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VII Congreso de Idiomas Indígenas de LatinoaméricaOctober 30, 2015""Andrés E. Aguilar, Universidad de California, San Diego"http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~aea005/!

Palatal Glide Interactions Chicontepec Nahuatl: Assimilation & Underspecification

La aproximante palatal en el Nahuatl de Chicontepec: asimilación y subespecificación"

Aknowledgements !For teaching their language: Catalina Cruz de la Cruz, Faustino Cruz de la Cruz, Sabina Cruz de la Cruz, Ofelia Cruz Morales, Delfina de la Cruz, Rosa de la Cruz Cruz, Eduardo de la Cruz Cruz, and the Instituto de Docencia e Investigación Etnológica de Zacatecas (IDIEZ). For comments and suggestions: Gabriela Caballero, Eric Bakovic, Marc Garellek, Linguistic Fieldwork Working Group and UCSD PhonCo. This material is based upon work supported in part by a UC MEXUS Small Grant for Graduate Students. !

Proposal#

i.  /C-j/¦|CC|¦[ʰC]$ $Preaspiration #[–continuant]"

ii.  /C-j/¦|CC|¦[C] $ $Reduction #[+continuant]"

iii.  /C-j/¦[Cj] $ $Faithful# #underspecified"

•  Surface forms result from total assimilationLas formas fonéticas provienen de un proceso de asimilación completo "

•  Surface forms correspond to specification for [continuant]La distribución de formas fonéticas corresponden a la especificación para el rasgo [continuante]"

•  Sounds that are underspecified for [continuant] do not participate in assimilationLos sonidos subespecificados para[continuante] no participan en processo de asimilación"

"

Data Collection#•  Nine native-speakers from four communities in

Chicontepec in the summer of 2014 Nueve hablantes de Nahuatl de cuatro comunidades en Chicontepec.!

•  Speakers live in Zacatecas, MexicoLos hablantes viven en Zacatecas, Zacatecas!

•  Previous ex-situ work conducted in Los Angeles in 2012También viene datos de trabajo de campo en Los Angeles, CA."

"

Map of Nahuatl Regions"

II. Phonological & Morphological Properties #

•  ChN is a heavily agglutinating, polysynthetic languageChN es una lengua aglutinante y polisintética !

•  Allows syllables of the shape: V, CV, VC, and CVCSe permite sílabas de: V, CV, VC, y CVC[ˈa.t͡ʃi] ‘a bit/un poquito’ $[ˈis.tat͡ɬ] ‘salt/sal’ V CV $ $ $ $VC CVC"

•  No tauto-syllabic consonant clustersno hay grupos consonánticos tautosilábicos "

•  Consonant clusters at word boundaries are resolved through epenthesis Epéntesis resuelve grupos consonánticos prohibidos!

Phonological & Morphological Properties Cont.#

•  Sonorant codas are devoiced (except nasals)

Codas sonorantes siempre aparecen sin voz (salvo las nasales)!

•  Word-Final DebuccalizationWord-final nasals are debuccalized: N¦[ʰ]~Ø/___#

Nasales a final de palabra se debucalizan y desonorizan !

[miki] [miʰki] /Ø-miki-Ø/ /Ø-mik-k-Ø/ 3SBJ-die-SG 3SBJ-die-PRET-SG ‘s/he/it dies se muere’

‘s/he/it died se murió’

[ajokʔita] [ajoʰkanah] [aʃkanah] /ajok-Ø-ita-Ø/ /ajok-kanah/ aʃ-kanah ADV-3SBJ-see-SG ADV-AUX NEG-AUX ‘s/he no longer sees ya no ve’

‘no longer ya no’

‘no’

Preaspiration of geminate velars#•  /k-k/ sequences only arise at morpheme boundaries

secuencias de /k-k/ solamente se encuentran en coyunturas morfológicas!

•  Morphologically derived geminate velar stops are realized as preaspirated stops /kk/→[ʰk]la velar geminada se reliza como una oclusiva preaspirada!

"[jaɬwaja miʰki totoli]"‘the turkey died yesterdayayer se murió el guajolote’ "

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Adverbial /-ja/ (‘now’) #

•  Attaches to inflected verbs and adverbs (fully productive suffix)Se pospone a verbos infleccionados y adverbios (sufijo productivo)!

