9. Transport in Animals - Science Sauce

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IGCSE Biology – 9. TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS The stuff you need to know in this chapter: 9.1: TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS Core: • Describe the circulatory system as a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood Extended: • Describe the single circulation of a fish • Describe the double circulation of a mammal • Explain the advantages of a double circulation 9.2 HEART Core: • Name and identify the structures of the mammalian heart, limited to the muscular wall, the septum, the left and right

ventricles and atria, one-way valves and coronary arteries • State that blood is pumped away from the heart into arteries and returns to the heart in veins • State that the activity of the heart may be monitored by ECG, pulse rate and listening to sounds of valves closing • Investigate and state the effect of physical activity on the pulse rate • Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the blockage of coronary arteries and state the possible risk factors as

diet, stress, smoking, genetic predisposition, age and gender Extended: • Name and identify the atrioventricular and semilunar valves in the mammalian heart • Explain the relative thickness: – of the muscle wall of the left and right ventricles – of the muscle wall of the atria compared to that of the ventricles • Explain the importance of the septum in separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood • Describe the functioning of the heart in terms of the contraction of muscles of the atria and ventricles and the action

of the valves • Explain the effect of physical activity on the heart rate • Discuss the roles of diet and exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease • Describe ways in which coronary heart disease may be treated, limited to drug treatment with aspirin and surgery

(stents, angioplasty and by-pass)

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9.3 BLOOD AND LYMPHATIC VESSELS Core: • Describe the structure and functions of arteries, veins and capillaries • Name the main blood vessels to and from the: – heart, limited to vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein – lungs, limited to the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein – kidney, limited to the renal artery and renal vein Extended: • Explain how the structures of arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted for their functions • State the function of arterioles, venules and shunt vessels • Outline the lymphatic system in terms of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes • Describe the function of the lymphatic system in the circulation of body fluids and the protection of the body from

infection 9.4 BLOOD Core: • List the components of blood as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma • Identify red and white blood cells, as seen under the light microscope, on prepared slides and in diagrams and

photomicrographs • State the functions of the following components of blood: – red blood cells in transporting oxygen, including the role of haemoglobin – white blood cells in phagocytosis and antibody production – platelets in clotting (details are not required) – plasma in the transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones and carbon dioxide Extended: • Identify lymphocyte and phagocyte white blood cells, as seen under the light microscope, on prepared slides and in

diagrams and photomicrographs • State the functions of: – lymphocytes – antibody production – phagocytes – phagocytosis • Describe the process of clotting as the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form a mesh • State the roles of blood clotting as preventing blood loss and preventing the entry of pathogens • Describe the transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid (details of the roles of water potential and

hydrostatic pressure are not required)

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9.1 TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS Define “circulatory system”. Complete the diagram to show the circulatory system of a fish. Include labels, and draw arrows to show the blood flow direction.

Complete the diagram to show the circulatory system of a mammal. Complete the key to show the parts of the heart.

Which of the above circulatory systems is more efficient? Explain why.

gills

Lungs

RA LA

RV LV

Key: LA = ______________ RA = ______________ LV = ______________ RV = ______________

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9.2a HEART (Chambers, vessels, blood flow and valves) Draw a labeled diagram of the heart of a mammal. Include the following labels:

Muscular wall, Septum, Left ventricle, Right ventricle, Left atrium, Right atrium, One-way valves, Vena Cava, Aorta, Pulmonary artery, Pulmonary vein

The heart has different types of blood vessels entering and leaving. Complete the table below to name the blood vessels.

Arteries Veins

Cross out the incorrect word to show the correct sentence about direction of blood flow:

Veins/Arteries carry blood into the heart.

Arteries/Veins carry blood away from the heart.

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The heart has four chambers: 2 ventricles and 2 atria. State and explain the relative different in size of muscular walls of each chamber. Explain why having a hole in the septum would be problematic. Put numbers next to the following sentences to put them in order.

Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium via the pulmonary vein

1 Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava

Finally, it returns again to the heart via the vena cava, and the cycle continues.

