7th Asia Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction ... · PDF...

7th Asia Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction Conference&

2nd European Asian Civil Engineering Forum (APSEC / EACEF 2009)

LIST OF PAPERS

VOLUME 1

Keynote papers

Optimization of heavy trafficJuergen Hothan

PDF 1

Precast concrete framed structures for IBSKim S. Elliott

PDF 7

Ultra-high performance concrete-research and applications in Germany and around the worldMichael Schmidt

PDF 15

Opportunities for innovation or refuge for the reluctant David A. Nethercot

PDF 21

Types of models of service life of reinforcement: The case of the resistivityCarmen Andrade

PDF 30

Life engineering and maintainability: key features to enhancing sustainable developmentKribanandan Gurusamy Naidu

PDF 36

SECTION A: INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING SYSTEMS

Applicability of Industrialized Floor Systems in MalaysiaA. Idrus, N. Rahmanand C. Utomo

PDF 47

Industrialization of Construction Technology Innovation in Indonesia.K. Mochtar

PDF 52

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The Application of Profiled Steel Sheeting Dry Board (PSSDB) Industrialized Building SystemH. Awang, N. Nordin and W. Wan Badaruzzaman

PDF 58

Simulation of industrialised building system formation for housing construction.A.Mohammadpour, A. Zainal Abidin, A. Marsano and M. Mad Tap

PDF 63

Performance of IBS precast concrete beam-column connections under earthquake effectsA. Adnan, P. Tiong, A. Mirasa and A. Rahman

PDF 70

SECTION B: CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

Human-Related Problems in Quality Management Implementation in building construction projectsCK. Tan and H. Abdul Rahman

PDF 78

Risk Analysis of Pipelines MaintenanceSilvianita, N. Shafiq, M. Khamidi and A. Shadiq

PDF 87

Agent-based Negotiation for Building system selection (External wall system)C. Utomo, A. Idrus, and M. Napiah

PDF 93

On-Site Factors Causing Construction Works Delays in IndonesiaAndi, D. Lalitan and V. Loanata

PDF 99

Risks of Hydraulic Construction Project and Their Impacts on Failure of Project Objective AchievementR. Hapsari, R. Indryani, T. Adi, N. Rasidi

PDF 104

Developing Process-Based KPIS for the Design Stage in ConstructionT. Haponava and S. Al-Jibouri

PDF 110

Process-based key performance indicators for the construction stage in projectT. Haponava and S. Al-Jibouri

PDF 117

Influence of Performance of sub-Processes Within the Design Stage on Achieving End-project GoalsT. Haponava and S. Al-Jibouri

PDF 124

Relationship between Process performance of design and Construction StagesT. Haponava and S. Al-Jibouri

PDF 131

Risk Analysis using analytic network process for construction project tenderingY. QIU and C. WANG

PDF 138

Infrastructure Project Planning Decision Making: Challenges for Decision Support System ApplicationsM. Omar, B. Trigunarsyah and J. Wong

PDF 146

Application of Contractor Selection Based on AHPW-C. Wang, C-C. Lin and W-D. Yu

PDF 153

Incorporating PIM model and RSM method to generate a construction schedule for the multiunit projectsY-J. Chen, C-W. Feng and C-C. Huang

PDF 161

Critical factors in the Quality Management System (QMS) to Optimize Profitability and Competitiveness for Construction Service Companies in IndonesiaM. Asa, I. Abidin and Y. Latif

PDF 169

A study on the advantages and problems of quality management system ISO 9001:2000 implementation in Malaysia construction industryA. Ayub, I. Said and R. Noor

PDF 177

Development of noise emission database from construction site equipments for construction noise predictionH. Noh, Z. Haron and K. Yahya

PDF 183

Using statistical pattern recognition to monitor the erection progress of Off-site produced unitsA. Elazouni and O. Abdel-wahab

PDF 189

Study for construction management software usageW. Hilo, A. Ismail and K. Rashid

PDF 197

Bracket automatic climbing system productivity modelE. Mohamed and T. Zayed

PDF 201

Challenges faced by Malaysian contractors in international venturesM. Mohamad, N. Radzuan, A. Pour and M. Mustaffar

