I6]�UWJ"X­VYopQy��H�IKQ[jc`�LpQ£H�LDe��_²£f �

H�SDSDUWJ"H�dWopQ[IAduJ"L�n�QTUYk�Q VKJ¥Q[H�d�o J�VYopQTU�®¸dTipUYn�Q[I�LpJ�V�IWopJO¤\L ¯ l�IY`cLDduQgVYopQ,X�QTVYopJ:e�I<H�UYQ,Q[©�i�`bn�H�jcQ[L�V ¤\opQ[L

H�jcj8iDL�`bVYI�epUYJ�S�J"ipV£H�]�VKQTU~VY`cX�QZS�J"`�L�V s x<ª\opQ��«²£f �3H�S�SDUYJ"H�dWo¢N:`cQ[jceDI�S�H�UWH�X�QTVKQTUWI£¤\`cVYo)H�IYX�H�jcjcQTU���`cH�I

VYoDH�L,VYopQ¦��H�IKQ[jc`�LpQ~H�SDSDUWJ"H�dWo&x�ª�opQ¦�0� H�SDSDUYJ"H�d�ogUWQ[IYiDjbVYI(`cLgIW`cX�`cjcH�U\��`cH�IKQ[IR`cL�VYoDQ¦Q[IYVY`cX�H�VKQ[IRJ�] L 4�H�LDe

� VKJ,VYopJ"IKQAiDIY`�Lpk�VYopQ��«²£f ��H�SDSDUYJ"H�d�o&l8��ipV~H,XZJ�UYQ ��`cH�IKQ[e¥Q[IKVY`cX<H�VKQ J�]6VYopQ�n�H�UW`cH�LDduQ�duJ"XZS�J"LpQ[L�V�Xpx

|Rjcj8VYopUYQTQ�LDH�`bn�Q<H�S�SDUYJ"H�dWoDQ[I~k"`bn�Q�H�VKVKQ[L�i�H�VKQ[e Q[IKVY`cX�H�VKQ[IyJ�] L 4[x=^$J�VYo¥VYopQ ��H�IKQ[jc`cLDQ�H�LDe��K� H�SDSDUYJ"H�d�o

iDLDeDQTUYQ[IKVY`cX�H�VKQ(VYopQ�n�H�U�`cH�LDduQ�duJ"XZS�J"LpQ[L�VYI�Xpl:¤\oD`�jbQ�VYopQ���`cH�I$J�]1VYopQ��«²~f ��Q[IKVY`�X�H�VKQ�J�]1X�`cI$IWX�H�jcj x_^hJ�VYo

VYopQ£��H�IKQ[jc`cLpQ�H�LDe=�_²£f � H�SDSDUWJ"H�dWopQ[I\JOn�QTUYQ[IKVY`�X�H�VKQ � lp¤(oD`cjbQ�VYopQ��K� Q[IKVY`cX�H�VKQ£J�] � oDH�I\jc`bVKVYjbQ���`cH�I[x

�)QRH�jcIKJ~dTH�jcdTi�jcH�VKQ[eZ��`cH�I�dTipUYn�Q[IiDL�epQTUJ�VYopQTU�IWduQ[LDH�UW`bJ"ITx_� opQ[L�VYoDQ6n�H�jciDQ�J�]8� H�V�VY`�XZQ6S�J"`cL�VYI s H�LDe

w ¤hQTUYQ£H�IYIYi�XZQ[e=VKJZ��Q£iDLDduJ�UYUWQ[jcH�VKQ[e�®�Q�x�kpxbl � ^ (�s*)"� 4 ( ��¯ lDVYopQ£IWoDH�S�Q�J�]7VYopQ£dTiDUYn�Q[I\jbJ:J�·�Q[e�IY`�X�`cjcH�UhVKJ

�_`bk"ipUYQ s l���iDV�VYopQyX<H�k"LD`bVYiDepQ�J�]8VYoDQ~��`cH�IYQ[I�¤aH�I(jcH�UWk�QTU[xa�3opQ[L � 7£`cI\Q[©�i�H�j1VKJ� 4\S�jciDI�UWH�LDepJ"X LpJ"`cIKQ

®¸` x�Q�xbl7® � ^ )"� 7 ¯0( ® �U)[sO¯K¯ l�Q � duQTS�V�]�J�U � 7 lDVYopQ~X�H�k"L�`bVYiDepQ�J�]«VYopQ£��`�H�IKQ[I�`cI�IWX�H�jcjbQTU6VYoDH�L�`cL �_`bk"ipUYQ s x$ª�opQ

��`cH�IaS�jbJ�V6J�] � 7 `cI6LpQ[H�UWjbN�`cepQ[L�VY`cdTH�j&VKJ�VYo�H�V�J�]��_`bk"iDUYQ s x

²�iDUyH�IKNFXZSDVKJ�VY`cd<��`cH�IyH�LDH�jbNFIY`cI~IWopJO¤\IyVYoDH�VyVYopQ VYoDUYQTQ LDH�`cn�Q H�SDSDUWJ"H�dWopQ[I¦VKJgo�H�LDeDjbQ<X<`cIYIY`cLDk=VY`cXZQu§

n�H�UYN:`�Lpk)duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I J�]�VKQ[L NF`bQ[jce ��`cH�IKQ[e S�H�UWH�X�QTVKQTU�Q[IKVY`cX�H�VKQ[I[x ª�opQ�H�XZJ"i�L�VZJ�]R��`cH�IZepQTS�Q[LDe�I�J"L VYopQ

n�H�jcipQ[IyJ�]�VYopQ�VKUWipQ<S�H�UWH�XZQTVKQTUWI¦J�]�VYopQAXZJFepQ[j x,ª�opQ L�H�`bn�Q Q[IYVY`cX�H�VKQ[I�`cL¥VYopQ UWQTk�UYQ[IYIY`bJ"L¥S�H�UWH�X�QTVKQTU¦J�]

X�H�`cL�`cL�VKQTUWQ[IKV L 4(H�UWQyH�VKVKQ[L:iDH�VKQ[e H�LDe=VYopQy��`cH�I�`cL L 4(`cLDduUWQ[H�IKQ[I�H�I(VYopQ~duJ�UYUYQ[j�H�VY`bJ"L���QTV�¤hQTQ[L � H�V(VY`cXZQ

S�J"`cL�VYI s H�LDe w eDQ[duUYQ[H�IKQ[ITx

� � � � �!� � � ��� �� �����N� � � �����

ª�opQ�H�IYN:XZS�VKJ�VY`cd6��`cH�I_UWQ[IYiDjbVYI`�L h±�IYipk�k�Q[IYVVYoDH�V�H£IYVYH�VY`cIKVY`cdTH�j�XZJ:eDQ[jpLpQTQ[eDI8VKJ£��Q�epQTn�Q[jcJ�S�Q[e�VKJ~H�dTduJ"iDL�V

]�J�U_H�dTduJ"i�L�V]�J�U8X�`cIYIW`cLpk\VY`�XZQu§>n�H�UWN:`cLDkRduJCn�H�UW`�H�VKQ[I`cLyVYopQaSDUYQ[IKQ[LDduQaJ�]�`cLp]�J�UWX�H�VY`bn�QaepUYJ�S�J"ipVYITx7�)Q6SDUYJ�S�J"IKQ

IYiDd�o�HZXZJFepQ[j&iDIY`�Lpk�VYopQ£IKQ[jbQ[duVY`bJ"Lp§>VKUWH�LDIY`bVY`cJ"L=XZJ:eDQ[j® sO¯ §�® ± ¯ x6z:VYH�VY`�IKVY`cdTH�j1`cLD]�QTUYQ[L�duQR]�J�U\XZJFepQ[j® sO¯ §�® ± ¯ `cI

sT�

Page 12: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

dWo�H�jcjbQ[Lpk�Q[e<��NZVYopQ(S�J"IYIY`b��jcNyoD`bk"o eD`cXZQ[L�IY`bJ"LDH�jp`cL�VKQTk�UWH�jcI$`cL�VYoDQ � J"`cL�Vh©�i�H�IY`cjc`b·�Q[j�`copJ:J:eA® t�¯ x �pJ�U\À�H�iDIWIY`cH�L

J"ipVYduJ"XZQ%� � H�LDe=À�H�iDIYIW`cH�L<VY`�XZQu§>n�H�UWN:`cLDkyduJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I35 �6��� VYoDQR©:iDH�IY`cj�`b·�Q[jc`copJ:JFeA® t�¯ dTH�L���QRIW`cXZS�jc`c¬DQ[eZH�LDe

J"LDjbNg`cL�n�J"jcn�Q[I�J"LpQ�eD`cXZQ[L�IY`bJ"LDH�j7`cL�VKQTk�U�H�j�®¸M�JON H�LDe)�7`cL&l w����"w"¯ xZ¨\JC¤$QTn�QTU[l7]�J�U£LDJ"LF§ À�H�iDIYIW`cH�L eDH�VYHAVYopQ

eD`cX�Q[LDIY`bJ"LZJ�]1`�L�VKQTk�UWH�VY`cJ"L<J�]&VYopQ � J"`cL�V$©�iDH�IW`cjc`b·�Q[jc`�opJ�JFe=® t�¯ `cI�# M s M �P7Ol:¤\oD`cd�o<X�HON���Q\©:iD`bVKQ(j�H�UYk�Q�x8�)Q

opQ[LDduQyepQTn�Q[jbJ�S�H�L�¹h� H�jbk�J�UW`bVYoDX¼H�S�SDUYJ"H�dWo�]�J�U\Q[IKVY`cX�H�VY`bJ"L1x

ª�oDQduJ"XZS�jbQTVKQ�e�H�VYH6]�J�U7IYip� � Q[duV � H�UYQ�S-� � ) & � ) 5 � ) 2 � ) > � Y H�LDe�VYoDQ8J���IKQTUYn�Q[eyeDH�VYH�H�UYQ�S-� ����� � � ) & � ) 5 ����� � � ) 2 � Y xª�opQ6duJ"XZS�jbQTVKQ\eDH�VYH�jbJ�k"j�`b·�Q[jc`copJ:JFey`cI ��� ® � ¯0( � $��� 4 S � ®$� � � 2 � ) 5 � ) > � ° L ) C ¯ M � ® 5 � � 5 � 4 ) 2 � ° �1)"7¯ M � ® > � °WX ¯ M

� ®$& � � � � ) 5 ����� � � ) 2 ����� � � ° \8¯ZY ) ¤\opQTUYQ�Q[H�d�o�J�]_VYopQ£VKQTU�X�I6¤aH�I\epQT¬�LDQ[e=`cL# w x

��QTV � ab� c epQ[LpJ�VKQ�VYopQ£Q[IYVY`cX�H�VKQ£J�] � H�V�VYoDQQ.:VYo�`bVKQTUWH�VY`cJ"L&xª�opQ~��§�IKVKQTSgiDS�e�H�VKQ[I L �:N�IKJ"jcn:`cLDk$���� 4

a �� � 4dc � ��� � 4 ¹ �8� �6� A +�6��� G 4�6� ®$� �6� � A �6��¯ ���� � ����� � � ) 5 ����� � � ) 2 � ) & � °�� ab� c � ( �U) ® s �"¯

