8개국 언어로 엮은 반만년의 숨결 10 - claj.or.krclaj.or.kr/download/ban_10.pdf ·...

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Culture and Language Association of Jeollabuk-do

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President of Culture and Language Association of Jeollabukdo

Yoo Chun-taek

I am very pleased to publish The Traces of Five Millennia 10 with a whole heart to inform people all over the world of Korea and our unique and rich history.

Everyone languishes for home as time come to the end of the year. Get-ting tired and of living, we are very happy because we have a home like mothers warm heart. A meaning of Happy World is to make our real home in our hearts. Having received favor and indebtedness from our hometown, we have lived our lives with a strong confidence and pride. Now we have a chance and meaningful time to return a favor to our lovely hometown, which is an impor-tant mission of CLAJ.

The meaning of Love of Hometown is like a stream that wash away our pains from the hardship of life. We have to cherish a ordinary stone or a clump of grass in our hometown because they have been waiting for us in silence. As a saying The time changes everything, the history of CLAJ is more than 10 years. But CLAJ will continue to love and care of our hometown as ever. We, CLAJ, will become a strong and warm rope to tie our estranged neighbors and people all over the world.

I express my deepest gratitude to the members of CLAJ and all those

involved in this latest project completed.

Governor of Jeollabukdo Province

Kim Wan-ju

I would like to express my deep congratulations on the publication of Traces of Five Millennia 10. I would also like to convey my sincere gratitude to The Culture and Language Association of Jeollabukdo(CLAJ) for taking the lead on introducing the world of Koreas great cultural heritages. It is very mean-ingful and impressive that CLAJ has led a project that introduce the tradition and life-style of Korean ancestors to all over the world.

There is no doubt that Traces of Five Millennia 10 will have an im-portant role to make seven million Korean living abroad encourage to inspire patriotic spirit, and make foreigners to have a special interest in Korea.

As a heart of art and culture, this unique and phenomenal publication serves as a momentum to offer two million Jeollabukdo residents to have enor-mous pride for their province because it sheds new light on the cultural resourc-es which keep their long history and tradition and promote their incomparable beauty to all over the world.

We pledge to strive to conserve long and rich history of Jeollabukdo and carry forward new growth energy industry with the power and wisdom of Prov-ince residents.

Combined with energetic activities of CLAJ including the publication of Traces of Five Millennia 10, we could have a chance to look back upon the past and present and to convert our dream and vision for the 21st century into reality.

I wish you all the best success in your endeavors.

Prologue Congratulatory Message

12 _ _ 13 12 _ _ 13

Prsident de lAssociation Culture et langue des Jeollabukdo

Yoo Chun-taek

Prsident de lAssociation Culture et langue des JeollabukdoJe suis trs heureux de publier avec

un coeur entier pour informer les gens partout dans le monde de la Core et notre histoire riche et unique.

Tout le monde se languit pour la maison comme temps de venir la fin de lanne. Nous sommes trs heureux parce que nous avons une maison comme le cur chaud de la mre. Un sens de est de faire de notre vraie maison dans nos curs. Ayant reu et favorisent lendettement de notre ville natale, nous avons vcu nos vies avec une forte confiance et fierte. Maintenant nous avons une chance et de temps significatif pour rendre une faveur notre ville natale belle, qui est une mission importante du CLAJ.

La signification de est comme un ruisseau qui effacer nos douleurs de la misre de la vie. Nous avons cherir une pierre ordinaire ou une touffe dherbe dans notre ville natale, parce quils ont attendu pour nous en silence. En disant , lhistoire de la CLAJ est plus de 10 ans. Mais CLAJ continuera damour et de soin de notre ville natale comme jamais. Nous, CLAJ, va devenir une corde solide et chaleureuse pour attacher nos voisins loignes et les gens du monde entier.

Jexprime ma profonde gratitude aux membres du CLAJ et tous ceux im-

pliques dans ce drnier projet termine.

Gouverneur de Province Jeollabukdo Kim Wan-ju

Je tiens exprimer mes flicitations profonde sur la publication de . Je voudrais aussi exprimer ma sincre gratitude la culture et lAssociation Langue de Jeollabukdo (CLAJ) pour prendre la tete sur lintroduction du monde de la Core du grand patrimoine culturel. Il est trs significatif et impressionnant qui CLAJ a dirig un projet qui introduisent la tradition et de style de vie des ancetres corens tous les coins du monde.

Il ne fait aucun doute que aura un role important pour faire vivre 7,000,000 corennes ltranger encourageons inspirer lesprit patriotique, et de faire des trangers davoir un intret particulier en Core.

En tant que cur de lart et la culture, cette publication unique et ph-nomnale sert de llan offrir deux millions de rsidents Jeollabukdo davoir une norme fierte pour leur province, car elle jette une lumire nouvelle sur les ressources culturelles qui conservent leur longue histoire et tradition et de pro-mouvoir leur incomparable la beaut tous les coins du monde.

Nous nous engageons uvrer pour prserver lhistoire longue et riche Jeollabukdo et reporter nouvelle industrie de lnergie de croissance avec la puis-sance et la sagesse des habitants de la province.

Combine avec des activites nergtiques du CLAJ, y compris la publica-tion de , nous pourrions avoir une chance de regarder en arrire sur la passe et le present et pour convertir notre reve et une vision pour le 21me sicle en ralit.

Je vous souhaite tout le meilleur succes dans vos entreprises.

Prologue Message de felicitations

14 _ _ 15 14 _ _ 15

Vorsitzende der Vereinigung Ehrenamtlichen bersetzer von Jeollabukdo

Yoo Chun-taek

Ich freue mich sehr auf den zehenten Band der Spuren aus fnf Jahretu-asenden mit ganzem Herzen zu veroffentlichen, um Menschen auf der ganzen Welt von Korea und unsere einzigartige und reiche Geschichte zu informieren.

Jeder schmachtet nach Hause wenn die Zeit zum Ende des Jahres kom-men. Wir sind sehr glcklich, weil wir eine Heimat wie ein warmes Herz der Mutter haben, wenn wir lebensmde sind. Eine Bedeutung von die glckliche Welt ist es, unsere wahre Heimat in unseren Herzen zu machen. Nach Ahneh-men Gefallen und Verschuldung von unserer Heimatstadt haben wir unser Le-ben mit einer starken Zuversicht und Stolz gelebt. Jetzt haben wir eine Chance und sinnvolle Zeit, sich fr den Gefallen zu revanchieren. Das ist eine wichtige Afugabe der CLAJ.