PDF 210

Accident under reporting in the Malaysian construction industryR. Zin and A. Wai

PDF 216

The sensitivity analysis of Hurdle Rates of project profitability indices on optimal capital structure of BOT projectsI-C. Cheng, B. Chen and H. Shiong

PDF 223

The optimization analysis of economy of scale of BOT projects –A case study of BOT college dormitory projectsB. Chen, I-C. Cheng, W-K. Lia and Y-M. Lin

PDF 228

An analysis of financial measures for reduction of probability of defaults for BOT projects.B. Chen, C-T. Lin and C-H. Tang

PDF 232

The effect of bankruptcy cost on the optimal capital structure and the debt capacity of BOT projects.

PDF 237



B. Chen, C-T. Lin, C-H. Tang and K-L. Wang

Exploring the perception of public work department and contractor on the factors influencing the successful completion of a public school project in Malaysia.S. Nasir, M. Abd Majid and I. Mohamad

PDF 244

SECTION C: DISASTER MITIGATION

Damage Detection Based on Wavelet AnalysisJ. Widjajakusuma and M. Haase

PDF 252

Earthquake Performance Improvement of Nonductile Infilled RC Frames with Mesh Reinforcement and PlasterH. Korkmaz, S. Korkmaz and A. Kilic

PDF 258

SECTION D: SAFETY AND RELIABILITY

Safety Management: A Framework of Safety Culture Development ProcessM. Misnan, A. Mohammed, W. Mahmood, S. Mahmud and A. Bakri

PDF 264

SECTION E: NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST (NDT)

Non-Destructive Tests For Evaluation of a Concrete Tunnel StructuresV. Ghiasi, H. Omar, B. Huat and M. Safaei

PDF 272

SECTION F: SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS

Precast Concrete Construction in Hong KongC. Yip, G. Chan and J. Kong

PDF 279

Elements identification for sustainable roof materials in MalaysiaR. Zakaria, N. Hamzani and T. Nok

PDF 287

The Elements of sustainable urban neighborhood designM. Said, R. Zakaria and M. Vikneswaran

PDF 295

SECTION G: BUILDING MAINTAINANCE AND PATHOLOGY

Performance Assessment of Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Terms of Carrying System and ArchitectureM. Kaltakci, M. Ozturk, M. Arslan, R. Sezer and H. Arslan

PDF 302

Repairing and Strengthening of an Existing Reinforced Concrete Building: A North Cyprus PerspectiveH. Yalciner and A. Hedayat

PDF 310

Detection and Partial Strengthening of a Structural Weak Point in R/C Shear WallsY. Sanada, T. Hirose and B. Yorkinov

PDF 318

Alteration and additional work on existing buildings in Hong Kong.G. Chan, C. Yip and J. Kong

PDF 324

Quantitative seismic evaluation and retrofitting design of Mazandaran state hospitals (case study)A. Roshan and Reza Shamstabar Kami

PDF 332

SECTION H: BRIDGE ENGINEERING

The Mechanical Properties of High Strength Concrete for Box Girder Bridge Deck in MalaysiaA. Adnan M. Suhatril and M. Ismail

PDF 338

SECTION I: SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION

Engineering Behavior of Stabilized Peat Soils by Column Like Element and Using Various Types of Binder: A Field StudyM. Islam and R. Hashim

PDF 344

Interaction of soil Static and Dynamic stiffness and Buried Pipeline under Harmonic VibrationA. Roshan, H. Khalilpasha and S. Chashmi

PDF 349

A Study on Superstructure-Pile-Soil Integrated Analysis of High-Rise Building with Pile FoundationsE. Latifee

PDF 356

Structural Rigidity Influence in Potential Heave of Expansive SoilsM. Siddiquee and M. Al-Shamrani

PDF 364

Time-dependent lateral response of piles in elasto-plastic soil under lateral loadsJ. Abbas, Z. Chik, M. Taha and Q. Shafiqu

PDF 372

SECTION J: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Determination of Optimum Point for Non-Geometric Brace System Connection by PDF 377



Using Genetic AlgorithmH. Yazdi and N. Sulong

Effects of Adding Internal Tube(s) on Behavior of Framed Tube Tall Buildings Subjected to Lateral LoadM. Moghadasi and A. Keramati