Because of contraction of the atrium muscles it moves through the atrio-ventricular valve into the right ventricle

The left ventricle muscles contract and blood then leaves the heart via the aorta, where it goes to the rest of the body to supply oxygen

The right ventricle muscles contract and blood leaves via the pulmonary artery, towards the lungs

The muscles of the left atrium contract and it moves through the atrio-ventricular valve into the left ventricle

Valves allow flow in only one direction. State where the valves of the heart are located (there are 4), and state which direction flow is allowed.

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Complete the table to describe what is happening at different stages of each heart beat.

Stage Muscle contracting Blood flow Diastole

Into heart

Atrial systole Both atria

Ventricular systole

Explain the “lub-dup” sound of the heartbeat in terms of valves. 9.2b HEART (Exercise and ECGs) State and explain the effect of exercise on the concentration of CO2 in the blood. State how your heart rate changes when you exercise In terms of blood pH, explain how an increase in blood CO2 levels increases heart rate. Explain what is meant by coronary heart disease

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State the risk factors that increase the probably of suffering from coronary heart disease. Complete the table below to summarise the options for treatment of coronary heart disease.

Treatment Summary

Drugs: Aspirin

Surgery: Stents

Surgery: Angioplasty

Surgery: By-pass

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On the grid below draw and label an electrocardiograph trace. Use the letters P,Q,R,S,T. Don’t forget to add a scale. (You don’t need to know exactly what each individual stage means, but just recognise that this is a way of monitoring heart activity.) State 2 other ways of monitoring the heart’s activity 9.3 BLOOD AND LYMPHATIC VESSELS: Part A - Blood Vessels Label the blood vessels on the micrograph below with “artery” and “vein”.

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One the diagram above label the following blood vessels:

• Small Lumen • Large Lumen • Thick outer wall • Thin-ish outer wall • Smooth lining (x2) • Thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres • Thin layer of muscle and elastic fibres

Explain how the following blood vessels are adapted to their function: Arteries: Veins: Capillaries: Arteries and veins don’t connect directly to capillaries; there is a blood vessel that goes between them. Name the following blood vessels:

• The blood vessel that connects an artery to a blood capillary is called an...

• The blood vessel that connects a vein to a blood capillary is called a...

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State the purpose of a shunt vessel. Complete the table to describe which blood vessels go to and from these parts of the body:

Heart Lungs Kidneys

to 1. Vena cava 2.

from 1. 2.

Pulmonary vein

9.3 BLOOD AND LYMPHATIC VESSELS: Part B – The lymphatic system Name following parts of the blood that move through pores in the capillaries: The fluid material:

P . The cells that are involved in defense:

W . Explain how tissue fluid allows the transfer of oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells. The lymphatic system returns the tissue fluid to the blood. State the name of the vein that connects the lymph vessels to the blood.

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Explain how movement of lymph is controlled (hint: muscles and valves). Lymph goes through many “lymph nodes” before returning to the blood. State and explain the function of lymph nodes.

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9.4 BLOOD Look at micrograph showing human blood. Identify and label a red blood cell, a lymphocyte and a phagocyte. Sketch a single red blood cell below Explain how a red blood cells is adapted to its function in terms of the following... Biconcave shape: No nucleus: Small size:

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Complete the sentences below about oxygen transport using red blood cells. Use the words below

purple/red, haemoglobin, iron, oxyhaemoglobin, red

Each red blood cell contains millions of molecules of . Each of

these molecules contains ______________ (Hb), which readily binds to oxygen.

When oxygen is bound to the molecule it is referred to as ______________

(oxyHb). Hb is ______________-coloured but oxyHb is ______________-coloured.

Add ticks (✓) to the table to state the function of the different components of blood:

Platelets Plasma Red Blood Cells Phagocytes Lymphocytes

Engulf pathogens

Helps with blood clotting

Transport oxygen

Transport small amount of CO2

Transport antibodies

Transport CO2 in solution

Transport nutrients in solution

Transport urea in solution

Transport hormones in solution

Make antibodies

Transport some proteins

State the purpose of blood clotting

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Using a flow chart explain how blood clotting occurs in terms of fibrinogen, fibrin and platelets.

9. Transport in Animals - Science Sauce

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