[ne siwat͡ɬ kinitaja itekiʃpeyowaʰ]"‘that woman now sees her friends.La mujer ya ve a sus amigas.’"

[kiʔita] [kiʔitaja] /Ø-k-ita-Ø/ /Ø-k-ita-Ø-ja/ 3sbj-3obj-see-sg 3sbj-3obj-see-sg-adv ‘s/he sees it. lo ve.’

‘s/he now sees it. ya lo ve.’

Adverbial /-ja/ (‘now’) #/-ja/ after consonants: The only possible stem-final consonants in verbs are /k, s, h/ and /n/ in adverbs"/-ja/ en el contexto consonantico: las únicas consonantes que aparecen a final de palabra en verbos son /k, s, h/ y /n/ en adverbios !"

/C-j/¦|CC|¦[ʰC] $"""

[ne siwat͡ɬ kinitaʰka itekiʃpeyowaʰ]"‘that woman already saw her friends.La mujer ya vió a sus amigas’ "

[kiʔitak] [kiʔitaʰka] /Ø-k-ita-k-Ø/ /Ø-k-ita-k-Ø-ja/ 3SBJ-3OBJ-see-PRET-SG 3SBJ-3OBJ-see-PRET-SG-ADV ‘s/he saw it lo vió’

‘s/he already saw it ya lo vió’

Adverbial /-ja/ (‘now’) #

/C-j/¦|CC|¦[C] $ $"

[kiʔitas] [kiʔitasa] /Ø-k-ita-s-Ø/ /Ø-k-ita-s-Ø-ja/ 3SBJ-3OBJ-see-FUT-SG 3SBJ-3OBJ-see-FUT-SG-ADV ‘s/he will see it. lo verá.’

‘s/he will now see it. ya lo verá’

[Na nikoːnisa aːt͡ɬ] ‘Now I’m going to drink water.Ya voy a tomar agua."

[namaʰ] [namaɲja] [namaja] /naman/ /naman-ja/ /naman-ja/ now now-ADV now- ADV ‘now/ahora’ ‘right now/ahorita’ ‘right now/ahorita’

Adverbial /-ja/ (‘now’) #/C-j/¦[Cj]"

[namaɲja nijasa nochaʰ]"‘I will (now) go home right now.Ahorita me voy a mi casa’ "

[kiʔitah] [kiʔitahja] /Ø-k-ita-h/ /Ø-k-ita-h-ja/ 3SBJ-3OBJ-see-PL 3SBJ-3OBJ-see-PL-ADV ‘They see it. Lo ven.’

‘They now see it. Ya lo ven.’

Adverbial /-jok/ (‘still, later’) #Attaches to inflected verbs and adverbs. Productivity varies across speakers and /-jok/ occurs in less contexts."Se pospone a verbos infleccionados y adverbios (productividad varía, /-jok/ occurre en menos contextos)!"

[kalaki] [kalakijok] /Ø-kalaki-Ø/ /Ø-kalaki-Ø-jok/ 3SBJ-enter-SG 3SBJ-enter-SG-ADV ‘s/he enters. entra.’

‘s/he still enters. aún entra.’

Adverbial /-jok/ (‘still, later, just now’) #

/-jok/ after consonants: The only possible stem-final consonants in verbs are /k, s, h/ and /n/ in adverbs."/-ja/ en el contexto consonantico: las únicas consonantes que aparecen a final de palabra en verbos son /k, s, h/ y /n/ en adverbios !"/C-j/¦|CC|¦[ʰC] $""

[nehnenkijok] ‘later s/he walked.Después caminó.’"

*[kiʔitakjok],*[kiʔitahkok] [teipa kiʔitak] [nehneŋkijok] Ø-k-ita-k-Ø-jok teipan Ø-k-ita-k-Ø Ø-nehnem-k-Ø-jok 3SBJ-3OBJ-see-PRET-SG-still later 3SBJ-3OBJ-see-PRET-SG-still 3SBJ-walk-PRET-SG-still ‘later, s/he saw it.

después lo vió.’ ‘later, s/he walked. después caminó.’

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Adverbial /-jok/ (‘still, later, just now’) #

/C-j/¦|CC|¦[C] $ $""

[t͡ɬamisok]"‘s/he will finish later.’ "

[nehnemis] [nehnemisok] /Ø-nehnemi-s-Ø/ /Ø-nehnemi-s-Ø-jok/ 3sbj-walk-fut-sg 3sbj-walk-fut-sg- adv ‘s/he will walk. va a caminar.’