PDF 382

Long-term Behavior of Precast Prestressed Hollow Core Slabs with Concrete ToppingsI. Ibrahim and K. Elliott

PDF 391

Structural Performance of Plice Connector for Precast Concrete StructuresJ. Ling, A. Abd Rahman, Z. Abd Hamid, I. Ibrahim and Abdul Karim Mirasa

PDF 402

The Effectiveness of the Core Wall, Outrigger, and Belt Wall in Minimizing the Response Due to Wind LoadR. Samat, N. Aly and A. Marsono

PDF 409

Effect of Geometry Washer to the Behavior of Gold-Rolled Sheet Steel Connection with Pre-tensioned BoltsW. Dewobroto, P. Kartawijaya and S. Besari

PDF 417

Evaluation on Shear Capacity and Tension Force of longitudinal Reinforcement of RC Beams with CFRP BarsA. Abdul Samad, R. Thamrin and N. Abdul Hamid

PDF 424

Uncertainly Analysis of Portal Structure Using Monte Carlo SimulationO. Pattipawaej

PDF 431

Evaluation and Comparison of Structural Performance Due to Vertical and Horizontal Component of EarthquakeA. Roshan, J. Amiri, H. Khalilpasha and S. Chashmi

PDF 437

Investigation on effective Bracing System for Buildings with Open Ground Storey Under Seismic LoadingM. Rahman and E. Latifee

PDF 442

Monitoring Dynamic Behavior of the Jamuna Multipurpose BridgeM. Rahman, R. Ahsan, M. Ansary, T. Al-Hussaini and M. Moni

PDF 450

Behavior investigation of gate brace system and proposed methods to improve its behaviorA. Yazdi

PDF 457

Analytical Investigation of Connection Influence on the floor system in Gurun Fire testN. Sulong and N. Ajit

PDF 463

VOLUME 2

SECTION J: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Effect of two interacting localized defects on the critical load for thin cylindrical shells under axial compressionJ. Bahaoui, L. El Bakkali, A. Khamlichi, M. Bezzazi and A. Limam

PDF 469

Using the corrected model of chakrabarti to analysis prefabricated walls with vertical jointsS. Ghasemali, R. Abadi and S. Farahani

PDF 475

Seismic vulnerability study of Putra LRT tunnelM. Ramli and A. Adnan

PDF 481

Vertical seismic excitation of reinforced concrete buildingsK. Abdelkrim

PDF 486

Behavior of bolted beam-to-column precast concrete connections under gravity and lateral loadsS. Shaedon, A. Abd Rahman and C. Lim

PDF 494

New method for determination of concrete gravity dam’s after-earthquake fractured conditionA. Amini, M. Motamedi and M. Ghaemian

PDF 500

Comparison of the new zipper brace system behavior with inverted V-Brace in elastic zone in simple steel frames using the finite element method.M. Aboutalebi and A. Shirazi

PDF 509

Effects of joint configuration on the maximum failure load of adhesively-bonded steel platesS. Sulong and N. Shafiq

PDF 516

Finite element modeling of elastometric hollow rubber bearing.A. Adnan, H. Khalilpasha and J. Sunaryati

PDF 521

Full scale experiments of three reinforced concrete beams to develop shear design of the beams with medium and large openings.H. Hardjasaputra and A. Halim

PDF 528

Measuring beam deflections using stereo Digital images.M. Mustaffar, S. Bakar, R. Sa’ari and M. Mohamad

PDF 534

Shear and local buckling strengthening of steel structuresK. Narmashiri and M. Jummat

PDF 540

547



Finite element analysis on shear behavior of RC T beams using Bi-Directional carbon fiber fabric stripsJ. Jayaprakash, Mustafasanie M.Y. and A. Samad

PDF

Frequency and time domain analyses for TLP responsesV. Kurian, M. Gasim and S. Nurayanan

PDF 555

SECTION L: INNOVATIVE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Parametric study on the properties of geopolymer mortar incorporating bottom ashD. Hardjito and S. Fung

PDF 562

Fire Resistance Properties of Palm Oil Fuel Ash Cement Based Aerated ConcreteK. Abdullah and M. W. Hussin