Die Bedeutung von Liebe zur Heimat ist wie ein Bach, das unsere Schmerzen aus der Not des Lebens wscht. Wir mussen einen ordentlichen Stein oder ein Gras in unserer Heimatstadt zu schtzen, weil sie fr uns gew-artet haben in der Stille. Die Geschichte der CLAJ ist mehr als 10 Jahren. Wir, CLAJ werden weiterhin viel Liebe und Sorgfalt von unserer Heimatstadt als je zuvor. Wir wollen eine starke und warme Strick um unseren entfremdeten Nachbarn und Menschen auf der ganzen Welt binden.

Ich bringe meine tiefste Dankbarkeit an die Mitglieder des CLAJ und alle, die in diesem Projekt abgeschlossen beteiligt.

Gouverneur der Provinz Jeollabukdo Kim Wan-ju

Anllich der Verffentlichung von Spuren aus fnf Jahrtausenden 10 mchte ich meine Glckwunsche zum ausdruck bringen. Ich mchte auch meinen aufrichtigen Dank fur die Vereinigung der Ehrenamtlichen bersetyer von Jeollabukdo(CLAJ) vermitteln fr die Fhrung bei der Einfhrung die Welt der groen kulturellen Erbe Koreas. Es ist sehr sinnvoll und beeindruck-end, dass CLAJ ein Projekt, das die Tradition und Lebensweise der koreanis-chen Vorfahren in der ganzen Welt vorzustellen, gefuhrt hat.

Es lsst keinen Zweifel, dass Spuren aus fnf Jahrtausenden 10 eine wichtige Rolle zu sieben Milionen im Ausland lebenden Koreaner, zu ermuti-gen, patriotischen Geist zu inspirierne, und auslnder ein besonderes Interesse an Korea haben, spielen wird. Als Herzstck der Kunst und Kultur in Sdko-rea, bietet diese einzigartige und phanomenale Veroffentlichung den zwei Mil-lionen Brgern von Jeollabukdo Anlass, stolz zu sein auf ihre Provinz. weil es ein neues Licht wirft auf die kulturellen Ressourcen, die ihre lange Geschichte und Tradition bewahren und fordern ihre unvergleichliche Schnheit auf der ganzen Welt.

Wir verpflichten uns, danach zu streben, lange und reiche Geschichte der Jeollabukdo bewahren und weiter zu neuem Wachstum Energiewirtschaft mit der Kraft und Weisheit der Brger.

Ich wnsche uns allen, dass das Engagement der Vereinigung der Ehre-namtlichen bersetzer von Jeollabukdo uns inspiriert, ber Vergangenheit und Gegenwart nachzudenken, so dass wir unsere Vision einer leuchtenden Zuku-nft in die Wirklichkeit umsetzen knnen.

Ihren Bemhungen gelten alle meine guten Wnsche. Vielen Dank.

Vorwort Gruwort

16 _ _ 17 16 _ _ 17

Presidente de la Asociacin de Cultura e Idioma de Jeollabukdo

Yoo Chun-taek

Estoy muy alegre de publicar el dcimo libro de Respiracin de Cinco Milenios de todo corazn para informar a la gente de todo el mundo sobre Corea y nuestra historia rica y nica.

Todo el mundo echa de menos su hogar mientras el tiempo llega al final del ao. Cuando nos sentimos pesados y cansados de la vida, estamos muy felices porque tenemos hogares como el abrazo caliente de madre. El significado de mundo feliz es hacer nuestro verdadero hogar en nuestros corazones. Despus de haber recibido favores y endeudamientos de nuestra ciudad, hemos vivido nuestras vidas con una fuerte confianza y orgullo. Ahora tenemos una oportu-nidad y tiempo significativo para devolver el favor a nuestra ciudad hermosa, que es una misin importante de CLAJ (La Asociacin de Cultura e Idioma de Jeollabukdo).

El significado de amor de patria es como un arroyo que lava nuestros dolores de las dificultades de la vida. Tenemos que valorar una piedra ordinaria o una mata de hierba en nuestra ciudad, ya que nos han estado esperando en silencio.

Hay un refrn. : 10 aos de tiempo lo cambia todo, la historia de la CLAJ es ms de 10 aos. Pero en la CLAJ continuar el amor y el cuidado de nuestra ciudad por siempre. Nosotros, los miembros de la CLAJ, nos con-vertiremos en una cuerda fuerte y caliente para atar nuestros vecinos extranjeros y gente de todo el mundo.

Expreso mi profunda gratitud a los miembros de la CLAJ y todos los involucrados en este ltimo proyecto completado.

Gobernador de Jeollabukdo Kim Wan-ju

Me gustara expresar mi profunda felicitacin a la publicacin de Re-spiracin de Cinco Milenios 10. Tambin me gustara expresar mi sincero agradecimiento a la Asociacin de Cultura e Idioma de Jeollabukdo (CLAJ) por tomar la iniciativa en la presentacin al mundo de los grandes patrimo-nios culturales de Corea. Es muy significativo e impresionante que la CLAJ ha liderado un proyecto que informa la tradicin y el estilo de vida de los antepasa-dos coreanos a todo el mundo.

No hay duda de que Respiracin de Cinco Milenios 10 tendr un papel importante para inspirar a fomentar el espritu patritico a siete millones de coreanos que habitan en pases extranjeros y para hacer que los extranjeros ten-gan inters especial sobre Corea.

Esta publicacin nica y fenomenal sirve como impulso para ofrecer a dos millones de residentes de Jeollabukdo que tengan un enorme orgullo de su provincia como el centro de arte y cultura, ya que arroja nueva luz sobre los recursos culturales que mantienen a su larga historia y tradicin y promover su incomparable belleza a todo el mundo. Nos comprometemos a trabajar por la conservacin de la historia larga y rica de Jeollabukdo y llevar adelante la nueva industria de energa de crecimiento con el poder y la sabidura de los residentes de la provincia.

En combinacin con las actividades energticas de la CLAJ incluyendo la publicacin de 10 tomo de Respiracin de Cinco Milenios, espero que todos los residentes de Jeollabukdo tengan una oportunidad para mirar hacia atrs en el pasado y el presente y para convertir nuestro sueo y la visin para el siglo 21 en realidad.

Les deseo a todos el mayor xito en sus esfuerzos.