¤\opQTUWQ�A +��� (�s � J +�®IA �6��¯ H�LDe � �6� ( C D F G 4�6� H D ®IA �6��¯ x �pJ�Uhj�`cLpQ[H�UX�` � Q[e�XZJFepQ[jcI[l�® s �"¯ oDH�I$H£dTjbJ"IKQ[e<]�J�U�X=°�]�J�U

À��«�g�gI_]�J�U8LpJ"Lp§�LpJ�UWX�H�jFeDH�VYHFl�® s �"¯ LDQTQ[eDI«VKJR��QaIKJ"jbn�Q[e�`bVKQTUWH�VY`cn�Q[jbNyiDIW`cLpk\VYoDQ �_`cIYoDQTUK§�IYduJ�UW`cLDkRH�jbk�J�U�`bVYoDX=x

ª�opQZQ[IYVY`cX�H�VKQ�J�]BCED<`cI£ipS&eDH�VKQ[e IY`�X�`cjcH�UWjcN�xyª�opQZS�H�UWH�XZQTVKQTUWI � H�LDe C : H�UYQ ipS&eDH�VKQ[e)`cL)H�L�H�LDH�jcJ�k�J"iDI

X�H�LDLDQTU[l�IY`cL�duQ # 5 �6��� � 5 �Iab� c � &7`cI\H�IWIYiDXZQ[e�VKJ<]�J"jcjbJO¤´H�À��«��x���] V ®$X ¯ `cI\iDLDIKVKUWi�duVYipUYQ[e&lpVYopQ[L,`bV\`�I�ipS&eDH�VKQ[e

iDIY`�Lpk V ab��� 4dc ( 4$ � $� � 4 ¹BS/> � > : � � � ����� � � ) 5 ����� � �d) 2 � ) & � °�� ab� c Y x ª\opQgS�H�UWH�XZQTVKQTUWI=`cL3VYopQ)epUWJ�S�J"iDV XZJFepQ[j

\�( ® \ ^ 7 ),+,+,+-)Z\ ^ � )Z\ : 4 ¯ : H�UYQyipS&eDH�VKQ[e=`bVKQTUWH�VY`bn�Q[jcN�iDIW`cLpk�VYopQ~q(QT¤�VKJ"LF§�M(H�S�oDIKJ"L�H�jck�J�UW`bVYoDX

\ a���� 4dc (]\ ab� c � � 7 ��� \ \ :�� G 4 ��� \ ���� � ��� )¤\opQTUWQ

� � \ ($���� 4��� �� � ���

� � 7 � ¹(®$[ �������6� � � ����� � � ) 5 ����� � � ) 2P� ) &<� ¯�� � M¹ S«® s � [ ��� �� � 4 ¯�� ��� �� � 4 � � ����� � � ) 5 ����� � �d) 2 � ) & � ) Y � # � � $��'& � )

7 � � \ \ : ($���� 4

a ���� 4dc�� ����� 7 � ¹ ��[ �6� ® s � [ �6��¯����6��� : �6� ���� � ����� � �d) 5 ����� � � ) 2 � ) & � � )

H�LDe ����� ( S � ) _ :�Iab� G 4dc Y : H�L�e � `cI6H�®$� �+sO¯ s n�Q[duVKJ�U(J�]«¡TQTUYJ"I�Q � duQTSDV(VYoDH�V�VYopQQ.:VYo=Q[jcQ[XZQ[L�V(`cI s x

s�s

Page 13: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

ª�oDQ<¹8§�IKVKQTS `cL�n�J"jbn�Q[IyVYH�·:`cLDk�Q � S�Q[duVYH�VY`bJ"L�I~J�]6]¸iDLDduVY`bJ"L�I�J�]aVYopQ�� X�`�IYIY`cLpk�e�H�VYH �7duJ"LDeD`cVY`bJ"LDH�j8J"L¥VYopQ

J���IKQTUWn�Q[e�eDH�VYH H�LDe=VYH�·�Q¦VYopQ£]�J�UWX�¹�S��D® > � ) � � � � � ) 51 � � � � ¯ � � ����� � �d) 5 ����� � � ) 2 � ) & � Y l�¤\opQTUYQ���`�I�HZ]¸iDLDduVY`bJ"L=J�]

VYopQ£X�`�IYIY`cLpk¦eDH�VYHFlpQ�x�kpxbl��D® > � ) � � � � � ) 5 � � � � ¯0( > �$> : � x �pJ�U(IYip� � Q[duVYI6LpJ�V�epUYJ�S�S�`cLpkyJ"ipVTlpVYopQ�Q � S�Q[duVYH�VY`cJ"L�`cI

¹�S��D® > � ¯ � � � ) 5 � ) & � Y<( , � ® >Z� ¯ �R®$�E� � 5P� ) 2P� ¯ �(®$&<� � �8� ) 5 � ) 2P� ¯ �R® 5P� ¯ �R® >Z� ¯�� >Z�, �R®$� � � 5 � ) 2 � ¯ �(®$& � � � � ) 5 � ) 2 � ¯ �R® 5 � ¯ �R® > � ¯�� > � )

¤\opQTUWQ<VYopQA`cL�VKQTk�UWH�jcI�H�UYQ #O§�e�`cXZQ[LDIY`cJ"LDH�jH�LDe¥VYopQ�À�H�iDIYIY`�H�L¥©:iDH�epUWH�VYiDUYQ dTH�L4��Q�i�IKQ[e¢VKJ,QTn�H�jciDH�VKQAVYopQ

`cL�VKQTk�UWH�j x �pJ�U�IYip� � Q[duVYI6VYo�H�V\eD`ceAepUYJ�S=J"iDV�J�]_VYopQ£IKVYiDepN�lpVYoDQ£Q � S�Q[duVYH�VY`bJ"L�I�VYH�·�Q~VYoDQ�]�J�UWX

¹�S � ® > � ) � � � � � ) 5 � � � � ¯ � � ����� � �d) 5 ����� � � ) &<� Y (, � ® > � ) �� � � � � ) 5 � � � � ¯ �(®$� � � 5 � ) 2 � ¯ �(®$& � � � � ) 5 � ) 2 � ¯ �R® 5 � ¯ �(® > � ¯�� �� � � � � � 5 � � � � � > �, �(®$� � � 5 � ) 2 � ¯ �(®$& � � � � ) 5 � ) 2 � ¯ �R® 5 � ¯ �(® > � ¯�� �� � � � � � 51 � � � � � > � )

¤\opQTUWQhVYoDQa`�L�VKQTk�UWH�j�I8oDH[n�Q\o�`bk"opQTU8eD`cXZQ[L�IY`bJ"LDI7H�LDeZH�UYQB# M s M �87�§�eD`cXZQ[LDIW`bJ"LDH�j x1�0LZIKJ"XZQ�IYS�Q[dT`�H�j:dTH�IYQ[I8VYopQ

`cL�VKQTk�UWH�j�dTH�Lg��Q�QTn�H�j�iDH�VKQ[ege�`bUYQ[duVYjbN�x �pJ�URQ � H�XZS�jbQ�l�`b]«VYopQ~UWQ[IKS�J"LDIKQ£`cI\��`cLDH�UYN�lD`�L�VKQTk�UWH�VY`cJ"L�JOn�QTU�X�`�IYIY`cLpk

� `cI � iDIKVyH�V�¤hJ�§>S�H�UYV�IYiDX<X�H�VY`bJ"L&xA� ]hVYoDQ�UYQ[IKS�J"LDIKQ `cI~LpJ�U�X�H�j l�J�U�duJ"XZS�J"LpQ[L�VYI£J�]�5 VYoDH�VyH�UWQ<��`cL�H�UYN

J�U\LpJ�U�X�H�j l:VYopQTN�duJ"i�jceA��Q�`�L�VKQTk�UWH�VKQ[e�JOn�QTU(e�`bUYQ[duVYjbN�x8|���J"L�VKQ¦faH�UWjcJ�H�S�SDUYJ � `cX�H�VY`cJ"L ®��)Q[`7H�LDeAª7H�L�LpQTU

s[����� °_^$J:J�VYo)H�LDe)¨(J���QTUYV s[�����"¯ dTH�L)��Q¦iDIYQ[e,H�I�H�L)H�jcVKQTUWLDH�VY`bn�Q�]�J�U£H�jcj«J�U�S�H�UYVRJ�]�VYopQ�`cL�VKQTk�UWH�jcI[x£ª�opQ

XZQTVYopJFe=J�]_�1J"iD`�I~® s[����w"¯ `cI\iDIKQ[eA]�J�U�J��DVYH�`cLD`�Lpk�IKVYH�LDeDH�U�eAQTUYUYJ�UWI6Q[IYVY`cX�H�VKQ[ITx

� � � � ���Z � � �����

�)Q�dTH�UYUYN=J"ipV(V�¤hJ�IY`�XyiDj�H�VY`bJ"L=IKVYiDeD`cQ[I���J"LDQ~]�J�U(duJ"L�VY`cL�iDJ"iDI(e�H�VYH<H�LDe�J"LpQ~]�J�U(��`cLDH�UYNAeDH�VYHFx�ª�opQ~k�J"H�j

H�UYQ VKJ�QTn�H�jciDH�VKQ<VYoDQ<¬�LD`cVKQ�IYH�XZS�jbQ<S�QTUW]�J�UWX<H�LDduQ�J�]aVYopQ ¹h� H�jbk�J�UW`bVYo�X ]�J�U¦VYopQ�S�UYJ�S�J"IKQ[e�XZJFepQ[j l_H�LDe

VYopQy¬�LD`bVKQ¦IYH�XZS�jbQ~��`cH�I�J�]�VYopQ~VYopUWQTQ¦LDH�`cn�QyXZQTVYopJFeDI(]�J�U�oDH�LDe�jc`cLpkZX�`cIWIY`cLpk<duJCn�H�U�`cH�VKQ[ITxR�)QyQ � S�H�LDegVYopQ

IKQTVKVY`cLDkZJ�]«VYoDQ~H�IKNFXZSDVKJ�VY`cd���`�H�I6��NAduJ"LDIY`�epQTUW`cLpk�XZJ�UYQ~VYoDH�L=V�¤hJ<VY`�XZQ�S�J"`cL�VYI6`�LAJ"ipU\IY`cX¦iDjcH�VY`cJ"L&x

�pJ�Uy��J�VYo)IKQTVYI�J�]aIY`cX¦iDjcH�VY`bJ"LDI[l&¤$QZk�Q[LpQTU�H�VKQ[e¢duJ"XZS�jcQTVKQ�eDH�VYH=]�UYJ"X � (­sT��� IYiD� � Q[duVYI£¤\`bVYo�� ( ±

J���IKQTUWn�H�VY`bJ"L�I\Q[H�d�o&x(ª�oDQ~n�Q[duVKJ�U2 �6� duJ"LDIY`�IKVKQ[e�J�]�H�L,`cL�VKQTUWduQTSDVRH�LDe�VY`�XZQ�xR²�LpQyVY`cXZQu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpk<duJCn�H�UW`�H�VKQ