PDF 568

Influence of Palm Oil Fuel Ash Fineness on Sulfate Resistance of Mortar and ConcreteM. Ismail, M. Hussin, A. Budiea and Z. Majid

PDF 573

Optimization of Micro Silica in Light Weight Lica ConcreteA. Goltabar, H. Beygi, M. Hosseinian, R. Amirpour and H. Khalilpasha

PDF 578

A Short-Term Investigation on the Deformation Behavior of Concrete Containing Palm Oil Fuel AshM. Hussin and A. Abdul Awal

PDF 584

Bending behavior of timber beams strengthened using carbon fiber reinforced polymerY. Ahmad and A. Saleh

PDF 589

Properties of binary and ternary blended systems containing rice husk ash and fly ashH. Mahmud, M. Malik and N. Hamid

PDF 594

The effects of types of rice husk ash on the porosity of concreteM. Nuruddin, N. Shafiq and N. Kamal

PDF 602

Malaysian rice husk ash-Improving the durability and corrosion resistance of concrete: pre-reviewB. Abu Bakar, R. Putra Jaya and H. Abdul Aziz

PDF 607

Utilization of waste products in manufacturing of construction materialM. Ismail, S. Lau, Z. Majid and M. Ismail

PDF 613

Comparison of mechanical and bond properties of oil palm kernel shell concrete with normal weight concreteU. Alengaram, M. Jummat and H. Mahmud

PDF 618

SECTION M: IT IN CONSTRUCTION

Evaluation of GPS Data for Offshore Platform SubsidenceN. Widjajanti and A. Matori

PDF 624

Estimation of Torsional Strength of RC Beams by Various Soft Computing TechniquesA. Cevik and M. Arslan

PDF 630

Decision Support for Bargaining in Construction ProcurementR-J. Dzeng and P. Wang

PDF 636

SECTION N: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION

Sub structuring Technique for vibration-based damage detection using Statistical Multi-Stage Artificial Neural Network: An Experimental VerificationN. Bakhary, A. Abdul Rahman and B. Ahmad

PDF 643

Robust Vibration Control of Structures with Quantitative Feedback Theory and H infinityF. Amini and J. Katebi

PDF 650

A Study of Contemporary Concrete Strength Test Practice –USA Dots ExperienceM. Rahman and E. Latifee

PDF 658

SECTION P: MATERIAL BEHAVIOUR

Concrete Compressive Strength with prepacked polymer-modified cementitiousmortar as ModifierM. Ismail, N. Hanina, M. Fodzi, M. Ismail and R. Abdullah

PDF 664

Durability of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Panel for Modular HousingF. Zulkarnain and M. Ramli

PDF 669

Effect of Latex Concentrate on the Strengths and Drying Shrinkage of ConcreteM. Ismail, Bala Muhammad, M. Zabidin

PDF 676

Estimation of 28-day Compressive Strength of High Strength Concrete Based on 7-day Compressive Strength with artificial neural network and regression methods and results comparisonF. Sajedi and A. Hashim

PDF 681

Experimental Investigation on the Mechanical Properties of grade 40 Concrete Incorporating Rice Husk Ash (Rha)G. Habeeb and H. Mahmud

PDF 689



Optimum Mix Proportioning of Mirha Foamed Concrete Using Taguchi’s ApproachM. Nuruddin and R. Bayuaji

PDF 694

Performance and Characteristics of Bond Between High Strength Concrete and Steel ReinforcementN. Shafiq, M. Nuruddin and S. Beddu

PDF 701

Performance of Recycled Aggregate as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete MixesS. Adnan, L. Loon, I. Abdul Rahman, H. Saman and H. Yusof

PDF 708

An Investigation Into Permanent Deformation of Foamed Asphalt Treated Based RoadS. Sunarjono, N. Thom, S. Zoorob and A. Dawson

PDF 712

Comparison of Flexural Performance for Steel Fibre Reinforce Concrete (SFRC) Contained End-hooked and Crimped FibersS. As'ad

PDF 720

Durability Characteristics of Self Compacting ConcreteK. Muthu, H. Narendra, A. Ibrahim and H. Mattarneh

PDF 726

High Performance Fibrous Concrete –a Boon to Save Life Line in Earthquake Prone AreasP. Sasturkar, S. Arvind, S. Chhayadevi, R. Priyadarshini and N. Vinaykumar