Prlogo Mensaje de felicitacin

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166 _ Chosun Dynasty! Born in Jeonju

173 _ Harmony of millennium

181 _ The center of Calligraphy in Korea! Jeollabuk-do

187 _ Intangible Cultural Asset protected by Humankind, Pansori!

193 _ Great Heritages of Mahan and Baekje Kingdom

234 _ Joseon Dynastie! Beginn in Jeonju

240 _ Harmonie des Jahrtausends, Hanji und Jeonju

247 _ Zentrum der Kalligraphie Jeollabuk-do

252 _ Immaterielles Kulturgut der Menschheit, Pansori

258 _ Mahan- und des Baekje-Knigreiches

200 _ La dynastie Chosun! N Jeonju

207 _ Harmonie millenaire, Hanji et Jeonju

215 _ Le centre de la calligraphie en Core! Jeollabuk-do

221 _ Actifs incorporels culturels protgs par lhumanit, Pansori!

227 _ Grands hritages de Mahan et de Baekje Royaume

Traces of five millennia 10 - Glorious heritage of the nation 3 Spuren aus fnf Jahrtausenden 10 - Reichen kulturellen Erbe der Nation 3

Cinq Millnaires Dhistoire 10 - Glorieux patrimoine de la nation 3266 _ La Dinasta Chosun, naci en Jeonju

273 _ La armona del milenio

281 _ El centro de la caligrafa en Corea, Jeonllabukdo

287 _ El patrimonio de la humanidad, Pansori

293 _ Grandes piezas del patrimonio Cultural de Mahan y Baekje

2011

Respiracin de cinco milenios 10 - Herencia gloriosa de la nacin 3

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Chosun Dynasty! Born in Jeonju

Harmony of millennium

Th e center of Calligraphy in Korea! Jeollabuk-do

Intangible Cultural Asset protected by Humankind, Pansori!

Great Heritages of Mahan and Baekje Kingdom

Traces of fi ve millennia 10Glorious heritage of the nation 3

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Chosun Dynasty!

Born in Jeonju

Jeonju was a capital of Jeollado, consisted of Jeollabukdo, Jeollanamdo and Jejudo, and a center of politics, economy, society and culture. Jeollado was a name of the ad-ministrative district from the first word of Jeonju-city, Jeollabukdo and the first word of Naju-city, Jeollanamdo. Especially Jeonju was a place where ancestors of Lee, Sung-gye, founder of Chosun Dynasty, had lived, so it has a lot of the cultural heritages with its pride regarding the birth place of Chosun Dynasty.

Lee, Sunggye! Founded Chosun.

Jeonju was a Lee, Sunggyes hometown where his ancestors had lived. Jeonju Lee clan is one of the native clans. During the period of Goryeo Dynasty they were divided into classical scholars and government officers. They paved their ways for success as a prestigious family while they came to the capital.

Especially they became the biggest clan in Korea after Lee, Sunggye, a descendant of Lee clan, founded Chosun Dynasty. Jeonju was thought as Lee, Sunggyes hometown, but his hometown was actually Hamheung and Youngheung area in Dongbukmyeon

because his great-great-grandfather, Lee, Ansa, had left Jeonju and moved to Dong-bukmyeon area.

Although Lee, Ansa loved a beautiful women who served government officers, he had to move to Samchuk because he incurred a fury of the county magistrate. But not long after that he encountered a new government officer who had a conflict with him. Eventually he had to move to Uijoo, Dongbukmyeon through a sea route. It can be verified that he was a landed proprietor in Jeonju area due to the fact that about 17o families followed him from Jeonju to Samchuk and Dongbukmyeon.

He established himself as a chief of more than one thousand families consisted of his followers and Goryeo people aroung that region. When Ssangsungchonggwan-bu, which was a gorvernment office of Mongolia, was established and incorporated this area, they surrendered and received a government position. This person is Lee, Ansa, a great-great-grandfather of Lee, Sunggye, and who is Mokjo decorating the first part of Yongbiachunga.

After 100 years Lee, Ansa surrendered, Lee clans power and position derived by Lee, Jachun, Father of Lee, Sunggye, became strong and solid. At that time the pow-er of great empire Won declined noticeably. Lee, Jachun and his son, Lee, Sunggye helped and made a great contribution that Goryeo aquired Ssangsungchonggwanbu. On account of this contribution he and his son, Lee, Sunggye got government posi-tions in Kaegyung and got high stature and respect as a meritorious family.

In addition to this contribution, Lee, Sunggye could get ahead in the world with his own ability. At that time he became the most prominent figure through numer-ous wars including repelling Japanese and Chinese raiders. Especially he made Yeojin people including Lee, Jiran under his power and made great contribution in subjuga-tion in many areas. Upon these contributions he founded the new dynasty, Chosun.


Origin of Chosun Dynasty! Jeonju

As previously stated, Jeonju was a place where ancestors of Lee, Sunggye had lived, so it became a place of the spiritual basis. Therefore, in Jeonju there are many historic sites related to Chosun Dynasty including Kyunggijeon where keeps portrait of Lee, Sunggye, Chogyungmyo where is an ancestrial shrine of Lees progenitors, Chogyung-dan where is known for the tomb of Lee, Hangong who is a progenitor of Lees clan, Imokdae where contains a story related Lee, Ansa who was great-great-grandfather of Lee, Sunggye and Omokdae where Taejo, Lee, Sunggye, had a party after he repelled Japanese raiders in 1380. This great victory is called Hwangsan Daechup

These historic sites makes Jeonju become important foundations to secure identity of its culture as the birthplace of Chosun Dynasty.

Especially Kyunggijeon which is the center of structures related to Chosun Dynasty royal family was built already in the era of Taejong. This historical fact says that Jeonju established the high status as the birth place of Chosun. Also Jeonju was considered as the place of the spiritual foundation in the era of Daehan empire based on the fact that most historic structures including Chogyungdan, Omokdae and Imokdae were built. It means that Chosun Dynasty tried to show Joenju is the origin of the birth place of Chosun Dynasty to the world and tried Korean to have strong pride with this historic city.

Numerous Dynastys Heritages and Touches

Kyunggijeon

Although there are many cultural heritages in Jeonju, Kyunggijion(Historical Landmark No, 339) is the most important heritage among them. Especially the por-trait of Taejo(Lee, Sunggye/ National Treasure No, 931) possessed in Kyunggijeon is a

symbol of Chosun Dynasty because it is the portrait of the founder of Chosun. Thus, this Taejos portrait were enshrined six places all over the country in-cluding Seoul, Jeonju(a hometown of royal family), Youngheung(a birth place of Taejo), Kaekyung(a cap-ital of Goyroe), Pyungyang(a capital of Gokuyreo) and Kyungju(a capital of Silla).