‘later, s/he will walk. después va a caminar’

[kiʔitah] [kiʔitahjok] /Ø-k-ita-h/ /Ø-k-ita-h-jok/ 3sbj-3obj-see-pl 3sbj-3obj-see-pl-adv ‘they see it lo ven’

‘they just/still see it. aún lo ven.’

[kemaʰ] *[kemaɲjok],*[kemajok] /keman/ /keman-jok/ when when-ADJ ‘when’

Adverbial /-jok/ (‘still, later, just now’) #

/C-j/¦[Cj] $ $"

[t͡ɬantikahjok]"‘They are still finishing.Aún terminan’ "

Adjectival /-joh/ (‘full of N’) #•  Denominalizing /-joh/ ‘full of N’

derives an adjective from a nominal stem (productivity varies across speakers)

Sufijo derivativo que deriva un adjetivo de una base nominal (productividad varía)!

[nokotoʰ ʃot͡ʃijoh] ([ʃot͡ʃi-])"‘My blouse is flowery.Mi blusa tiene muchas flores’ "

[sokitɬ͡] [sokijoh] /soki-t͡ɬ/ /soki-joh/ mud-ABS mud-ADJ ‘mud/lodo’ ‘muddy/ lleno de lodo’

[wit ͡st͡ɬi] [wiʰt͡soh] [awet͡ʃt͡ɬi] [aweʰt͡ʃoh] /wit͡s-t͡ɬ/ /wit͡s-joh/ /awetʃ͡-t͡ɬ/ /awetʃ͡-joh/ thorn-ABS thorn-ADJ dew-ABS dew-ADJ thorn/espina ‘thorny/espinoso’ ‘dew/rocío’ ‘covered in dew/rociado’

Adjectival /-joh/ (‘full of N’) #/joh/ after consonants: There are more contexts for this suffix because noun stems end in more consonants: /k, t͡s, t͡ʃ, s, ʃ, l, n, h/!"

/-joh/ en el contexto consonantico: Hay mas contextos visto que sustantivos terminan en más de las fonemas de ChN: /k, t͡s, t͡ʃ, s, ʃ, l, n, h/!!/C-j/¦|CC|¦[ʰC] &#"

[aʃoʃokt͡ɬi] [aʃoʃokjoh] /aʃoʃok-t͡ɬ/ /aʃoʃok-joh/ algae-ABS algae-ADJ ‘algae/ alga’ ‘covered in algae/ lleno de alga’

Adjectival /-joh/ (‘full of N’) #

[nekjoh] ([nek-])"‘covered in honey/ "lleno de miel’ "

Velar stop stop, however, does not participate in assimilation:En este contexto, la oclusiva velar no participa en asimilación.!

Adjectival /-joh/ (‘full of N’) #

[kwaest͡ɬi] [kwaesoh] [neʃt͡ɬi] [neʃoh] [t͡ʃiːli] [t͡ʃiːloh] /kwa-es-t͡ɬ/ /kwa-es-joh/ /neʃ-t͡ɬ/ /neʃ-joh/ /tʃ͡iːl-t͡ɬ/ /tʃ͡iːl-joh/ wood-blood-ABS wood-blood-ADJ lime-ABS lime-ADJ chile-ABS chile-ADJ ‘sap/savia’ ‘sappy/

lleno de savia’ ‘lime- Ca(OH)2/

cal’

‘full of lime/ lleno de cal’

‘chile pepper/ chile’

‘something with a lot of chile/ lleno de chile’

[t͡ʃiːɬt͡ɬaʃkali t͡ʃiːloh]‘The enchiladas are hot."Las enchiladas son picosas’ "

/C-j/¦|CC|¦[ʰC]

$"

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[paht͡ɬi] [pahjoh] [ilimoʰ] [ilimoɲjoh], *[ilimojoh] /pah-t͡ɬ/ /pah-joh/ /ilimon/ /ilimon-joh/ fertilizer-ABS fertilizer-ADJ lime lime-adj ‘fertilizer/ herbicide/ abono/herbicida’

‘(field) covered in fertilizer/herbicide/ (milpa) lleno de abono/herbicida’’

‘lime (citrus)/limón’

‘having a lot of lime/ tiene mucho limón’