PDF 733

In-Plane Bending Capacity Prediction of Reinforced Concrete Glass FiberReinforced Gypsum Wall PanelsR. Sreenivasa, D. Menon and A. Prasad

PDF 740

Ultimate Flexural Strength and Deflection of SCC One Way SlabsK. Muthu, H. Narendra and M. Vijayanand

PDF 744

Influence of Chemical Admixture in the Development of Strength of PrepackedConcreteA. Abdul Awal

PDF 752

An assessment of the compressive strength of glass reinforced plastic waste filled concrete for potential applications in constructionM. Osmani and A. Pappu

PDF 758

Creep performance of base and polymer modified bituminous mixtures containing two types of sand as fine aggregateI. Kamaruddin, M. Napiah and Y. Gasm

PDF 762

Status of research and application of concrete-polymer composites in JapanM. Bhutta and Y. Ohama

PDF 770

Prediction of shrinkage stress in concrete overlaysS. Kristiawan

PDF 776

Performance of concrete containing effective microorganisms (EM) under various environmentsJ. Yatim, M. Ismail, W. Rahman and C. Yaw

PDF 782

Effect of type of interface on migration of chloride from contaminated to non-contaminated concreteA. Mohamed, M. Ayyoub and W. Elnadoury

PDF 787

Effects of Palm fiber on the properties of lightweight concrete crushed brickM. Ramli and E. Dawood

PDF 792

SECTION Q: CONSTRUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Construction of Drainage Systems Using Pipejacking: A Case Study in Hong KongJ. Kong, G. Chan and C. Yip

PDF 799

SECTION R: COMPOSITE STRUCTURES

Effect of Natural Weather on Bonding Performance of CFRP-Concrete SystemM. Hashim, A. Sam and M. Hussin

PDF 807

Flexural Behavior of Externally Bonded CRFP-Reinforced Concrete Beam Exposed to Natural WeatherM. Hashim, A. Sam and M. Hussin

PDF 813

Effect of Steel Fiber on Rheological Behaviors of High Performance Self-Compacting MortarS. Lee, X. Wang and S. Jacobsen

PDF 821

Near surface mounted shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beamsK. Rahal

PDF 827

Effects of application different HM-CFRP end cutting shapes for strengthening composite bridgeK. Narmashiri and M. Jumaat

PDF 833

Impact strength reduction due to moisture absorption in woven carbon/epoxy compositesL. Ahmed and S. Mridha

PDF 841

SECTION S: OTHERS

Study the relationship between intrinsic compression characteristics of reconstitutes and intact fine-grained soils of south of Tehran plain

PDF 847



E. Aflaki and R. Rahim

A simplified analytical modeling of the hole erosion testM. Bezzazi, A. Khamlichi, M. Vera, C. Rubio and C. Olegario

PDF 853

Mass Movement monitoring on slope of simpang pulai-Loging highway using terrestrial survey dataM. Zahid, B. Cahyono, N. Widjajnti and A. Matori

PDF 857

Planning road works to minimize the travel delay of road usersH-Y. Lee and H-H. Tseng

PDF 862

Prediction of pavement conditions based on linguistic observations.N-F. Pan, C-M. Mah and T-C. Lin

PDF 870



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CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH WITH PREPACKAGED POLYMER-MODIFIED CEMENTITIOUS MORTAR AS MODIFIER

Mohamed A. ISMAILAssociate Professor, Dept. of Structures and Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia.

Nurul Ain Hanina MOHAMAD FODZIMaster Student, Dept. of Structures and Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia.

Mohammad ISMAILAssociate Professor, Dept. of Structures and Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia.