The portrait of Taejo had to be moved several times. It was firstly moved to Seoul from Kyungju by Lee, Won who was a local governor in 1409 and moved again to Jeonju by Cho, Kyeon 1410. At first a place where enshrined the portrait was called Oyongjeon and then called Taejojinjeon in 1412. In 1442 the shrine keeping the portrait was called Kyunggijeon located current place.

According to Myeongjong Sillok, there were 26 portraits of Taejo, but there is only one left now. When Japanese invasion was occurred in 1592, Oh, Heegil(a local offi-cer), Son, Heungrok and An, Ui(local scholars) moved the only portrait to Mt. Naejang with the Annals of the Chosun Dynasty. The portrait was moved again to Bohyunsa located in Myeohyangsan, Hyungando through Kanghwado. Although all of the por-traits were destroyed, the only portrait enshrined in Kyunggijeon was preserved during the period of Japanese invasion and the figure of Taejo have been shown until today.

Meanwhile Jeonjusago(the storage of historic records in Jeonju) located in the east side in Kyunggijeon is also important. The historic records of Chosun had been stored since 1445(King Sejong 27 year) and this storage was built in 1473(King Seongjong 4 year). The Annals of the Chosun Dynasty is the record of royal history for 472years with 25 generations from Taejo to Chuljong. The amount of the records are 1893 books which are enormous historic records. These records containing politics, economy, so-ciety and culture of Chosun are very unique and special historic heritage of Korean. It is very rare historic heritage in the world, so it was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage property.

The reason that The Annals of the Chosun Dynasty was able to be passed down

Kyunggijeon(Historical Landmark No, 339), the portrait of King Taejo (1872, silk,

218150cm, National Treasure No, 931)


until today was it was preserved during the period of Japanese invasion. In other words, thanks to local scholars including Son, Heungrok and An, Ui. During Japansese inva-sin The Annals of the Chosun Dynasty stored in Chunchukwan, Chungju and Sungju were all burned, but The Annals stored in Jeonju was preserved in efforts of locals sac-rifice. The storage of historic records in Jeonju is important not only Jeonju but also national history.

Jokyungmyeo and Jokyungdan

Jokyungmyeo keeping an ancestral tablet of Lee, Han who was a progenitor of Jeonju Lees family and Kyungju Kims family was built in 1771(King Youngjo 47 year) and located in the north side in Kyunggijeon. Chosun Dynasty hadnt had any shrines where they could keep their ancestral tablets. In Youngjo 41 year this matter was brought forward by Lees family and they asked to make the shrine in Mt Gunji because there was a tomb of their progenitor, Lee, Han. But King Youngjo did not al-low their demand because of unclear contents and reason. Although their demand was not accepted, construction of Jokyungmyoe was stated from this point.

Starting full-scale construction of Jokyungmyoe was begun because local scholars including Lee, Dueklee from 7 provinces appealed to the King. So King Youngjo start-ed to discuss this matter with senior statesmen and they had various opinions. King Youngjo said that noblemen shrined their ancestors and other countries, such as Gogu-ryeo and Silla had their own shrines, but Chosun did not have any of them. He ordered to build the shrine located in the north side in Kyunggijeon by sending an officer to Jeonju. He sent an ancestral tablet written by himself.

Jokyungdan(local treasure No. 3) is a tomb of Lee, Han who is a progenitor of Lees family. This tomb is located in the foot of Mt. Gunji located just before Sori Art Center between Dukjin Park and Jeonju zoo. Lee, Jonggun strongly asked to build the shrine in Mt. Gunji in 1898 and then next year Lee, Jaegon was ordered to examine the tomb. The following year they constructed a platform at the location where assumed to be the tomb of Lee, Han and called Jokyundan. This was an intention that this platform was the origin of Chosun Dynasty.

Omokdae and Imokdae

From Kyunggijeon 500m to eastsouth bound, there is Kirin-ro. Along with this street Omokdae and Imokdae are appeared. These two places are faced each other across Kirin-ro. Especially it is a very fantastic point to view Korean Traditional village from the top of Omokdae.

This place is deeply related with Taejo, Lee, Sunggye. This is the place where Lee, Sunggye had a great feast with his clans after he had Hwhangsan Victory in Unbong, Namwon defeating Japanese raiders who had attacked inland of Goryeo. In order to commemorate this victory, King Gojong built a momorial stone with his own writing. At this place its said that Lee, Sunggye recited Song of Great Wind which had been recited by Yu, Bang, a founder of Han Dynasty in China.

Rising great winds makes clouds flyingWielded power and returned to home

Where brave soldiers were found and make them protect all around

Through this song, he revealed his ambition hid in his heart. Jung, Mongju who followed him as an officer knew what Lees means and he went on horseback riding to Mangyungdae, Namgosansung and recited a poem containing his sorrowful indigna-tions. This poem was engraved on the rock located in Mangyungdae, Namgosansung.

However it may be asked whether Lee, Sunggye recited this pome or not. Because it was 8 years before he made a troop withdrawal and acquired power, he did not have enough power. Also there were companions who cooperated to dethroned King Wu and King Chang by reason of sons from Sin, Don and to enthrone a descendant from genuine royal family. Along with these facts there is a strong possibility that Lee, Sung-gye had a great feast in Omokdae, but whether he recited the song and whether he had a trouble with Jung, Mongju are not sure.

Imokdae(local treasure No. 16) is located about 70m away from Omokdae. It is located on the middle of Mt Bal where Lee, Ansa(great-great-grandfather of Lee, Sung-gye) had lived before leaving Jeonju. Mt. Bal comes from Mt. Seongam and extends to


Imokdae and Omokdae. It is said that Lee, Ansa had lived in Jamandong located below Mt. Bal. So, Mt. Bal means the place where Lees family had risen and also called Mt. Balli. They also changed a Chinese character of Lee which means a flower of pear tree to mean an officer.