5 ��� ¤aH�I�k�Q[LpQTUWH�VKQ[e1x��)Q~H�IYIWiDXZQ[e=VYopQ�S�UYJ���H���`cj�`bV�N�[ �6� ]�J�U . ( w ) ±:l

jbJ�k"`bVO®$[ �6��¯�( \1^�� M \ 4Z� ��� � G 4 M \ 7,� �6� �

s[w

Page 14: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

¹�H�d�o=IY`cX¦iDjcH�VKQ[e eDH�VYH�IKQTVa¤hH�IaH�LDH�jbN:¡TQ[eAiDIY`cLDk~]�J"ipUhX�QTVYopJ:e�I ��VYopQ�¹$��§>��H�IKQ[e=�g��¹ XZQTVYopJFe�H�LDe�VYopUYQTQ

LDH�`bn�Q£X�QTVYopJ:e�I�eD`cIYdTi�IYIKQ[eA`cLgz:Q[duVY`cJ"L�±:x �pJ�U(Q[H�dWo,duJ"Lp¬Dk"ipUWH�VY`cJ"L&l sT����� UYQTS�jc`cdTH�VY`bJ"LDIh¤hQTUYQ~epJ"LDQ�x

����� ���7�"���_!���!��=������56�������

�pJ�U VYoD`cI�IY`�XyiDj�H�VY`bJ"L IKVYiDepN¥¤$Q,H�IYIYiDX�Q[e ��J�VYo H�duJ"L�VY`�L�ipJ"i�I�UYQ[IKS�J"LDIYQAH�L�e+duJ"L�VY`�L�ipJ"i�I�VY`cXZQu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpk

duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ�x��_`bUWIKVTl�¤$Q¦k�Q[LpQTUWH�VKQ[e 5 � 4(]�UYJ"X H IKVYH�LDeDH�U�egLpJ�U�X�H�j�eD`�IKVKUW`b��iDVY`bJ"L&xh�)QyVYopQ[Lgk�Q[LpQTUWH�VKQ[e 5 �6�(

� ^ M � 4�5 ��� � G 4 M � ��� � l1]�J�U. ( w ) ±:l«¤\opQTUWQ � �6� � R ® �U)[sO¯ x�ª�oDQ¦UWQ[IKS�J"LDIKQZ¤aH�I£VYopQ[LT� �6� ( L ^ M L � . ML : 5 �6� M � �6� lD¤(opQTUYQQ> �«H�L�e � �_¤hQTUYQ~`cLDeDQTS�Q[L�epQ[L�VYjcN�eD`cIKVKUW`c��ipVKQ[eAH�IBR ® �U)[sO¯ x

�)Q�IKQTV L ^ (�s l L 4 ( � � � l L 7 (�s l \ ^ 7 ( \ ^�� ( � � � H�LDe \ 4 ( � x8�)Q�IY`cX¦iDjcH�VKQ[e�eDH�VYH¦iDLDepQTUhn�H�U�`bJ"iDI

n�H�jcipQ[Ia]�J�U \ 7�H�L�e � `cLAJ�U�epQTU�VKJ<d�oDH�Lpk�Q£VYopQ£H�X�J"iDL�V\J�]«X�`�IYIY`cLpk�eDH�VYHFlDVYoDQ£epQTS�Q[LDepQ[LDduQ�J�]_X�`cIYIY`�Lpk"LpQ[IYI

J"L � H�LDe¥VYopQ=epQTk�UYQTQ�VKJ ¤\oD`cd�oT5 �6� epQTS�Q[LDeDI~J"L¥VYoDQ S�H�IYVTx ª\opQ UWQ[IYiDjbVYIyH�UYQAk"`bn�Q[L `cL¥ª«H���jbQ s x)ª�opQ

SDUYJ�S�J"IKQ[e)¹h�=§>��H�IKQ[e¢�g��¹´XZQTVYopJFe N:`bQ[j�epQ[e)LpQ[H�UWjbN,iDL���`cH�IKQ[e Q[IKVY`�X�H�VKQ[I£J�] L � H�LDe L : ®�$ w�� ��`cH�I�`cL

H�jcj$dTH�IKQ[I ¯ xgª\opQ<��H�IYQ[jc`cLpQ�H�SDS�UYJ"H�dWo4S�QTUY]�J�UWXZQ[e)S�J:J�UWjbN)`cL�H�jcj$dTH�IKQ[I¦Q � duQTS�V¦]�J�U L : ¤\oDQ[L � ^ (¼� H�LDe

� 4 (�s x �pJ�UaVYopJ"IKQRn�H�j�ipQ[I�J�] � l:]�iDVYipUYQ\n�H�jcipQ[I$J�] 5 ¤$QTUWQRIKVKUWJ"Lpk"jbNZSDUYQ[e�`cduVKQ[e<�:NZVYopQRS�H�IKVTlFH�LDe VYopQTUYQT]�J�UYQ

`cXZS�ipVY`cLpkAiDIY`cLDk ��H�IYQ[jc`cLpQ�n�H�jcipQ[I�¤aH�I~LpJ�V�VKJ:J�duJ"IKVYjbN�l«H�jbVYopJ"ipk"o�VYopQ�XZQTVYopJFe)IKVY`cjcj«S�QTUY]�J�UWX�I�S�J:J�UWjbN�]�J�U

Q[IKVY`cX<H�VY`cLpk L � x ª�oDQ<�«²£f �3H�S�SDUYJ"H�dWo¢J"ipVKS�QTUY]�J�UWXZQ[e)VYopQ<��H�IKQ[jc`cLDQ�H�SDSDUYJ"H�d�o¢`cL)QTn�QTUWN `�LDIKVYH�LDduQ�x�ª�opQ

H�XZJ"iDL�V\J�]���`cH�I�¤aH�I ��� J�U�jbQ[IYI\¤\opQ[L \ 7 ( � � � l&H�LDe�]�J�U \ 7 ( s ¤\oDQ[L � 4 ( s ®¸IKQTU�`cH�j1J���IYQTUYn�H�VY`cJ"LDI\J�]

5 oD`bk"oDjcN�duJ�UWUYQ[jcH�VKQ[e ¯ xq(J�V6IYipUYSDU�`cIY`cLpk"jcN�l�VYopQ(��H�IKQ[jc`cLpQRH�LDe��«²£f �¥XZQTVYopJFeDI$S�QTUW]�J�UWX�Q[e�VYopQ�¤hJ�UWIKVh¤\opQ[L

VYopQTUYQ¦¤aH�IRLDJ duJ�UYUYQ[j�H�VY`bJ"Lg`�L�VYopQyUYQTS�Q[H�VKQ[e XZQ[H�IYipUYQ[X�Q[L�VYIRJ�]�5~xRª�opQy�0�ºH�SDS�UYJ"H�dWo jbQ[egVKJ ��`cH�I\J�]$jbQ[IYI

VYoDH�L sT��� ]�J�U L : `�L=Q[H�dWo,IYduQ[LDH�UW`cJpxh¨(JO¤hQTn�QTU[l�VYopQ~XZQTVYopJFe=S�QTUY]�J�UWXZQ[e=n�QTUWN�S�J:J�UWjbN ]�J�U(Q[IKVY`cX�H�VY`cLDk�VYopQ

IYjbJ�S�Q L � lp¤\`bVYoA��`�H�I6UWH�Lpk"`cLDk¦]�UYJ"X s ±ZVKJ ��� S�QTUWduQ[L�VTx

����� ;=��������@��"����56���$���

�)QZLpQ � V(IY`cX¦iDjcH�VKQ[egeDH�VYH�¤\`bVYogH���`cL�H�UYNAUYQ[IKS�J"LDIKQ¦H�LDe���`�LDH�UYNAVY`cXZQu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpk duJCn�H�U�`cH�VKQ�x(�)Q�k�Q[LpQTU�H�VKQ[e

5 � 4 ]�UYJ"X¼H�^hQTUWLDJ"iDjcjc`�eD`cIKVKU�`b��ipVY`bJ"L ¤\`bVYoAIYi�dTduQ[IYI�SDUWJ���H���`cjc`cV�N � x � l�VYoDQ[LAk�Q[LpQTUWH�VKQ[e 5 �6� ]�UYJ"X�HZ^hQTUWLDJ"iDjcjc`

eD`cIYVKUW`b��ipVY`cJ"L)¤\`bVYo IYiDdTduQ[IWI�SDUYJ���H���`�jc`bV�N)jbJ�k"`cV G 4 ® � ^ M � 4 5 � � � G 4 ¯ l]�J�U�. ( w ) ±:x¥ª�oDQ UYQ[IYS�J"L�IKQ� �6� ¤aH�I

s ±

Page 15: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

Q[©:iDH�j&VKJ s ¤(`bVYoASDUYJ���H���`cjc`bV�N<jbJ�k"`bV G 4 ® L ^ M L � . M L : 5 �6� M > � ¯ lD]�J�U . ( s*)Ww ) ±:l�¤\opQTUWQQ> � � R ® �U)[sO¯ x

�)Q�IYQTV L ^ ( �£s l L�� ( ��� � � l L : ( s l \ ^ 7 ( \ ^�� ( �\w H�LDe \ 4 ( � x �)Q�n�H�UW`bQ[e \ 7�H�I � x �

J�U s VKJ�d�oDH�Lpk�QgVYopQ=SDUYJ���H���`cjc`bV�N�J�]ReDUYJ�S�J"ipVZH�LDe VYopQ�epQTS�Q[LDeDQ[LDduQAJ�]RepUWJ�S�J"iDV¦J"L+VYopQ�dTipUYUWQ[L�V�n�H�jcipQ

J�]aVYopQ�UYQ[IYS�J"L�IKQ�x��)Q H�j�IKJ�duJ"LDIY`�epQTUYQ[e)IKQTn�QTUWH�j�n�H�j�ipQ[I�J�] � VKJgH�IYIKQ[IWI~opJC¤BVYopQ<XZQTVYoDJ:eDI£S�QTUW]�J�UWX�Q[e�H�I

IKQTUW`�H�j�duJ�UYUYQ[j�H�VY`bJ"L¢`cLT5 n�H�UW`bQ[e&x=ª«H���jbQ w IYopJC¤\I£VYoDQ<UYQ[IYi�jbVYITx=ª�opQ�S�UYJ�S�J"IKQ[e¢¹h�=§>��H�IYQ[e4�g��¹´NF`bQ[jcepQ[e

S�H�UWH�X�QTVKQTUWI�¤\`bVYo4jc`bVKVYjbQ���`cH�IA®�$�± ��¯ x¢ª\opQ ��`cH�I�IYip��IKVYH�L�VY`cH�jcjcN eDQ[duUYQ[H�IKQ�`b]6¤hQ=`cLDduUYQ[H�IKQ[e IYH�X�S�jbQAIY`b¡TQ