Adjectival /-joh/ (‘full of N’) #

/C-j/¦[Cj]"

Summary of Data#

Context /-ja /-jok/ /-joh/ /V-/ faithful V-ja faithful V-jok faithful V-joh /k-/ preaspiration ʰ-ka ––– * faithful k-joh /t͡s-/ n/a n/a preaspiration ʰ-t͡soh /tʃ͡-/ n/a n/a preaspiration ʰ-t͡ʃoh /s-/ j-deletion s-a j-deletion s-ok j-deletion s-oh /ʃ-/ n/a n/a j-deletion ʃ-oh /l-/ n/a n/a j-deletion l-oh /h-/ faithful h-ja faithful h-jok faithful h-joh

/n-/ faithful n-ja, ––– *n-jok faithful n-joh,

n-deletion n-ja ––– *n-jok ––– *n-joh

Analysis#•  Glides in sequences of C-j at the stem suffix juncture undergo total

assimilation creating a geminate.

Hay asimilación completo de la aproximante palatal en el contexto de C-jque genera un sonido geminado"

•  [–continuant] geminates that are phonologically derived are realized with preaspiration like /k-k/ sequences: /C-j/¦|CC|¦[ʰC]

Sonidos con el rasgo [–continuante] crean una consonante preaspirada"

•  [+continuant] geminates are produced without preaspiration: /C-j/¦|CC|¦[C]

Sonidos con el rasgo [+continuante] se realizan sin preaspiración"

"

Analysis#•  /h/ and /n/ do not trigger assimilation

/h/ y /n/ no participan en asimilación"

•  Following Lombardi (2001) I analyze /h/ as underspecified for placeSe analiza la /h/ como subespecificadas para el rasgo [continuante]"

•  Coda nasal sounds are also analyzed as underspecified for place (like Harris, 1984)Las nasales se analizan como subespecificados para su punto de articulación "

•  [continuant] is place-dependent (Padgett, 1994). I argue that /h/ and /n/ do not participate in assimilation because they are underspecified for [continuant]El rasgo [–continuante] es dependiente en la especificación para su punto de articulación"

Why underspecification?#•  Nasal sounds only contrast when onsets: /nV/ and /mV/

Solo hay contraste en el ataque silábico"

•  All word-medial coda nasals are in clusters and undergo place assimilationNasales en posición de coda en grupos consonánticos siempre asimilan al punto de articulación de la segunda consonante"

•  Accounts for word-final nasal debuccalization process: N¦[ʰ]~Ø/___#Explica el proceso debucalización y desonorización de nasales a final de palabra!

Why underspecification?#•  Word-final nasals are codas and do not have an adjacent

consonant to get their place features:[namaʰ] and [namaɲja] [palatal]

Las nasales a final de palabra son codas (sin especificación para punto de art.) y no tienen otra consonante (sí especificada) de donde conseguir el rasgo.!

•  In surface forms of C-j where the C is /h/ or /n/, both consonants are realized with palatalizationEn los casos de /h-j/ y /n-j/, la primera consonante se realiza con palatalización: [çj] y [ɲj]!

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Context /-ja /-jok/ /-joh/ /V-/ faithful V-ja faithful V-jok faithful V-joh /k-/ preaspiration h-ka ––– * faithful k-joh /t͡s-/ n/a n/a preaspiration h-t͡soh /tʃ͡-/ n/a n/a preaspiration h-t͡ʃoh /s-/ j-deletion s-a j-deletion s-ok j-deletion s-oh /ʃ-/ n/a n/a j-deletion ʃ-oh /l-/ n/a n/a j-deletion l-oh /h-/ faithful h-ja faithful h-jok faithful h-joh

/n-/ faithful n-ja, ––– *n-jok faithful n-joh,

n-deletion n-ja ––– *n-jok ––– *n-joh

The difference in patterns: speaker variation with /ja/ but not /joh/ "

•  There are ordering effects—/joh/ affixes before the application of the word-final nasal debuccalization process.El orden de debucalización nasal y afijación explica la variación en /-ja/ y /-joh/!

•  /-ja/, an inflectional suffix, might affix before or after the application of the rule, which would account for the two patterns."