There are some fables related this place because it is know for the place where Lee, Ansa had lived here. When Lee, Ansa was young, he tried to take shelter from storm under the rock with other children. They faced a big growling tiger. The tiger said that he could not harm all of them, so he would kill only one person. He asked them to throw clothe of person whom they selected as a sacrifice goat. Then children asked Lee, Ansa to throw his cloth by reason of being the eldest among them. He threw his clothe and the tiger chewed it. Other children pushed him out of the shelter. And then the tiger ran away and suddenly the rock hey hid fell on and killed all of them, but only Lee, Ansa could survived. Like this story, Imokdae is a place where it has a few fables

related to Lee, Ansa.

Harmony of millennium

Jeonju along with Wonju was a place to produce the best queality of Hanji(Korean treaditional pa-per). Especially Jeonju Hanji was an offering to royal family during Goryeo and Chosun Dynasty, so it was highly evaluated in term of production and quality. Around the time of enlightenment in Chosun Dynasty Jeonju was a center of produc-ing and distributing Hanji. However it lost their top status and became to lose their existence due to inexpensive and mass produced western pa-per. People faced away from Hanji because it was expensive and unpractical. But awareness about Hanji has been changed recently. Once treated as such nuisances, Hanji started to receive attention

as an important cultural resource representing Korean traditional culture. Especially Jeonju-city has tried to carry forward many businesses including Jeonju Hanji Cul-tral Festival. Recently a movie titled Dalbik Kilaoligi(Raising Moonlight) and di-rected by Im, Kwantaek, had shown. Its main theme was Hanji. It might be very interesting to look closely about Hanji receiving spotlights lately.

a Film about Jeonju Hanji


Breathes of Millenium

Commonly called Dak paper, Making a piece of Hanji was very complicated to make. First of all, mulberry trees are steamed and peeled all their barks. And then all dirts should be picked out and scooped it with the frame. After these processing a piece of the paper is made with mixing natural dyes and drying. It is also called Baekji(Baek means hundred in Korean) because Hanji is available to be used through 99 times of hands-on working processes. Finally this carefully elaborated paper can become The Paper of Millenium.

Hanji is very durable, but soft, very think but strong, so it is born again from sim-ple household items to cultural handicrafts. These handicrafts made of Hanji were very durable and soft, so they have all benefits including its beauty and practicality.

These various colors and sizes of Hanji are called with different names, so there are more than 200 kinds of papers classified by its raw materials and uses. The use of Hanji was mainly used for writing material and used as materials to make household items applied craft techniques among people.

The best in Chosun, Jeonju Hanji!

The time that Hanji was started to be made is not sure, but there is no doubt that Jeonju was the best city of producing Hanji. In Sejong Silok Jiriji(the records of King Sejong era) there is a record that various and professional papers were produced in early Chosun Dynasty. Through Shingeungdonggukyeojiseungram which indicated Jeonju Hanji as a commercial goods, it is possible to know that Jeonju was a city to

several types of Hanji

produce a lot of papers actively.Also in Imwonkyungjeji(encyclopedia of agriculture in Chosun Dynasty) Jeonju

could be called as the market of the nation because there are so many merchants bringing goods from Japan and China. There is a record that there were very wealthy merchants who were able to do long distant business. Based on these facts Hanji was a specialty of Jeonju Nammun market, Seomun market and Samrye market until 1910s.

Meanwhile, in a book named The pricipal product of Jeollabukdo printed dur-ing Japanese rulling era, they recorded Jeonju Hanji was made of durable and proper quality, so it was very famous all of Chosun. There was also a record there are 7 dif-ferent kinds of papers based on their own used ways. Among these papers Daelongji and jangpanji from Wanju-gun were famous for their qualities and their shipping destinations were all over Chosun and Manju. These records provide that Jellado was the original place of Hanji production and Jeonju was the center of it.

Raw material of Paper, Mulberry trees!

In Chosun era mulberry trees were produced mainly from 3 south provincial areas including Youngnam, Honam and Cheuwungchung. Among these provices Honam and Youngnam provices were the most producing areas. According to Geojukjeon-sasil which has a record of growing mulberry trees, in the 18th century there were 48 areas where mulberry tree farms existed out of 53 counties in Jellado. Among these counties, Jeonju had 1035 mulberry farms followed by Namwon which had 81 farms. In Imwonkyungjeji printed in 1830s to examine Hanji markets there were 19 Hanji markets in Honam area and 17 markets in Youngnam and 3 markets respectively in Hoseo and Kwandong area. Also there two Hanji markets respectively in Kyunggi and Kwanseo. There was only one market in Haeseo. Jeonju was very well-known for the materials and the most production of Hanji.


Recultivation of Hanji

By coming western paper making technology Hanji had to be replaced its re-nowned status in all areas. Even Hanjis very unique making method was spoiled because of Japanese paper making method. Moreover, production infra of making Hanji is being destroyed by the principal of environment protection. Also import of cheap papers from China makes Jeonju Hanji threaten its survival.

Although Jeonju Hanji have been trying to grow as cultural resource, it seems to be difficult to facilitate Hanji as representative of cultural resource in Jeonju without basic facilities to produce it. However, resurrection of Hanji was aware from various routes. For example, a company made a copy of the Annals of the Choseon Dynasty with using Hanji and received good praises in International Archive Culture Exhibi-tion 2010.

The copy of the Annals of the Choseon Dynasty is an unique method that a genu-ine copy was duplicated without any deformation and difference by using cutting-edge printing technology. Because making copy of the Annals of the Choson Dy-nasty was successful, it is expected to make traditional Hanji industry can become a higher value-added business. Also It might be a very strong possibility to make Hanji industry become globalization with imprinting Jeonju as the original place of recording paper and culture.

Hanji has very rich implications including material and spiritual culture to Ko-rean. Through Hanji Koreans moral culture has been inherited and developed, but also Hanji has been used so many ways in their lives. Thus, it is time to actively take important steps to redefine the meaning of Hanji culture in Jeonju and to make its right di-rection to the future based on awareness of the history and real-ity of Hanji.

Honam paper manufacture site in Heukseokgol

Historic Sites of Hanji in Jeollabuk-do

Historic Sites of Hanji around Jeonju

Although there is only one company running currently in Heuksukgol, there were many Hanji making companies there inclulding Honam, Munsan, Pyungwha, Chungbo and Jeonju. But these companies faced environmental problems, such as waste water, so they had to move out this place. Now there are empty buildings left. Also it is told that there were several Hanji companies which were relatively large-scale along with Jeonju river, but they disappeared on account of road constructions around this area.

Historic Sites of Hanji around Soyangmyeon.