� ( ����� ®�UYQ[IYiDjcVYI¦LDJ�V�IWopJO¤\L ¯ x�|(IYIWiDX�`cLpkgVYopQ=X�`cIYIW`cLpkge�H�VYH,H�UWQ=�g|RM ®�VYoD`bUWe duJ"jci�X�L ¯ UYQ[IYiDjbVYI¦`cL H

IYip��IKVYH�L�VY`�H�j&H�XZJ"iDL�V6J�]«��`cH�Ia]�J�U\��J�VYo L�� H�LDe L : x �«H�U�H�XZQTVKQTUWI�]�UYJ"X¼VYoDQ���H�IKQ[jc`cLDQ�H�S�SDUYJ"H�dWo�H�UYQ~LpQ[H�UWjcN

H�Iy��`cH�IKQ[e�H�IyVYopJ"IKQ H�IYIYiDX�`�Lpk���|RM£x«|(IyQ � S�Q[duVKQ[e1l7VYopQ S�QTUWduQ[L�VYH�k�Q���`cH�I£¤\`bVYo)VYopQ ��H�IKQ[jc`�LpQ�H�SDSDUYJ"H�d�o

`cI(IYX�H�jcjbQ[IYV�¤\opQ[LgIKQTUW`cH�j1duJ�UWUYQ[jcH�VY`bJ"L,`cL 5 `cI\j�H�UYk�Q�®¸` x�Q�xbl�¤\opQ[L �"( ® �£s � � ) ± ¯K¯ x�zFiDUYSDUW`cIW`cLpk"jbN�lpiDLDj�`b·�Q�VYopQ

duJ"L�VY`cL�iDJ"iDI�dTH�IKQ�l&VYopQ��«²£f � H�SDSDUYJ"H�d�o S�QTUW]�J�UWX�Q[e�]¸H�`bUWjbNA¤hQ[jcj7`�L�VYopQ[IYQ¦IY`�XyiDj�H�VY`bJ"LDITl�¤\`bVYo"$ sT��� ��`cH�I

]�J�U L�� H�L�e L : `cL=H�jcj&dTH�IYQ[ITx

� � ����� � �� � ��� �

�)Q£LpQ � V6H�LDH�jbN:¡TQ[e=H¦IWip��IKQTVhJ�]�VYopQ�¨R¹�M�z<e�H�VYH¦eDQ[IYduUW`b��Q[e�`cL<VYoDQR�0L�VKUYJ:e�iDduVY`bJ"L&x_�)Q�¤hQTUYQ�`cL�VKQTUWQ[IKVKQ[e=`cL

¤\opQTVYoDQTU8J�ULpJ�V8VYopQ6iDIKQaJ�]�SDUYJ�VKQ[H�IKQ�`cL�oD`b��`bVKJ�U�I$®���0I ¯ H�µ�Q[duVKQ[e�VYopQ6UW`�IK·£J�]�oDJ"IKS�`bVYH�jc`c¡[H�VY`bJ"L�H�XZJ"Lpk�¤hJ"XZQ[L

`cL)VYoDQ ¨R¹�MRz¢eDH�VYH�¤\opJ�oDH�e4|RdT©�iD`cUYQ[e)�0X�Xyi�LpQ<PRQT¬�dT`bQ[LDduN¥zFN:LDeDUYJ"XZQg®¸|(� P£z ¯ H�V~��H�IYQ[jc`cLpQg®¸eDQT¬�LpQ[e

opQTUYQ�H�I¦faP t $ w���� duQ[jcjcI�³�X�� ¯ x&ª�oD`cI�IYiD��IKQTV�J�]$¤hJ"XZQ[L�`�I�J�]$S�H�UWVY`cdTiDjcH�U�`cL�VKQTUYQ[IKVTl1��Q[dTH�iDIYQ�ª7H�IYo�`cX�H�QTV

H�j x~® w����psO¯ IYopJC¤$Q[e H<��Q[LDQT¬�dT`cH�j&Quµ�Q[duV�J�] ��0I�]�J�U(VYoD`�I�k�UYJ"ipSgJ"LDjbN�l�H�LDegIWip� � Q[duVYI�¤\`bVYo faP t duQ[jcj7duJ"iDL�VYI

$ w���� oDH[n�Q£VYoDQ~XZJ"IKV\H�eDn�H�LDduQ[e�eD`cIKQ[H�IKQ�lDH�L�e�H�UYQ£SDU�`cXZQ�dTH�LDeD`ce�H�VKQ[I6]�J�U\VYopQ�VYopQTUWH�S:N�x

|aVy��H�IKQ[jc`cLDQ�l s[w�v ¤hJ"XZQ[L�]�UYJ"X ¨R¹�M�z oDH�e¥faP t duQ[j�jduJ"iDL�V $ w���� duQ[jcjcI ³�X��x1ª�oDQ[IKQ�¤hJ"XZQ[L)¤hQTUYQ

]�J"jcjbJO¤hQ[e ipS4QTn�QTUYN¥IY` � XZJ"L�VYoDI¦]�J�UZipS4VKJ�H�VKJ�VYH�jaJ�] s[w n:`cIW`bVYITx ª�opQ�UYQ[IKS�J"LDIKQ�n�H�U�`cH���jbQ J�]\`cL�VKQTUYQ[IKVZ`cI

¤\opQTVYoDQTU\J�U(LDJ�V�Q[H�dWo IYip� � Q[duV�¤aH�I\oDJ"IKS�`bVYH�jc`c¡TQ[e�IY`cLDduQ�VYoDQ~SDUYQTnF`bJ"iDIanF`cIY`cV~®¸H���J"iDV v XZJ"L�VYoDI ¯ x ��6iDIYQ~H�V

Q[H�dWo4nF`cIY`bV~¤hH�IyUYQ[duJ�UWepQ[e1l«¤(oD`cdWo¢¤hH�I¦epQT¬�LDQ[e¢H�I¦oDH[nF`cLpk�VYH�·�Q[L ��� I¦H�V¦H�L�N)VY`cXZQ�eDipUW`�LpkAVYopQ�`�L�VKQTUYn�H�j x

²RVYopQTU�duJCn�H�UW`�H�VKQ[I£`cLDdTjci�epQ~H�k�Q�l&UWH�duQ�l1oD`�IKVKJ�UYN�J�]�eDUWipk i�IKQ�l���H�IKQ[jc`cLDQy¨(��½(§ s M\qR| jbQTn�Q[j_H�LDe,IKVYiDepNgIY`bVKQ�x

sut

Page 16: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

ª«H���jbQR±~SDUYQ[IYQ[L�VYIhVYopQ(SDUYJ�S�J�UYVY`bJ"L<J�]�opJ"IKS�`cVYH�jc`b¡[H�VY`bJ"LDI�H�LDe����iDIKQ�H�V$Q[H�d�oAn:`�IY`bVTl�H�jcJ"Lpk~¤\`cVYo<VYopQRL�i�X~��QTU

J�]�IYip� � Q[duVYI8IKVY`cjcj�UYQ[X�H�`�LD`cLpk�`cL¦VYopQ�IKVYiDeDN�x_|¿jcH�UYk�Q�L:iDXy��QTU_J�]�¤$J"X�Q[L�epUYJ�SDS�Q[e¦eDipUW`�Lpk\VYopQ�IYVYiDepN~S�QTUW`cJ:e&l

¤\`bVYo,J"LDjcN wFs J�] s[w�v ¤$J"XZQ[L�UYQ[X�H�`cLD`�Lpk�H�V�VYoDQZQ[LDe,J�]hIKVYi�epN�x ��� I�¤hQTUYQ�LpJ�V£HOn�H�`cj�H���jbQZH�V�VYopQ�IKVYH�UYV�J�]

VYopQAIKVYiDepN�°8nF`bUYVYiDH�jcjcN,LpJgJ"LpQAiDIKQ[e ��� IySDUW`cJ�U~VKJ,n:`cIW`bV � x ²�LDduQ���� Iy¤$QTUWQ�`cL�VKUYJFeDiDduQ[e¥H�IyH,XZQTVYopJFe¢J�]

VKUYQ[H�VYXZQ[L�VTl ��7i�IKQ�`cL�VYoD`cI«S�J�S�iDj�H�VY`bJ"L�`cLDduUYQ[H�IKQ[eZIYVKQ[H�eD`cjbNyJOn�QTU�VY`�XZQ�H�LDe�UYQ[H�d�opQ[e v�� � �:N¦VYopQ6Q[LDeZJ�]�VYopQ

IKVYiDeDN�x�ª\opQyS�UYJ�S�J�UYVY`bJ"L�J�]hopJ"IKS�`cVYH�jc`b¡[H�VY`bJ"LgepQ[dTjc`cLpQ[egJOn�QTU�VY`�XZQy]�UYJ"X t���� VKJ s[��� J"L,VYopQyJ�VYoDQTU£oDH�LDe&x

| LDH�`cn�Q�H�L�H�jbN:IW`cI$`ck"LpJ�UW`cLpkyepUYJ�S�J"ipVYI$¤$J"iDj�e jbQ[H�e�J"LpQ�VKJZduJ"LDdTjci�epQ(VYo�H�V ����iDIKQRUYQ[eDiDduQ[e�VYopQRSDUYJ���H���`cjc`bV�N

J�]�opJ"IYS�`bVYH�jc`b¡[H�VY`cJ"L&x«¨(JO¤hQTn�QTU[l�`cV$`cIhLpJ�V$o�H�UWe<VKJZ`cX<H�k"`cLpQ�VYoDH�V6jbQ[IWI$opQ[H�jcVYo�NZS�H�VY`cQ[L�VYIaX�HON���QRXZJ�UWQ(jc`b·�Q[jcN

VKJ�epUWJ�S�J"ipV£]�UYJ"X VYopQ IKVYiDepN,H�LDe�dTH�iDIKQ<VYopQ�J���IKQTUWn�Q[e¢epQ[dTjc`�LpQZ`cL VYopQ�SDUWJ�S�J�UWVY`bJ"L J�]6opJ"IKS�`bVYH�j�`b¡[H�VY`bJ"LDITx

�0L<nF`bQT¤ J�]1VYopQ�S�J�VKQ[L�VY`�H�j�`cLD]�J�UWX<H�VY`bn�QReDUYJ�S�J"ipVYI$H�L�e<VYopQ�X�`�IYIY`cLpk ���IKVYH�VYi�IhH�VaVYopQRVY`cXZQRJ�]7eDUYJ�S�J"ipVTl�¤hQ

iDIKQ[e�VYopQ£XZQTVYopJFeDI6SDUWJ�S�J"IYQ[e=`cL�z:Q[duVY`bJ"L t VKJ<H�dTduJ"iDL�V�]�J�U(S�J"IYIY`b��jcQ(LpJ"LF§�`ck"LpJ�UWH���jbQ�X�`�IYIY`cLpkZeDH�VYH�¤\`bVYo=H

X�`cIWIY`cLpk¦VY`cXZQu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpk�duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ�x

ª�oDQRUWQ[IKS�J"LDIKQ � �6� VKJ:J�· n�H�jcipQRJ�] s `b]7IYip� � Q[duV � ¤hH�I6opJ"IYS�`bVYH�jc`b¡TQ[e ��QTV�¤hQTQ[L=nF`cIY`bVYI�. �4s H�LDe".�lpH�LDe �

J�VYopQTUY¤(`cIKQ�x$ª\opQ~duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I%2 �6� `cLDdTjci�epQ[e � `cL�VKQTUWduQTSDVT°�H�k�Q¦H�V\��H�IYQ[jc`cLpQ<®�N�Q[H�UWI ¯ °�H�Lg`cLDeD`cdTH�VKJ�U6J�]8¤(opQTVYopQTU

J�ULpJ�V«VYopQ6IYip� � Q[duV8oDH�e�H�oD`cIKVKJ�UYN�J�]�`cL � Q[duVY`bJ"L�epUWipkRiDIKQ�°"��H�IKQ[jc`cLpQh¨\� ½(§ s M\qR|+jbQTn�Q[j1®¸duJ�S�`bQ[I ³�X�� ¯ l�¤\oD`�dWo

¤aH�I£dTH�VKQTk�J�UW`b¡TQ[e¥H�I $ ����� ®�UYQT]�QTUYQ[L�V ¯ l ����� � � )Y����� l � )Y����� � ± �U)Y����� H�L�e�� ± �U)Y����� °_UWH�duQ�l�¤(oD`cdWo,¤aH�I

dTH�VKQTk�J�UW`b¡TQ[e4H�I£|(]�U�`cdTH�L)|(X�QTUW`cdTH�L&l�¨R`cIKS�H�LD`cd¦J�U��0J�VYopQTU���H�LDe ¤\oD`bVKQ�®�UYQT]�QTUYQ[LDduQ ¯ °8`cL�eD`cdTH�VKJ�UWI�]�J�U~IKVYiDeDN

IY`bVKQ�°&H�LDe,VY`cX�Q�l�Q[L�VKQTUYQ[e)`cL�VKJ VYoDQ¦XZJFepQ[j«H�IRVYopQynF`cIY`cV(L:iDX~��QTU[x ��\i�IKQy¤aH�IRVYopQ¦J"LDjbN=J"LpQ�VY`cXZQu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpk

duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ�VYoDH�V(¤hH�I�IYiD� � Q[duV(VKJ�eDUYJ�S�J"ipV0§>UYQ[jcH�VKQ[egX�`cIYIY`�Lpk"LpQ[IYITxaª�opQTUWQT]�J�UYQ�l85 �6� ¤hH�I�H�L,`cLDeD`�dTH�VKJ�U�]�J�U���

iDIKQ<��QTV�¤$QTQ[L¢n:`�IY`bVYI?. � s H�LDe`.�x<�)Q H�IWIYiDXZQ[e)VYo�H�V�8�$k"`bn�Q[L¥duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I¦]�J"jcjbJO¤hQ[e�HgjbJ�k"`cIKVY`cd�U�H�LDepJ"X

`cL�VKQTUWduQTSDV8XZJFepQ[j x7�)Q�XZJ:eDQ[jbQ[e¦VYopQaSDUYJ���H���`�jc`bV�N�J�]�epUYJ�S�J"ipV7i�IY`cLpk�® w"¯ x8�)Q�`cLDdTjciDeDQ[e~`cLDe�`cdTH�VKJ�UWI7J�]�¨(��½(§ s

M\qR| jbQTn�Q[j`cL VYoDQ<XZJFepQ[j l�H�I~VYopQ[IKQ�¤hQTUYQ<`cX�S�J�UWVYH�L�V�SDUYQ[e�`cduVKJ�UWI�J�]aepUYJ�S�J"ipVTx �_`cL�H�jcjbN�l&¤hQ<XZJFepQ[jbQ[e ��

iDIKQ¦iDIY`cLDk�H jbJ�k"`�IKVY`cd�VKUWH�L�IY`bVY`bJ"L�X�J:epQ[jh® ± ¯ x(|(]�VKQTU�duJ"LDeD`cVY`bJ"LD`cLpkZJ"LgS�H�IKV ��6iDIKQ�l�J�VYopQTU�duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[IR¤hQTUYQ

LpJ�V\IW`bk"LD`b¬�dTH�L�VaSDUYQ[eD`�duVKJ�UWIaJ�] ��aiDIKQ�lDH�LDe=VYoDQTUYQT]�J�UWQ£¤$Q�J"L�jbN�`�LDdTjciDepQ[e�S�H�IYV ��aiDIKQ£`cL�® ± ¯ x

�)Q$n�H�UW`cQ[e \ 78`cL�VYopQ�eDUYJ�S�J"ipV1XZJFepQ[j�® w"¯ ]�UYJ"X § s VKJ s x«�3oDQ[L \ 78¤hH�I�S�J"IY`bVY`bn�Q�l�epUYJ�S�J"ipV1`cI1X�J�UYQ�jc`b·�Q[jcN

s �

Page 17: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

`b]aVYopQ<IWip� � Q[duVyoDH�e¥H�UYQ[duQ[L�VyopJ"IYS�`bVYH�jc`b¡[H�VY`cJ"L&° \ 7 ( � XZQ[H�LDI¦H�UYQ[duQ[L�VyoDJ"IKS�`bVYH�jc`c¡[H�VY`bJ"L)¤aH�IyiDLDUYQ[jcH�VKQ[e

VKJAepUYJ�S�J"ipVy®�VYopQZ�g|(M dTH�IKQ ¯ ° \ 7 $ � `cXZS�jc`bQ[I�H opJ"IKS�`bVYH�j�`b¡[H�VY`bJ"L�eDQ[duUYQ[H�IKQ[e,VYopQyj�`b·�Q[jc`copJ:JFeAJ�]�epUYJ�S�J"ipVTx

�)Q���Q[j�`bQTn�Q \ 7 ¤hH�I�jc`c·�Q[jbNgVKJ,��Q�S�J"IY`bVY`bn�Q�l«��ipVyduJ"LDIY`cepQTUWQ[e�H�U�H�Lpk�Q<J�]6n�H�jcipQ[I~VYoDH�V¦`�LDdTjciDepQ[e)LDQTk"H�VY`bn�Q

L:iDX~��QTUWI[x7ª�opQhUYQ[IYi�jbVYI�]�UYJ"X´VYopQ6H�LDH�jbNFIKQ[I_H�UYQak"`bn�Q[LZ`cL¦ª«H���jbQ[I t H�LDe � x �DJ�U8Q[H�dWoZn�H�jcipQhJ�] \ 7�®�§ s l"§ � x � l � l

� x � l sO¯ lFVYopQTUYQ�¤aH�IhH�IY`ck"LD`b¬�dTH�L�V$epQ[dTj�`cLpQ\`cL VYopQRUW`cIK·ZJ�]7opJ"IKS�`bVYH�j�`b¡[H�VY`bJ"L ]�J�U ��i�IKQ[ITlpH�]�VKQTU6duJ"L�VKUYJ"jcjc`�Lpk~]�J�U

VYopQ�J�VYopQTU�duJCn�H�UW`�H�VKQ[ITx�ª�opQ���$Quµ�Q[duV6¤aH�I6jcH�UYk�Q[IYV�®¸`�L X�H�k"L�`bVYiDepQ�°FJFeDeDI$UWH�VY`bJ ( � � ± �"¯ l�H�IWIYiDX�`cLDk \ 7 (�s l

` x�Q�xblDH�IYIWiDX�`cLpk¦H�UYQ[duQ[L�V�opJ"IKS�`bVYH�j�`b¡[H�VY`bJ"L k�UYQ[H�VYjbNA`cLDduUYQ[H�IKQ[e�VYopQ�d�oDH�LDduQ[I�J�]«epUYJ�SDS�`cLpk~J"iDVTx¨\JC¤$QTn�QTU[l�VYopQ

VY`cXZQ�Quµ�Q[duVy®¸duJ:Q��<dT`bQ[L�V6J�] �}nF`cIY`bV � ¯ lp¤aH�I6IYX�H�jcjcQ[IKV£®¸`cLAX�H�k"LD`bVYiDeDQ ¯ ¤\oDQ[L \ 7 (�s xª\oD`cIa`cIaLpJ�V6IYipUYS�UW`cIY`cLDkpl

��Q[dTH�iDIKQ=`b]�jbQ[IWI¦oDQ[H�jbVYo�N¥S�H�VY`bQ[L�VYI�¤$QTUWQAeDUYJ�SDS�`cLDk�J"ipVTlVYopQAJ���IYQTUYn�Q[e epQ[dTjc`cLDQ `cL opJ"IKS�`bVYH�jc`b¡[H�VY`bJ"L�I~JCn�QTU

VY`cXZQ�VYo�H�V�¤$QyIYH[¤´`cL=ª7H���jbQ~±�X�H[NA��Q£`cLAS�H�UWV�eDipQ�VKJ�VYoD`�I6]�H�duVTx

� � �W��� ���P��� ���

�0LAVYoD`cIhS�H�S�QTU6¤$Q£duJ"L�IY`cepQTUYQ[eAjbJ"LDk"`bVYiDeD`cL�H�j�eDH�VYH�¤\`cVYo=`cLp]�J�UWX�H�VY`bn�Q�epUYJ�S�J"ipVYIaH�LDe=X�`�IYIY`cLpk¦VY`cXZQu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpk

duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I[x ª�oD`cI�SDUWJ���jbQ[X `cI<duJ"X�XZJ"L `�L SDUWH�duVY`cduQ�la��Q[dTH�iDIKQgH�V<VYopQgVY`cXZQ�J�]�epUYJ�S�J"ipVTlhVY`cXZQu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpk

duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[IZH�UWQ J�]�VKQ[L¥X<`cIYIY`cLDk�`cL¢H�e�eD`bVY`bJ"L)VKJ,VYopQAX�`cIYIW`cLpk=J"ipVYduJ"XZQ�x ª�opQ Q � `�IKVY`cLpk�IYVYH�VY`cIKVY`cdTH�jhXZJFepQ[jcI

]�J�U¦`cLD]�J�UWX<H�VY`bn�Q<epUYJ�S�J"ipVYI~k�Q[LpQTUWH�jcjcN)UYQ[©�i�`bUYQ<duJCn�H�UW`�H�VKQ[IyVKJ,��Q duJ"XZS�jbQTVKQ[jbN)J���IKQTUWn�Q[e&x�ª7J,H�SDS�jbNgVYoDQ[IKQ

XZJFepQ[jcIZ`cL4VYopQ=S�UYQ[IKQ[LDduQ=J�]RVY`cXZQu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpk)duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[ITlaJ"LpQ�o�H�IZVKJ�¬�jcj$VYopQ�X<`cIYIY`cLDkgduJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I�LDH�`bn�Q[jcN

iDIY`�Lpk¥VYoDQ)��H�IKQ[jc`cLDQ H�S�SDUYJ"H�dWo1lRVYoDQ�jcH�IKV=J���IKQTUWn�H�VY`bJ"L dTH�UWUW`bQ[e ]�J�UY¤hH�U�e H�SDSDUYJ"H�d�o&l�H�LDe VYopQ�`bk"LDJ�UWH���jbQ

