9. Understanding Personality[1]

7/28/2019 9. Understanding Personality[1]

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Personality

Traits view of personality: we are born with thepersonality we display through our behavior invarious situations e.g. shy, outgoing, tense,extroverted

The big five personality factors

Introversion extroversion

Consideration, agreeableness, Conscientiousness, carefulness

Emotional stability, anxiety, neuroticism

Intelligence, inquiry, openness to experience


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Personality Traits

The Big-Five factors are:

Extraversion: A personality dimension

describing someone who is sociable, gregarious

and assertive

Agreeableness: A personality dimension that

describes someone who is good-natured,

cooperative and trusting


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Personality Traits

Conscientiousness: A personality dimension that

describes someone who is responsible,

dependable, persistent, and organized

Emotional Stability: A personality dimension

that characterizes someone as calm, self-confident, secure versus nervous, depressed,

and insecure


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Openness to Experience: A personality

dimension that characterizes someone in

terms of imaginativeness, artistry, sensitivity,

and intellectualism

Personality Traits


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Personality Traits

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) : A test that

taps four characteristics and classifies people

into one of the sixteen personality types

Classification:

- E or I (extroverted or introverted)

- S or N (sensing or intuiting)

- T or F (thinking or feeling)

- P or J (perceiving or judging)


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Extraverted thinking

with sensing

Extraverted thinkingwith intuition

Introverted thinking

with sensing

Introverted thinkingwith intuition

Extraverted feeling

with sensing

Extraverted feelingwith intuition

Introverted feeling

with sensing

Introverted feelingwith intuition

16 Personality Types Under MBTI


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Extraverted sensing with

thinking

Extraverted sensing with

feeling

Introverted sensing with

thinking

Introverted sensing withfeeling

Extraverted intuition

with thinking

Extraverted intuition

with feeling

Introverted intuition

with thinking

Introverted intuitionwith feeling

16 Personality Types Under MBTI


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Personality as the Self

The term self has two meanings -

The self concept or self image:

Attitudes, feelings, perceptions and

evaluations of self as an object (Hall

and Lindzey, 1970)


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Personality as the Self

The second set of meanings relate to

self as a process - Psychological

processes which are executive

functions


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Psychological Processes As Executive

Functions

Processes by which an individual manages and

copes

Thinks, remembers, perceives and plans

Self-construct is a combination of self as an

object and self as a process


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Self Concept: The I and Me

Self is the core of ones conscious

existence

Awareness of self is referred to as ones

Self-Concept

Self-concept: Persons self perception as a

physical, social and spiritual being

Since we have a self-concept, we recognize

ourselves as distinct human beings


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Self Concept: The I andMe

Self concept would be impossible without the

capacity to think - cognition

Cognitions represent any knowledge, opinion

or belief about the environment, about oneself

or about ones behaviorCognition plays a central role in social

perception and successful self-management


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The Self Concept: Self Esteem

Self esteem

A belief about ones self worth based on an

overall self-evaluation

Feelings of self-esteem are shaped by our

circumstances and how others treat us

Th S lf C S lf Effi


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The Self Concept: Self Efficacy

Self-efficacy is a persons belief

about his or her chances of successfully

accomplishing a specific task

Self-efficacy arises from the gradual

acquisition of complex cognitive, social,

linguistic and / or physical skills through

experience


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Childhood experiences have a powerful

effect on a persons self-efficacy

The relationship between self-efficacy and

performance is a cyclical one


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Efficacy refers to performance cycles

which can spiral upwards towards success

or downward toward failure



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Strong linkages found between high self

efficacy expectations and success in

Widely varied physical and mental tasks

Anxiety reduction

Addiction control

Pain tolerance

Illness recovery and

Avoidance of sea sickness in naval cadets


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Chronically low self-efficacy is

associated with a condition calledLearned Helplessness, the severely

debilitating belief that one has no

control over ones environment

eve opmen o ersona y an oc a za on


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eve opmen o ersona y an oc a za onTheories of Personality

The human personality is influenced by heredity,

environment, maturation, and learning

There are various physiological and

psychological stages that have contributed to

the development of human personality


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Development of Personality and Socialization

Theories of Personality

However, many modern psychologists are of the

opinion that personality development is a

continuous process and that the sequence

depends mainly on the learning opportunities

available


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Adult Life Stages

Levinson believed that there was little

variability, say, a maximum of two to three

years in the four identifiable stable periods


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Adult Life Stages

Stepping into the adult world - between the ages 22

to 28

Settling down - between the ages 33 to 40

Stepping into middle adulthood - between the ages

45 to 50

Culmination of middle adulthood - between the ages

55 to 60

H ll M d l C St


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Halls Model on Career Stages

The first stage is the exploration stage

The new employee seeks an identity

Undergoes continuous self-examination and

role tryouts


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The second stage is the establishment stage

Where the employee begins to settle down and

Experience a need for intimacy


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The third stage is the maintenance stage

Where the employee reaches a highly productive

plateau and

Feels the need to contribute something for the

next generation



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The last stage is the decline stage

Here the person experiences the need for

integrity or

The need to feel satisfied with ones career

Immaturity to Maturity (Argyris)


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Argyris proposed that human personality

moves along a continuum from immaturity as

an infant to maturity as an adult

Subordinate position

Lack of self-awareness


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Immaturity characteristics

Passivity

Dependence

Few ways of behaving

Shallow interests

Short time perspective


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Personality

Immaturity to Maturity (Chris Argyris )

Activity

Independence

Diverse behavior


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Personality

Immaturity to Maturity (Chris Argyris)

Deep interests

Long time perspective

Super ordinate position

Self-awareness and control


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Personality and Stress

Research based evidence infers that high and

low stressed individuals differ in terms of

their personality characteristics

That outer- directed individuals are more

adjusting and reality-oriented than inner-

directed

That personality characteristics are

associated with stress generated diseases


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Personality Tests

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire measures

extroversion, neuroticism (or emotional stability)

psychoticism

The 16 PF (Catell), measures 16 personality factors :

submissiveness (mild, humble, easily led, docile,

accommodating); self-assurance (placid, serene,

secure, complacent); tender-mindedness (sensitive,

clinging, over-protected)


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Personality Tests

The Occupational Preference

Questionnaire measures 30 personality

dimensions: caring, emotional contro,

forward planning among others

9. Understanding Personality[1]

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