Now there are Dongyang Industrial Cooperative Federation which was a Hanji industrial cooperative federation and its official residence located in the back of Soy-angmyeon post office building. Hanji produced from this area had to go through this cooperative federation. During the Japanese ruling era Hanji was quite expensive, but the cooperative federation did not buy the product with reasonable price and sometimes they just paid them only labor cost. Although Hanji was very scarce and expensive, most manufacturers could not make any profits. Thats why some people tried to smuggle and sell it in Seoul. A few stories come down that some people could make a lot of money by selling it in secretly.

On the way to Songkwangsa, there were many Hanji factories along with Soyang river. Especially Songkwangsa is a famous place related to Jeonju Hanji. According to stories from the past, from Goryeo to Chosun Dynasty, lower class monks made Hanji and taught local people the method of making it. They supplied Hanji to gov-ernment.

Going up along with Soyang river, there was Chounyang Paper-mill Company and a village called Haewal-ri Darimok. There is St. Joseph senior nunnery currently located right side of the river. There was a large-scale laminated paper factor locted in


the very this place. The laminated paper was produced a lot from this area. Also following a small path in front of Wonam Eldery Center, there is a large

empty lot named the site of Jeonju Eunwha School. There are two empty buildings which used be laminated paper factories in this lot. Behind these factories there is a stream called Gamultaek because it never dried even in severe droughts. Some resi-dences for paper making technicians still remain in this village.

Along with national highway from Jeonju to Jinan, there is a village called Daeseong in Dongsangmyeon. This village is currently in the process of fostering theme village of Hanji historic site. Interestingly some Hanji factories and paper mills still remained in this village. There was a Y-shaped mill and 3 people working each side, and later they used electronic motors to mill. So They cut out parts work-ers stepped on.

The Process of Making Hanji

harvest and peeling

A year old mulberry trees are cut from December to early next year. They peel off the mulberry trees. This peeled off trees are called black bark. They feel off the trees again and

it become white bark.

cook

They soak these white barks for 1-2 days and steam 2-3 hours. They usually steam barks using lye, but they use so-dium hydroxide now a days.

rinse and bleaching

These steamed barks are rinsed and dried for 2-3 days in the

sun and become whiter.

remove the contamination

Any dirts and barks remaining in the raw material is re-moved by hands. The process mentioned above needs very laborious efforts with sincere hearts because one person can

handle only 1kg of the trees.

Aufschlagen

The refined raw materials are dewatered more and hit 1-2 hours on the plat places. Fibers from the law material be-

come a untangled state in the water.

Put in a container

The well-hit materials are put into the container and disen-tangled with a stick. Glue made of mulberry tree juice is


added and mixed well in order to make the material disentangled well and to control

water drain well.

draw

The raw material mixed with the glue of mulberry tree in the container is scooped with rocking a screen frame. The tall plat sedge is placed between scooped raw papers in or-der to make them detached easily. A single screen frame method, traditional technique. is one rope is connected to

the end point of the frame. They scoop fore water and spill it, and scoop water both sides with shaking and spill it. They repeat this procedure several times and collect the remanent on the frame. They finally put two papers together with opposite direc-tion and make a piece of paper.

This raw papers are stacked and they put two plates top and bottom. They put some heavy stones on the top of the stack for one day to take out water from the raw papers.

The dried paper can be used as it is, but sometimes used after dying with colors.

stroke technique and dyeing

Hitting technique This is a very unique technique that wet papers are put

together or attached by glue and hit with sticks. The pur-pose of this procedure is to make papers dense , shiny and smooth. This method is currently used to make laminated papers.

DyeThe papers are dyed directly with natural dyes from roots,

leaves and stems of trees or dyed with steamed dye. These dyed papers are widely used to make handcrafts including book covers, letters or envelopes.

The center of Calligraphy in Korea! Jeollabuk-do

Calligraphy had been developed in China as a form of art and handed down to Korea and Japan. Each country have facilitate this form of art not only to express their styles of penmanship artistically but also to develop their means of mental dis-cipline. Therefore, although calligraphy was originated in China, it became one of common traditional arts developed their own unique way in East Asian countries. Korean ancestors had developed this artistic form to develop their own indigenous art in daily life as well as to make them artistic works.

Jeonbuk region is important in terms of calligraphy. Many calligraphic artists in-cluding Lee, Samman(Changam) have organized local groups and developed it so far. Also this region has richer circumstances to develop calligraphy than any other regions. Examples of very rich circumstances are proven by having a course in calligra-phy in Wonkwang University, Research Foundation of Kangam Calligraphy, Kangam Calligraphy Exhibition Hall and World Calligraphy Biennale of Jeollabuk-do.


Development of Calligraphy in Korea

It is indispensable for Korea to have influence from China because calligraphy was passed down from there. But Korean calligraphy has a very unique originality as compared with Chinese one. For example, through epigraphs including a tombstone of King Kwangaeto, a memorial stone of King Muryung, Jeoksung Memorial stone and Bongpyung Memorial stone in the epoch of the three Kingdoms the originality of calligraphy at that time can be confirmed. Although there is a concomitant fea-ture that they were influenced by Chinese calligraphy, they reflected Koreans unique sense of beauty into the calligraphy rather then beauty of Chinese one.

However, from the era of United Shilla to the end of Joseon Dynasty including Kim, Jeonghui(Chusa), they had tried to reproduce the sense of beauty from Chi-nese one as a standard of calligraphy. In other words, whenever there was a master appearing newly, a new trend which they tried to imitate a new masters style of cal-ligraphy came in. This phenomenon was deeply related to behaviors of social stratum who enjoyed calligraphy and respected literatures and China.

The time that showed a change this phenomenon was in the late of Joseon Dynas-ty. Due to the change from Myeong Dynasty to Chung Dynasty they considered that people who are culturally inferior than Korean cannot be successors of Sinocentric culture. Therefore, Joseon Centrism was high in the society. So, realism expressing nature, figures and customs of Joseon era came into bloom. A common artistic trend appeared in scenary and cultural landscape at that time was an ideology of the real-ism and personalism of literature and culture and driven by noblemen.

At this juncture, a term Donggukjinchae which weighed more on the style of Korean calligraphy than Chinese style was appeared and seemed to enter Koreans own style of culture.