X�`cIWIY`cLpk"LpQ[IWI$H�SDS�UYJ"H�dWo&x$²�ipU6H�IKN:X�SDVKJ�VY`cd���`cH�IaH�LDH�jcN:IY`�IhIWopJO¤\IaVYo�H�VhVYoDQ[IKQ£LDH�`bn�Q�H�SDSDUWJ"H�dWopQ[I6J�]�VKQ[L=NF`bQ[jce

��`cH�IYQ[egQ[IYVY`cX�H�VKQ[I�J�]hVYopQZXZJ:eDQ[j7S�H�UWH�XZQTVKQTUWITx~�)QZSDUYJ�S�J"IKQZ`cLgVYoD`cIRS�H�S�QTU�H�IYQ[jbQ[duVY`bJ"LF§>VKUWH�L�IY`bVY`bJ"L XZJFepQ[j

VKJ H�j�jbJO¤ ]�J�U(X<`cIYIY`cLDk�X<` � Q[e�eD`cIYduUYQTVKQyH�LDe�duJ"L�VY`cL�iDJ"iDI�VY`cX�Qu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpk�duJCn�H�U�`cH�VKQ[I�H�V\VYopQ£VY`�XZQ£J�]8epUYJ�S�J"ipV

]�J�U\jbJ"Lpk"`bVYi�eD`cLDH�j�eD`cIYduUWQTVKQ£H�LDe�duJ"L�VY`cL�iDJ"iDI6J"ipVYduJ"XZQ[I(¤\`bVYo=`�Lp]�J�U�X�H�VY`bn�Q�epUYJ�S�J"ipVYITx

�pJ�UAIY`cX�S�jc`cdT`bV�N�l¤hQ�H�IYIYiDX�Q[e VYopQ�IKQ[jcQ[duVY`bJ"L XZJFepQ[j£® w"¯ eD`ce LpJ�V<eDQTS�Q[L�e J"L X�`cIWIY`cLpk VY`cXZQu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpk

duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I%5 ��� � H�VRVYopQ�VY`cXZQ~J�]$epUYJ�S�J"ipVTx£²�LpQydTH�L,Q[H�IY`�jbN=Q � VKQ[L�egVYoDQ�IYQ[jbQ[duVY`bJ"L,XZJ:eDQ[jh® w"¯ VKJ=H�jcjbJC¤ ]�J�U

epQTS�Q[LDepQ[L�duQ J�](VYopQ=epUYJ�S�J"ipV¦SDUYJ���H���`�jc`bV�N J"L VYopQ=X�`�IYIY`cLpkgduJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I�5 ��� � `cL4H�eDeD`bVY`cJ"L¢VKJ)VYopQ=X�`�IYIY`cLpk

s[v

Page 18: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

J"ipVYduJ"XZQ�x�� L H�eDeD`bVY`bJ"L1l"¤$QRH�IYIYiDX�Q[e�VYoDH�VhQ[H�dWo�VY`cXZQu§>n�H�UYNF`cLpk~duJCn�H�U�`cH�VKQ'5 �6��� l:duJ"L�eD`bVY`bJ"LDH�jDJ"L<S�H�IYV�n�H�jcipQ[I

J�]�VYoDH�V duJCn�H�U�`cH�VKQ�l�¤aH�I<`cLDeDQTS�Q[L�epQ[L�V�J�]<5 ����� ' la]�J�U/ )( + x ª�oD`cI<H�IYIYiDXZS�VY`bJ"L duJ"iDjce ��Q�¤hQ[H�·�Q[LpQ[e¿��N

IKS�Q[dT`b]�N:`�Lpk<VYopQ � J"`cL�V�jc`b·�Q[jc`coDJ�JFe�]�J�U£VYopQ[IKQZduJCn�H�UW`�H�VKQ[IyiDIW`cLpk HA]¸H�duVKJ�UW`b¡[H�VY`cJ"L�IY`cX�`�jcH�U(VKJ=VYo�H�V£H�epn�J:dTH�VKQ[e

�:N � �DUWH�oD`�X=lp��`bS�IW`bVK¡RH�L�egfaopQ[L¢® s[�����"¯ x

� ��� ����� �W� �� � � ���

ª�opQ8¤hJ�UY·RJ�]pM�JON�¤aH�I1IYipS�S�J�UWVKQ[e���N�q\�0¨¥k�UWH�L�VYI7M �ps §�|(� ��������� H�LDe �h± � §�|\� t�w���� ±�®¸��`b]�Q[IKS�H�L�³�ª7ip]�VYI�³�^hUYJC¤\L

fhQ[L�VKQTU£]�J�U£|\�0P£zgUYQ[IKQ[H�UWd�o ¯ xZPRH�VYH�]�UYJ"X ¨R¹�M�zg¤$QTUWQ�duJ"jcjbQ[duVKQ[e�iDL�epQTU�f6P�f � k�UWH�L�V~m v�t § f\fam sT�"v�� � x

ª�opQ�¤hJ�UY·�J�]8��`cLA¤aH�I\IYiDSDS�J�UYVKQ[e���NAq\�0¨´k�UWH�L�VRfa| ��v�t"��t x

� � �N� � � �����0�

^hJ�J�VYo1l$GpxÀ¦x_H�LDe¥¨(J���QTUYVTl�Gpx �«x�® s[�����"¯ x¥��H � `cX�`c¡[`cLpk�k�Q[LpQTU�H�jc`b¡TQ[e jc`cLpQ[H�U¦X�` � Q[e¥X�J:epQ[j�I~jc`b·�Q[j�`copJ:J:eDI

¤\`cVYoZH�L<H�ipVKJ"X�H�VKQ[eA��J"L�VKQ�faH�UWjbJ£¹h� H�jck�J�UW`bVYoDX=x����� �� ��� ������ ��� �� ����� � � � ��� � ���W��� � �T�>� �!�#" ��� � �$�%'&)(�l w�v�� § w���� x

^hUYQ[IYjbJC¤£l�qyx$¹�xhH�LDe fajcH[N:VKJ"L&l�P¦xaÀ�x�® s[��� ± ¯ x�|\S�SDUYJ � `cX�H�VKQ,`cLp]�QTUYQ[LDduQ�`�L k�Q[LpQTUWH�jc`c¡TQ[e¿jc`�LpQ[H�U<X�` � Q[e

XZJFepQ[jcI[x����� *� ��� +�,��� �.-R�<� ���W� � � � � � ��� � ���W���/-.�0� �T� � � � 1�32 2&l � § w�� x

P�`bk�k"jbQ�l �«x«H�L�e¢¾�Q[L�¤hH�U�e&l��xÀ¦xh® s[����t�¯ x �0Lp]�J�UWX�H�VY`bn�Q�epUYJ�S�J"ipV~`cL¥jbJ"Lpk"`bVYi�eD`cLDH�j_eDH�VYH,H�LDH�jbNFIY`cI�®�¤\`bVYo

eD`�IYdTiDIYIY`cJ"L ¯ x -�454��{�>�768� � � � ��� � ���$��9 %&l t�� § ��t x

� �DUWH�oD`cX�l�Gpx�À¦xbl$�7`bS�IY`cVK¡�l$z�x8M£x8H�LDe faopQ[L1l���x §�¨yx(® s[�����"¯ x+��`�IYIY`cLpk duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I `cL4k�Q[LpQTUWH�jc`c¡TQ[e jc`cLpQ[H�U

XZJFepQ[jcIy¤\opQ[L¢VYopQAX�`cIYIY`�Lpk�eDH�VYH XZQ[d�oDH�LD`cIYX `cI¦LpJ"LF§�`bk"LDJ�UWH���jbQ�x:����� *� ��� ��3��� �;� 1� ����� � � � �<� � �!�����

� �T�>� �!�#" ��� �>�*� %'&)(�l s � ±C§ s[��� x

��`cVKVYjbQ�l�M£x GDx}|~x«® s[�����"¯ x6��JFepQ[jc`cLpkZVYoDQ~epUYJ�Sp§>J"iDV�XZQ[dWoDH�L�`cIYX�`cL�UYQTS�Q[H�VKQ[e�XZQ[H�IYipUWQ[I\IKVYiDe�`bQ[ITx����� �� ��� ��

��� �.-���� ���W� � � � � � �<� � �!�����/-.�0� �T� � � � ��>=�M&l s�s�s[w § s�s[wFs x

�1J"i�`cITlFª�x�® s[����w"¯ x �_`cLDeD`cLDk£VYopQ�J���IKQTUYn�Q[eA`cLD]�J�UWX<H�VY`bJ"L X<H�VKUW` � ¤\opQ[L�iDIY`�Lpk~VYopQ�¹$� H�jbk�J�UW`bVYo�X=x?����� *� ���

s �

Page 19: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

�� ��� �.� �� ��� � � � � ��� � ���W��� � �[� � �!� " ��� � �$� % 9 9 l w�w�v § w ±�±:x

M�JCN�l~Gpx�H�LDe �7`cL&lR�yx~® w����"w"¯ |(L�H�jbN:IW`cI�J�]�X¦iDjbVY`cn�H�UW`�H�VKQ,jbJ"LDk"`bVYiDeD`cL�H�j\J"ipVYduJ"X�Q[I�¤\`bVYo LDJ"LF§>��k"LDJ�UWH���jbQ

epUWJ�S�J"iDVYI~H�LDe¥X�`cIYIY`�Lpk�duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[I � dWoDH�Lpk�Q[I�`cL¢XZQTVYoDH�epJ"LpQ VKUYQ[H�VYXZQ[L�V�SDUWH�duVY`cduQ[ITx ����� *� ��� ��8��� �

-R�<� ���W� � � � � � �<� � �!�����/-.�0� �T� � � � ��Dl =���l t"� § ��w x

zFX�`cVYo&l�P¦x}¾ZxblF��H�UYUYQ[L1lFP¦x}��xbl:½�jcH�opJCn�lpP¦xbl�zFdWo:iDX�H�L1l �«xbl�z:VKQ[`cL&lF��x}P¦xbl�ÀRUWQTQ[L���QTUYkplp^Rx}�xFH�LDe�¨\J"jcXy��QTUYkpl

z�x}P¦x�® s[������¯ xaPRQ[IY`bk"L�H�LDeA��H�IKQ[jc`cLpQ�S�H�UWVY`cdT`bS�H�L�V6dWoDH�UWH�duVKQTU�`cIKVY`cdTI6J�]_o:iDX�H�L=`cX�X¦iDLpJFepQT¬�dT`cQ[LDduN�nF`bUWiDI

QTS�`�epQ[X�`bJ"jbJ�k�N�UYQ[IKQ[H�UWd�o¿®¸¨R¹�M ¯ IYVYiDepN � HAS�UYJ"IKS�Q[duVY`bn�Q�duJ"opJ�UYV£IYVYiDepN�J�]ao:iDX�H�L)`cX�X¦iDLpJFepQT¬�dT`cQ[LDduN

nF`bUWiDI6`�Lp]�Q[duVY`cJ"L=`cL=m�zA¤$J"XZQ[L1x -R�<� �!��� � ��1� *� ��� ���� 4��!6��T��� � ��5��l sut�v l t ��� § t�v�� x