Non-participation in assimilation# Non-participation in assimilation#Context /-ja /-jok/ /-joh/

/V-/ faithful V-ja faithful V-jok faithful V-joh /k-/ preaspiration h-ka ––– * faithful k-joh /t͡s-/ n/a n/a preaspiration h-t͡soh /tʃ͡-/ n/a n/a preaspiration h-t͡ʃoh /s-/ j-deletion s-a j-deletion s-ok j-deletion s-oh /ʃ-/ n/a n/a j-deletion ʃ-oh /l-/ n/a n/a j-deletion l-oh /h-/ faithful h-ja faithful h-jok faithful h-joh

/n-/ faithful n-ja, ––– *n-jok faithful n-joh,

n-deletion n-ja ––– *n-jok ––– *n-joh

•  In the case of /-jok/, affixation is blocked by [-continuant] sounds ––Word-final nasal debuccalization must occur after affixation to block affixation.

En el contexto morf. de /-jok/, afijación es obstruido en contextos [-continuante] !

•  In the case of /-joh/, there is paradigmatic leveling.En este caso hay evidencia de nivelizacion paradigmatica !

Typological Considerations for an Assimilation Analysis#

•  We saw that morphologically derived geminates (/k-k/) in ChN are realized as preaspirated stops ([ʰk])"

•  /[–continuant]-j/ surface as preaspirated [–continuant] sounds: [ʰC] Sequencias de /C-j/, donde la consonante es [–continuante], se realizan como consonantes preaspiradas exactamente como las sequencias te oclusivas velares.!

•  The association of preaspiration and synchronic or historical geminates has been widely attested: Icelandic, Faroese, Swedish, Norwegian, Scots Gaelic, Sami, Forest Nenets, Comanche, O’odham, Hopi, Sienese Italian, Florentine Italian (Helgason 2002, Silverman2003, Clayton 2010)Hay una asociación sincrónica o historica entre preaspiración y sonidos geminados!

•  Preaspiration has been shown to be used as a cue geminates in Italian (Stevens 2011). !

!

Classes of sounds found to feature preaspiration #

Language p,t,k b,d,g t͡ʃ,t͡s, d͡ʒ, d͡z f,θ,x β,v,ð S n,l Hopi ✔ ✔ Comanche ✔ O’odham ✔ Sienese Italian Florentine Italian

✔ ✔

Purepecha ✔ ✔ Icelandic ✔ Faroese ✔ Swedish ✔ Norwegian ✔ Eastern Objibwa ✔ ✔ Cree ✔ ✔ Goajiro ✔ ✔ Huautla Mazatec ✔ ✔ ✔ Scots Gaelic ✔ Sami ✔ Forest Nenets ✔ ✔ Yugur ✔ ✔ ✔ Scottish English ✔ Manchester English ✔

!

Clayton, I. (2010). On the natural history of preaspirated stops. (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina."

Engstrand, O. (1987). Preaspiration and the voicing contrast in Lule Sami. Phonetica, 44(2), 103-116."

Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (2005). Perfil sociodemografico de la población hablante náhuatl. XII Censo General de Polación y Vivienda 2000. México."

Harris, J. (1984). Autosegmental Phonology, Lexical Phonology and Spanish Nasals. In Aronoff and Oehrle, 67-82. "

Helgason, P. (2002). Preaspiration in the Nordic languages: synchronic and diachronic aspects."Lombardi, L. (2001) Why Place and Voice are Different: Constraint-Specific Alternations in

Optimality Theory. In Lombardi, L. (ed.), Segmental phonology in Optimality Theory: Constraints and Representations, Cambridge University Press. "

Miller, W. R., Elzinga, D., & McLaughlin, J. E. (2005). Preaspiration and Gemination in Central Numic 1. International journal of American linguistics, 71(4), 413-444."

Padgett, J. (1994). Stricture and nasal place assimilation. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 12(3), 465-513."

Roos, M. (1998). Preaspiration in Western Yugur monosyllables. In The Mainz Meeting. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Turkish Linguistics: August 3-6, 1994 (Turcologica 32) (pp. 28-41)."

Silverman, D. (2003). On the rarity of pre-aspirated stops. Journal of Linguistics, 39(03), 575-598."Stevens, M. (2011). Consonant length in Italian: Gemination, degemination and preaspiration. In

The 5th Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Romance Phonology (pp. 21-32)."Stevens, M., & Hajek, J. (2007). Towards a phonetic conspectus of preaspiration. Proceedings of

ICPhS 2007.""

References#