Lee, Samman, Completion of Donggukjinchae

Donggukjinchae was generally known as to be completed by Lee, Kwangsa (Wongyo). But a person who completed this unique style of writing was actually completed by Lee, Samman. He was a calligrapher who tried to make advance Ko-rean calligraphy with its own originality and was the best writer who used Muuido-

sung appearing in the a tombstone of King Kwanggyeto and a memorial stone of Baekjae King Muryung. He have been appreciated as a calligrapher who tried to practice its beauty. Based on the recent study he was known as a writer who completed Donggukjinchae and his unique writing style was called Yusuchae or Changamchae.

Lee, Samman not only made his own writing style but also wrote a book about the theory of calligraphy which became a paragon from descendants. Through his book, Seogyulgioijeok, he tried to emphasize his special theory of his writing and theory of how to write. One of his great feats was to become a spiritual, material and academic par-agon to modern calligraphers with transcending time and space and to give a great paradigm.

Lee, Samman used to stay around Jeonju and Jeonguip area and was called one of three great writers including Kim, Jeonghui(Chusa) and Cho, Kwangjin at that time. His original name was Kyuwhan, but he changed his name to Samman because he thought he was fairly late to begin his writing career and mak-ing books in the academic field.

There are various stories related to him in the area where he spent his whole life. Here are some episodes about him. He practiced to write one thousand letters a day and made a hole in three inkstones even he was sick. Also, when he helped his father who sold herbs, he

muidoga 67.331cm, privately owned

yongbi 4356cm, privately owned


was noticed his prescriptions by Chinese merchants and known to China and be-came a great writer. His father was died by bitten by a sneak, so he tried to kill the sneaks whenever he saw them. In the poem, Myth of Jilmajae written by Seo, Jungju, sneaks can be repelled by attaching his name, Lee, Samman, on the post. Through all these stories his writing was very famous and familiar in public.

The history of Modern Calligraphy, Kangam Song, Sungyong.

There is the only exhibition hall of calligraphy in Korea located in 197 Kyo-dong, Wansan-gu, Jeonju. This is a place built by donating various works of Song, Sungyong through entire his life. In this hall with two stories above and one below, there are about 1000 art works displayed including Manhae Han, Yoongwun, Chusa Kim, Jeonhui, Danwon Kim, Hongdo, Dasan Jung, Yakyong, Changam Lee, Sam-man, Songjae Song, Iljung, Yujae Song, Kimyon and President Kim, Daejung. Also

there are several his writings displayed on including Naejang temples main gate, Mt Toham Sukgulam and Ho-nam Jaeil Gate. He extensively studied five styles of writing from Korean and Chinese writing masters and practiced paintings in the literary. He was also very faithful to old style writings and established his unique writing style, Kangamchae, with modern aesthetic value. He was very good at not only five styles of calligraphy but also paint-

ings in the literary, so he made a great contribution to the development of Korean calligraphy. Especially his Pungjuk(winds and bamboos) paintings in the literary showing his integrity is appreciated as a matchless beauty, so these works have been

Bulletin board of Honam Jaeil-Gate

loved until today. He resisted against Japanese imperialism, so he sticked to wear only Korean tradi-

tional clothes and refused to change his name to Japanese one. After Korea was liber-ated from Japanese colonial rule, he made great contributions to the development of art in Korea as the panel of judges at many art competitions, such as National Art Exhibition, Korean Art Exhibition and Jeollabuk-do Art Exhibition. Also He made a great contribution at Korea-China-Japan Joint Calligraphy Exhibition, Korea-Ja-pan Joint Calligraphy Exhibition and Invitational Exhibition of Chinese History Museum. Thus, he was very famous in three countries in East Asia.

Moreover, he established Kangam Yunmukhoe performing an important role in Koran calligraphy society. He also established Kangam Calligraphy Research Center in order to do scientific research in calligraphy, promotion of learning. and expan-sion of base. This research center is also trying to foster more calligraphers. This way, Kangam is trying on calligraphy of Jeollabuk-do and Jeonju has an important place as its base.

Beauty of The Artistic City with Calligraphy

Entering Jeonju from Seoul, there are very unique and great letters greeting visi-tors. The handwriting on the signboard at Jeonju tollgate written by Yeo, Taemy-eong, a professor of Wongwang University, was named Minchae which was used by people in Joseon Dynasty era and named Korean Characters by the professor. This characters installed under Iljumun which has Korean traditional roof tiles have been received a favorable reviews by visitors. There is a secret hid behind this signboard. The letters on the signboard of entering side has small consonants and large vowels. But the signboard on the opposite side has them vise versa. The consonant in Korean has a meaning of son and The vowel has a meaning of mother. When coming to Jeonju through the tollgate, this writing on the signboard makes people feel Love of Mother and When going out, the writing encourages them to make dream come


true. Also there is one more interesting fact hid in the writing on the signboard. There is a projection of Jeonju map in the space between bowel and consonant.

The signboard at the tollgate with Honamjeilmoon written by Kangam Song, Sungyong became landmarks symbolizing Jeonju. Also these unique and meaningful writings makes visitors imprint Jeonju as an artistic and cultural city. All above facts can be realized because ITS JEONJU!

Bulletin Board of Entrance and Exit in Chonju Tall Gate

Intangible Cultural Asset protected by Humankind, Pansori!

Every nation in the world has its own traditional music. For example, there is Kabuki in Japan, Beijing Opera in China and Pansori in Korea. Among these cultural musics Pansori was selected as a masterpiece of mankind oral tradition and intangible asset by UNESCO in November 2003. Especially Jeonbuk is often called The Home of Sound or The Birthplace of Sound. One of the reasons that this region is called is because this region was the center of Korean traditional mu-sic including Pansori. There are very important facts that why it can be appreciated as above and what kind of historical background it has.

Pansori ( Jeokbyeokga, Song of Jeong Byeong -ok: ntangible Cultural Assets No. 2-6)


Gathering People and Flowing Music

Pansori is a combined word mixed Pan with Sori. Pan means a place that people gather and Sori means songs. Based on the meaning of these words, Pansori is singing at the place people gather a lot.

Pansori consists of a singer and a player of Buk, Korean traditional drum. The singer sings a long story with his or her narrations and gestures along with the instru-mental accompaniment.

The singers have to do all player roles in the story, so they have to have voices with great and various compass. It is never easy to do. This singing is usually performed by only one person for several hours, so it can be called Mono Opera. This kind of opera is very rare in the world, so it is very unique. The players of Buk has to meet various emotional change of the singer along with the story, so they need to have re-act quickly to rapidly changing situations. Thus, both the singer and the Buk player have to be in harmony while a play is going on.