ª«H�IYoD`cX�HFlF¾Zxpª�xblp¨(J�k"H�L&l�Gpx:� xbl�À�H�UWeDLpQTU[lF�xF� xblp¾�J�UY·�J"L�VK¡TQ[jbJ"i&l�fRxbl�zFd�opJ�Q[L���H�iDX�l:¹\x:¹\xbl�zFdWo:iDX�H�L&l �«xbl

M\J"XZS�H�jbJpl_|~x«H�LDe4f6H�UYS�Q[L�VKQTU[lfRx8fRx«GDx$® w����psO¯ xg|¼jbJ"LDk"`bVYiDeD`cL�H�j«H�L�H�jbN:IW`cI£J�]�opJ"IYS�`bVYH�jc`b¡[H�VY`cJ"L�H�LDe

Q[XZQTUWk�Q[LDduN4eDQTS�H�UYVYXZQ[L�VZiDIKQ=H�XZJ"Lpk�o:iDX�H�L `cX�X¦iDLpJFepQT¬�dT`cQ[LDduN)n:`cUWiDI0§�`cLD]�Q[duVKQ[e¥¤$J"X�Q[L UYQTS�J�UYVY`cLpk

SDUWJ�VKQ[H�IKQ~`cLDo�`b��`bVKJ�UaiDIKQ�x�� ��� � �!����� � � �7� � � 1� ���~���T�W�#�T�$� l�±�±:l w������ § w��"v�� x

½8QTUY��QT·�Q�l�À¦xbla��J"jbQ[L���QTUYk"oDITl6À¦xblhª\oD` � ITl¨~xbla�1Q[IWH�µ�UYQ�la¹�xblhH�LDe+¾�Q[L�¤aH�UWe&lh�¢x$À¦x\® w����psO¯ x z:Q[LDIY`bVY`cn:`bV�N

H�LDH�jcN:IY`�Ia]�J�U\LDJ"LpUWH�LDepJ"X¼eDUYJ�S�J"ipV � | jcJ:dTH�j1`�L ��ipQ[LDduQ�H�SDS�UYJ"H�dWo&x�� ����� � 0 � ����� l����l � § sut

�)Q[` lpÀ¦x:fRx"H�LDe<ª7H�LDLDQTU[l��¢x�|~x�® s[������¯ x�| ��J"L�VKQRfaH�UWjcJ£`cXZS�jbQ[X�Q[L�VYH�VY`bJ"L�J�]�VYopQ�¹h� H�jbk�J�UW`bVYoDX H�L�eZVYopQ

S�J:J�U¦X�H�L �}IyeDH�VYH,H�ipk"XZQ[L�VYH�VY`bJ"L H�jbk�J�U�`bVYoDX�ITx ����� *� ��� ��3��� �;-R�<� ���W� � � � � � �<� � �!������- ��� �[�¸� � � ���l

2��l v���� § ����t x

� ���� �� ����� � � �P � �W� � ��� �W �� �� B� �Q� �W�

ª7J<J��DVYH�`cLgVYopQ¦H�IKN:X�SDVKJ�VY`cd~j�`cX�`bVYI6J�]8VYoDQyLDH�`bn�QyQ[IKVY`cX�H�VKJ�U�ITl�¤hQyLDQTQ[e�VKJAIKJ"jbn�QyQ[©�iDH�VY`cJ"LDI¦® s�sO¯ H�LDe4® s[w"¯

]�J�U�VYoDQg��H�IYQ[jc`cLpQ�H�L�e3�_²£f �BH�S�SDUYJ"H�dWoDQ[ITl(H�LDe¿Q[©:iDH�VY`bJ"LDI)® s ± ¯ H�LDe�® sut�¯ ]�J�U�VYopQ,�0� H�SDSDUYJ"H�d�o&l\]�J�U

® L $&%W�('!) ) � $&%W�('!) ¯ H�I6H�]�iDL�duVY`bJ"L�J�]7VYopQ�VKUWiDQRn�H�jcipQ[I£® L ) � ¯ x$��V6dTH�L=��Q�Q[H�IY`cjcN<IYopJC¤\LAVYoDH�V6VYopQ�¬DUWIYVhVKQTU�X�I6`cL

Q[©:iDH�VY`bJ"LDI~® s�sO¯ §�® sut�¯ oDHOn�QydTjbJ"IYQ[e=]�J�U�X

¹(® �� 4 ®$� 4 � �� :4 L $ %Z� ' ) ¯K¯ ( L ^ � L ^�� $&%W�('!) M A 4C® L 4 � L 4 � $ %Z�('!) ¯A 4O® L ^ � L ^�� $&%W�('!) ¯ M ®IA 7 4 M �¯ ® L 4 � L 4 � $ %Z�('!) ¯"!

s[�

Page 20: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

¹(®$�14 � �� :4 L $ %Z�('!) ¯ 7 ( S L ^ � L ^�� $&%W�('!) M A 4O® L 4 � L 4 � $ %Z�('!) ¯ZY 7 M ® L 4 � L 4 � $&%W�('!) ¯ 7 M X M � 7 �

ª�oDQ£IKQ[duJ"LDe=VKQTUWX `cL�® s�sO¯ eDJ�Q[I�LDJ�V\oDH[n�QyH�dTjbJ"IKQ[e=]�J�UWX�H�L�e�LpQTQ[eDI6VKJ<��Q�QTn�H�jciDH�VKQ[e�L�iDX�QTUW`cdTH�jcjbN

¹ � L $&%W�('!) jbJ�k � �(®$�P7 � �O4 ) � * ¯ [K7 � �87����� & ( w � (� � � L $&%W�('!) jbJ�k � �(®$�P7 � �O4 ) � *B( � 4 sO¯ [;7 � �P7 � �R®$�O4 ) � 4 � & ( w"¯�� �O4 � � 4 )

¤\opQTUWQ # �87 � �14 ) � * ( � 4 s &�`�I6eD`cIKVKUW`c��ipVKQ[eAH�I

RTS �� :4 L $&%W�('!) M X $&%W�('!) ®$X $ %Z� ' ) M � 7$&%W�('!) ¯ G 4 ®$�14 � �� :4 L $&%W�('!) ¯ ) X $ %Z� ' ) M � 7$&%W�('!) � ®$X $ %Z�('!) M � 7$ %Z� ' ) ¯ G 4 X 7$ %Z�('!) Y

H�LDe

�(®$�14 ) � 4 � & ( w"¯�( �(®$�14 ) � 4 ¯ , �R®$& ( w � �O4 ) �P7 ¯ �(®$�P7 � �14 ) � 4 ¯�� �87[<®$& ( w"¯ �

ª�opQ6IKQ[duJ"L�e�VKQTUWXB`cL¦Q[©:iDH�VY`bJ"LDI�® s�sO¯ H�L�eA® s[w"¯ dTH�LZVYopQTUYQT]�J�UYQ6��QaQTn�H�jci�H�VKQ[e���Ny¬�LDeD`cLDk\VYopQ�duJ�UYUWQ[IKS�J"LDeD`cLpk

S�H�UYVY`�H�j&epQTUW`bn�H�VY`bn�Q[I�L:iDXZQTUW`�dTH�jcjbN�lpH�LDe=QTn�H�jciDH�VY`cLDk¦VYoDQ~`cL�VKQTk�UWH�jcI�iDIW`cLpk<À�H�iDIYIK§�¨\QTUWX<`bVKQ£©�i�H�epUWH�VYipUYQ�x

ª�oDQZVYoD`bUWe VKQTUWX `cL Q[©:iDH�VY`bJ"LDI�® s�sO¯ H�LDe ® s[w"¯ dTH�L���QZQTn�H�jciDH�VKQ[e¢L:iDXZQTU�`cdTH�jcjbN�`�L�H�IY`cX<`cjcH�U�]�H�IWoD`bJ"L&x

ª�opQaUYQ[IWiDjbVYI_¤\`cj�j�eD`bµ�QTU8epQTS�Q[LDeD`�Lpk(J"L�¤(opQTVYopQTU8VYopQ6��H�IYQ[jc`cLpQaJ�U�«²~f �gH�S�SDUYJ"H�dWo<`cI8iDIKQ[e&x«� ]�VYopQ6S�UYJ���jbQ[X

J�]8X�`cIYIW`cLpk�duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQ[IR`cI6H�eDepUYQ[IWIKQ[e�iDIY`�Lpky��H�IKQ[jc`cLpQ�XZQ[H�IWipUYQ[I�J"L�jbN�lpVYopQ[L=¤hQ~oDHOn�Q

¹ � L $&%W�('!) � ®$�87 � �14 ) � * ¯ ���� & ( ±�� (�� L $&%W�('!) � ®$�87 � �14 ) � * ( � 4 sO¯ �R®$�O4 ) �P7 ) � 4 � & ( ± ¯�� �87 � �O4 � � 4 �faH�jcdTi�jcH�VY`bJ"L,J�]$VYo�`cI�Q � S�Q[duVYH�VY`bJ"L¢`cI�VYopQ�IYH�XZQ H�I£`cL,VYopQ��«²~f �¿H�S�SDUYJ"H�dWo1l�Q � duQTSDV~opQTUYQ � ®$�87 � �14 ) � * (

� 4 sO¯ LDJO¤4��Q[duJ"X�Q[I � ®$�87 � �14 ) � * ( ®I� 4 ) � 7 ¯ : ¯ l �R®$�O4 ) �P7 ) � 4 � & ( ± ¯ ��Q[duJ"XZQ[I �(®$�14 ) �P7 ) � 4 ) � 7 � & ( ± ¯ l

H�LDeg`cL�VKQTk�U�H�VY`bJ"L�`cI�JOn�QTU<� 7 H�I�¤hQ[jcj x6faH�jcdTiDjcH�VY`cJ"LDI6J�]_VYopQ~IKQ[duJ"L�e�VKQTUWX J�]_Q[©�iDH�VY`cJ"LDIy® s ± ¯ H�LDe¥® sut�¯ H�UYQ

VYopQ~IWH�XZQ£H�I\dTH�jcdTi�jcH�VY`cLpkZVYopQ�VYo�`bUWeAVKQTUWX�`�LAQ[©�iDH�VY`cJ"L¢® s�sO¯ H�LDe¥® s[w"¯ ]�J�U\�«²£f �$x

s[�

Page 21: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

� �0/1�#� (

���$� � � � � �� + � ����� � �b� � � �� � �!� 6 ��� � ��� � �� � � � � �� � �$� 4 1� �T�����\� � � � � � � ���u� �#�£� � �*� � ����� � � �� �� L � � �� �[� � � �?��,� ����� � � � 6 L : � �� �[� � � �?��,� ����������� *� � � � � ��� � � � ��� �* + � ��� ��4 � 4 �T�06=�<� ���� 6 "

��� �� ��� � ��� ��� � ��� �W� � ����������454 � � � � �$��� ���*� � � � �y� ���Y���T�76 1���������8 � 4����!��� � � �� �Z�W�5� � �

��QTVYopJFe^aH�IKQ[j�`cLpQ �«²~f � �0� ��UYJ�S�J"IKQ[e

\ 7 ® � ^ )"� 4 ¯ L � L : L � L : L � L : L � L :� x � ® � x � l � x �"¯ ��w x � §�± � x � s x v § w x � § s � x ± § s x � § � x t � x �® � l sO¯ § s[w x w t x w § � x s � x s § s[w x � § s x � § s x � � x s® s l ��¯ sT��t x w § �Fs x � � x s § � x � § s � x � § w x t � x w § � x v

s x � ® � x � l � x �"¯ v�� x t § w�t x � � x � § sT� x � § t�v x v § � x � � x s § � x �® � l sO¯ § t�w x � ±:x � § s x � § � x s § w�� x t § � x w § � x � § � x t® s l ��¯ sT�"� x ± § t"� x � ± � x v § w�� x � § �Fs x t § � x v § s x t § � x �

� �0/1�#�fK

���*� � � � � �* + � � ��� � �b� � � 1� � �!� 6 ��� � ��� �u� � � *�8 �*� 4 �� �[�����(� ��� � � � � ���T�¸���£� � �*� � ����� � � �� �� L � � �� �[� � � �?��,� ����� � � � 6 L : � �� �[� � � �?��,� ����������� *� � � � � ��� � � � ��� �* + � ��� ��4 � 4 �T�06=�<� ���� 6 "

��� �� ��� � ��� ��� � ��� �W� � ����������454 � � � � �$��� ���*� � � � �y� ���Y���T�76 1���������8 � 4����!��� � � �� �Z�W�5� � �

��QTVYopJFe^aH�IKQ[jc`�LpQ �«²~f � �K� �UWJ�S�J"IYQ[e

\ 7 ® � ^ )"� 4 ¯ L � L : L � L : L � L : L � L :� x � ®�§ � x � l sO¯ w x t § t ±:x � ±:x � t x � § � x � § t�w x t s x v s x ±®�§ s x � l ± ¯ t x � § s[v x w ±:x w ±:x � § � x � § wFs x ± � x � s x v® � l ��¯ v x � § t"� x s v x � t x � § s�s x t § �Fs x � s x s s x w

s x � ®�§ � x � l sO¯ � x w §�± w x � t x w t x s § w�t x � § ��� x w s x � s x �®�§ s x � l ± ¯ sT� x ± § s ±:x w t x ± ±:x v § wFs x w § s[� x � s x w w x w® � l ��¯ � x s §�± � x � � x w � x � § w�v x � § t�v x � � x v s x v

Page 22: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

� �0/1�#� %

�(� ��� � � � � � �� 4F� � �>� � � � � � ��� � � � 4�� � ���{���[� � � �� � � 6 4p� ��� � � � � � �� 4 +1� �W�#�T�Z� �� � �T� � � �� � � �[�¦� � �W�5� �

� � � � ������ L�VKQTUYn�H�j&��QTV�¤hQTQ[L�¨R¹�M�z n:`cIW`bV6L�iDXy��QTUWI

faoDH�U�H�duVKQTUW`cIKVY`cd s § w w §�± ±C§ t t § � � § v v § � � § � � § � � § sT� sT� § s�s s�s § s[w s[w § s ±zFip� � Q[duVYI s[w�v s�s � sT�"� ��� ��� v�� v�� vFs ��� t�t ±�± wFs¨(J"IKS�`bVYH�jc`c¡[H�VY`bJ"L � x t�� � x t ± � x t � � x ± � � x ± � � x w�� � x w�w � x s[� � x s ± � x w�� � x s[� � x s[���aiDIKQ � � � x �ps � x �"w � x sut � x w�v � x ± � � x ��� � x ��� � x ��� � x v�t � x v��

Page 23: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

� �0/1�#� 9

��� ���<� � � �$� � ���Z� � �*�¦� � 6A�$� � ����� � �76 � � � � 6"� 6�� � +� � ��,��� ��4F� ���<� � � � �� 4 ����� *� � � � � �$� ���* � � �

�T� � ��� � ���O� �!� � � ��� � ����� ��� � �� � 4�� � ����� �O� � � �� 6"� � �½H�UW`cH���jbQ \ 7 (+�£s \ 7 (+��� � � \ 7 ( � \ 7 ( � � � \ 7 (�s�0L�VKQTUWduQTS�V � x v�v � x v�� � x �Fs � x t"� � x w��

® � x t��"¯ ® � x t��"¯ ® � x �FsO¯ ® � x �FsO¯ ® � x �FsO¯½�`cIY`bV § � x s[v § � x sut § � x s ± § � x s�s § � x �"�

® � x � ± ¯ ® � x � ± ¯ ® � x � ± ¯ ® � x ��t�¯ ® � x ��t�¯PRUWipk�iDIYQ � x ±�± � x ±�± � x ± w � x ± s � x ± �

® � x w ± ¯ ® � x w�t�¯ ® � x w�t�¯ ® � x w��"¯ ® � x w��"¯|(k�Q � x �ps � x �ps � x �ps � x �ps � x �ps

® � x �"w"¯ ® � x �"w"¯ ® � x �"w"¯ ® � x �"w"¯ ® � x �"w"¯|(]�UW`�dTH�L=|(XZQTU�`cdTH�L � x �Fs � x ��t � x ��� � x ��� � x vFs

® � x ± �"¯ ® � x ± v"¯ ® � x ± ��¯ ® � x ± ��¯ ® � x ± �"¯¨R`cIKS�H�LD`�d � x �:s � x � � � x ��� � x �Fs � x ��w

® � x ± �"¯ ® � x ± �"¯ ® � x t"��¯ ® � x t"��¯ ® � x t"��¯¨(��½ M\qR| � ± �U)Y����� § s x s[� § s x s � § s x s�s § s x �"v § � x ���

® � x t�v"¯ ® � x t��"¯ ® � x t��"¯ ® � x t��"¯ ® � x ����¯¨(��½ M\qR| ������� §�± � l ����� § � x ��� § � x ��w § � x v�v § � x ��� § � x ���

® � x t ��¯ ® � x t��"¯ ® � x t��"¯ ® � x ����¯ ® � x ����¯¨(��½ M\qR| ����� § ������� § � x �Fs § � x t ± § � x ± t § � x w ± § � x s[w

® � x t�v"¯ ® � x t ��¯ ® � x t��"¯ ® � x t��"¯ ® � x ����¯IY`bVKQ s § � x ��t § � x ��� § � x ��v § � x ��� § � x ���

® � x ±�± ¯ ® � x ±�± ¯ ® � x ± t�¯ ® � x ± �"¯ ® � x ± �"¯IY`bVKQ w § � x sT� § � x sT� § � x sT� § � x sT� § � x �"�

® � x ± ��¯ ® � x ± �"¯ ® � x ± �"¯ ® � x ± �"¯ ® � x t"��¯IY`bVKQO± § � x ��v § � x ��� § � x ��� § � x ��� § � x ���

® � x ± �"¯ ® � x t"��¯ ® � x tDsO¯ ® � x t�w"¯ ® � x t�w"¯��aiDIKQ § � x ��v § � x ��� § � x ��t § � x ��� § � x ��v

® � x w��"¯ ® � x w��"¯ ® � x ± ��¯ ® � x ± ��¯ ® � x ± ��¯

Page 24: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

� �0/1�#� ���� ���<� � � �$� � ����� � �*�¦� � 6=�*� � ����� � �768� � � � 6"� 6,� * �� � �� ��� ��4F� ���<� � � � �� �T�0� �� 6"� *� � � � � �$� ���� + � �

�T� � ��� � ���O� �!� � � ��� � ����� ��� � �� � 4�� � ����� �O� � � �� 6"� � ��_H�UWH�XZQTVKQTU \ 7 (+�£s \ 7 (+��� � � \ 7 ( � \ 7 ( � � � \ 7 (´s\ 4�4\¨\� ½ M\qR| �¿± ������� s x ± w s x t"� s x �Fs s x v�t s x ���

® � x v�t�¯ ® � x v�t�¯ ® � x v�t�¯ ® � x v��"¯ ® � x v�v"¯\ 4 7�¨\� ½ M\qR| ������� §�± ������� s x v�w s x ��� s x ��� s x ��� w x �"w

® � x v�t�¯ ® � x v�t�¯ ® � x v�t�¯ ® � x v��"¯ ® � x v�v"¯\ 4 � ¨\� ½ M\qR| ����� § ������� s x ��� w x ��� w x s ± w x w�w w x ±�±

® � x v��"¯ ® � x v�t�¯ ® � x v��"¯ ® � x v��"¯ ® � x v�v"¯\ 4

�r � G 4 � x ��� � x �Fs � x ��w � x v�t � x � ±

® � x w ± ¯ ® � x w ± ¯ ® � x w ± ¯ ® � x w ± ¯ ® � x w ± ¯� ^ § w x w�w § w x w�w § w x w ± § w x w�t § w x w��

® � x sut�¯ ® � x sut�¯ ® � x sut�¯ ® � x sut�¯ ® � x sut�¯� 4 t x ��� t x ��� t x ��� t x �"v t x �"v

® � x w���¯ ® � x w���¯ ® � x w���¯ ® � x w���¯ ® � x w���¯X � x ��w � x ��� � x ��� � x v�w � x v��

® � x s[�"¯ ® � x s[�"¯ ® � x w���¯ ® � x wFsO¯ ® � x wFsO¯

Page 25: A & #B.C /0 D EF - Harvard University · XZJFepQ[jhVKJ)LpJ UWX H jcjcN eD`cIKVKUW`c ipVKQ[e J"iDVYduJ"XZQ[I H LDe duJ"L VY`cL iDJ"iDI¦VY`cXZQu§>nHUYN:` Lpk,duJCnHU `cHVKQ[ITx¥¨(JO¤hQTn

� �W� � � � � � � ��� ��� � � �����

�\,#.*3� ��3(0;$|RIKNFXZSDVKJ�VY`cd�UYQ[jcH�VY`bn�Q$��`cH�IKQ[I7`cL£VYoDQ$LDH�`bn�QhS�H�UWH�X�QTVKQTUWI�J�] L ) Xpl�H�LDe � 7 ¤\opQ[L£VYoDQ�VKUWH�LDIW`bVY`bJ"L

XZJFepQ[j1]�J�URVYopQ~VY`cX�Q~n�H�UYN:`�Lpk<duJOn�H�UW`cH�VKQZopJ"j�eDITx�ª�opQ~VKUWipQ~S�H�UWH�XZQTVKQTU�n�H�j�ipQ[I\H�UYQ L ^ ( s l L 4 ( s lPX ( s l

� 7 (�s l � ^ ( � � � l � 4 ( � � � lEA 4 (�s l ( s l " 7 (�s l \ ^ (+�£sT� l�H�LDe \ 4 ( � x$ª�opQ�VYopUYQTQ~dTiDUYn�Q[I�`cLAQ[H�d�o

S�jbJ�V�H�UWQ���� ^aH�IKQ[jc`�LpQ�° +,+,+ �«²~f �h° � � � �K