There are divergent opinions about the origin of Pansori. Although there are sev-eral theories including a theory of originating from shaman music and from clowns effort, the hypothesis of epic music is accepted as an established theory.

There are a lot of characteristics in Pansori. It has various kind of rhythms used in Pansori, such as Jinyang, Jungjungmori, Jajinmori, Hwimori, Ukmori and ukjung-mori. Each rhythm is used to express circumstance of the story in Pansori. These rhythms are zest of Pansori and play a role to increase fun and tension. There were 12 stories in Pansori, but now only 5 stories left including Chunhyangga, Shimchungga, Heungboga, Sugungga and Jeokbeokga.

From King to Commoner, It allures the World!

Among Pansori materials found so far, the oldest one is Chunhyangga Chinese style poem 200 phrases written by Yu, Jinhan in 1754(King Youngjo 30 years). Base on this fact, all 20 stories were left until King Jungjo and Sunjo era. At that time, there was a custom that if someone passed the national examination during Goryeo and Joseon Dynasty, he marched along the street and performed ancestrial rites for 3 days. But Song, Manjae who was a poor scholar in King Jungjo era couldnt per-form these customs, so he wrote some columns which is called Kwanwoohoe. In his columns all 12 stories were introduced. Since local scholars started having interest about Pansori, its status was getting higher and higher in the 18th century.

Pansori enjoyed a golden age in 19th century. Many documents about Pansori appeared at this time of period because scholars started supporting it with their deep

interest. Also Pansori impene-trated into the Royal family, so there were many master sing-ers of Pansori for the Royal presence. In the 19th centure Pansori was performed not only at the ceremony of pass-ing national examination but

also anywhere and anytime. It means that Pansori became very popular because it was performed for the official purposes and general public.

Masters Reverberating the World!

In the 19th century there were 8 masters of Pansori. The 19th century can be di-vided into two periods which are the early part and the latter part. Each part of the century had 8 masters of pansori respectively. But the number 8 does not mean that

The Scene of the Pansori of Gisan Custom Sketchbook


there were only 8 masters, but it means approximation of the best masters. The 8 masters in the early part of the 18th centu-ry were Kwon, Samdeuk, Song, Heungrok, Song, Kwangrok, Yum, Gyedal, Mo, Heunggap, Ko, Sugwan, Shin, Manyeop, Kim, Jaechul, Ju, Deokki and Hwang, Haechun. Among

these masters Song, Heungrok, Song, Kwangrok were from Namwon. Kwon, Sam-deuk, Mo, Heunggap, Shin, Manyeop and Ju, Deukki were from Jeonju. Namely most of the masters were from Jeolllabuk-do. Although these master were very fa-mous, Kwon, Samdeuk was the eldest senior out of the 8 masters. He was originally born from the scholor family, but he did not like to study at all. He devoted his life to learn Pansori. His father decided to kill him to keep the honor of his family as schol-ar, but he threw him out of his family because a lot of people who were impressed by his singing and performance thought he was too good to be killed.

He especially performed Heungboga very well. He was able to express very strong and cheerful feelings while he was performing the part where Heungbo went to catch the swallow. As a swing rhythm was introduced by Kwon, Samdeuk, Pansori was appreciated to expand its singing method widely because the early Pansori had the only one style of singing method which was a sorrowful expression. Although his tomb is located in Wanju, there is a road named after his name in front of Jeollabuk-do Provincial Institute for Korea Traditional Performing Arts.

The latter period of the 19th century was known for the latter 8 masters age. During this period, Park, Yujeon, Par, Mansun, Lee, Nalchi, Kim, Sejong, Song, Wooryong, Jung, Chanup, Jung, Chunpung, Kim, Changrok, Jang, Jabeck and Lee, Changyun were representatives of the hour. Among these masters, Park, Yujeon, Park, Mansun, Kim, Sejong, Kim, Changrok, Jang, Jabeck and Kim, Chanup were from Jeonbuk province. They succeeded the early 8 masters Pansori and tried to de-velop various techniques. As a result of efforts from these masters, those techniques

The Scene of the Pansori, Song of Mo Heung-gap, ten folded pleats picture (Museum of Seoul National University

have been used until these days. In addition to these masters, When it comes to Pansori, Shin, Jaehyo is the man to

be in. He was from Gochang and trained many singers in his own house. He also made records and organized orally transmitted Pansori, so it was upgraded to be system-atic. He also tried to change a style of Pansori to meet scholars tastes. At that time, there were a few female singers, but the number of female trainees were increased.

The representative of these trainees was Chin, Chaesun. She was from Gochang and learned Pansori from Shin, Jaehyo. She gained fame after she performed her Pansori at the celebration of the comple-tion of Kyunghoeru in Kyungbokgung. She received Daewonguns love, so she

stayed Wunhyungung. According to a re-cord of Pansori, there were about 80 female singers who were taught by Shin, Jaehyo. Based on this fact, the female Pansori era was begun in earnest. Now women Pansori is a mainstream in Korea.

Super Star K in Pansori: Jeonju Daesasupnori

As Pansori became very popular in Korea, it is natural to need a stage to compete and verify among new singers. Like the preceding, most maters in the early and lat-ter periods of Joseon Dynasty were from Jeonbuk, so they achieved well recognition in Jeonju. Thus, if they performed at Sunhwadang where the ruler of the province worked, it was very honorable for them.

Jeonju Daesasupnori is an institutionalized event with evaluating function of Pan-sori. Although performing at Sunhwadang must have been a great chance to singers, it would be very limited. So a lot of people who loved singing wanted to compete with others in front of crowd and ordinary people in Jeonju also must have wanted

Old House of Sin Jae-hyo


to joy their singing in other places instead of Sunhwadang. With this circumstance Jeonju Daesasupnori might be developed as a Pansori festval.

There was a custom in Jeonju that people enjoyed Pansori at holidays or feasts. They had patjuk(adzuki-bean gruel) on the winter solstice and invited singers to Tonginchung. This event might become a tradition and later became Daesasupnori. If people performed Pansori in front of many audiences and received well apprecia-tion from them, they would achieve the name as master. Not had they receive their honorable status as master from a specific person or institutions, but they received it from a lot of ordinary people. In other words, if they were recognized by Jeonju people who were very sophisticated in Pansori, they could rise to stardom in the whole country.

Jeonju! The Center of Echoing The Worl

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