Redzuan ABDULLAHLecturer, Dept. of Structures and Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia

*Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT:The objective of this study is to evaluate concrete compressive strength with inclusion of Local Prepackaged Polymer-Modified Cementitious Mortar (PPMM) as a new modifier. 18 ordinary Portland concrete (OPC) cubes size 100 mm were prepared and cured according to ASTM C192 and a total of 180 polymer-modified concrete (PMC) cubes 100 mm size were prepared and cured according to JIS A 1171:2000 and JIS A 1171:2000 modified. The inclusion of PPM varies from 5% to 25%. From this research, the compressive strength of PMC produce has significantly increase compare to OPC. The PMC specimens which being cured according to JIS A 1171:2000 modified has recorded the maximum strength.Keywords: concrete, compressive strength, prepackaged polymer-modified cementitious mortar (PPMCM),

1. INTRODUCTION

In recent years, the use of polymer in construction industry is steadily growing. Current concrete produced does not only contain mixture of cement, aggregates and water. The ingredients changed with the inclusion of mineral admixture, chemical admixture, fibers etc.

A polymer based admixture also known as a cement modifier is define as an admixture which contains polymeric compound which effectively modifying or improving the properties of the concrete produce, in term of strength, deformability, adhesion, waterproofing and durability aspects [1]. Various types of polymers admixtures have been developed such as polymer latex, redispersible polymer powder and liquid polymer that is widely employed in producing polymer modified mortar (PMM) and polymer-modified concrete (PMC). The PMM and PMC are produced by partially replaced the cement hydrate binders of conventional mortar and concrete with a polymer [1-4].

In Japan, PMM is mainly implemented as finishing and repair materials. Meanwhile, PMC is widely used for bridge overlays deck and patching in United State but PMC rarely used due to it low-

cost performance[1-3]. The polymer itself could cost 10 to 100 times more than the Portland cement [3]. Therefore this has limited the usage of polymer in concrete.

Generally, PMM and PMC are produced by mixing either a polymer or monomer in dispersed, powdery or liquid form with fresh mortar and concrete [2,3,5,6]. The construction industries have begun to realize the potential of polymer in producing superior concrete and gradually it has replaced the application of ordinary Portland concrete (OPC) [6,8]. From construction point of view, PMM and PMC are popular due to it similarity with OPC procedures. But in the construction site, there are many errors occurred during the fabrication of PMM and PMC. This has been contributed by the inconsistency of concrete mixes batches produce due to mixing errors and handling procedures [4,8].

The development of ready mixed products as polymer-modified mortar has steadily increased in various countries. Generally, the ready mixed polymer-modified cementitious mortar (PPMCM) is dry blend of cement, aggregates mixtures and polymer which produced under strict manufacturing controlled. It only required specified amount of water to be added during the fabrication.

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Therefore, the application of the ready mixed products during fabrication of PMM has significantly improved the qualities of the mortar fabricated on site thus highly helpful in minimizing the uncertainties and errors [4,8]. On the other hand, on site fabrication of PMC still facing the same issues of mixes variations and errors. Furthermore, the PMC cost has caused its application limitation.

Saand et al.,[4] has shown that the inclusion of 5-25% polymer-modified mortar as a modifier in the concrete produced has significantly increased the strength of the concrete produced. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the performance and behavior of inclusion of Polymer-Modified Mortar to ordinary concrete. In Malaysia, Sika Sdn Bhd has produced the Prepackaged Polymer-Modified Cementitious Mortar (PPMCM). It is important to get a local product, therefore it would be applicable locally and most important it would be cost effective for its application.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Materials Used

1) Cement:Ordinary Portland Cement manufactured from Lafarge Malayan Cement Bhd. Type 1 Portland Cement as stated in ASTM C1 50: 1992 and BS 12: 1991.

2) Prepackaged Polymer-Modified Cementitious Mortar:Prepackaged Polymer-Modified Cementitious Mortar (PPMCM) manufactured by Sika Sdn Bhd. The PPMCM consists of powdered blend of sand, cements, powdered polymers, silica fume and additives.

3) Fine aggregates:The fine aggregate used is uncrushed sand and passing 45% of 600µm sieve. Foreign and rubbish materials were removed from the sand.

4) Coarse Aggregate:The coarse aggregate used is crushed type and the maximum size is 10 mm. The coarse aggregate were washed to remove debris, rubbish and foreign materials and were left air dried before used.

5) Water:Tap water which is suitable for drinking is used in the production of the concrete.

2.2 Concrete Mixed Design and Trials Mixes.In this study, the characteristic compressive

strength of ordinary Portland concrete (reference concrete) used is 30 N/mm2 at 28 days. The concrete mix designs were prepared according to the DoE’s Design of Normal Concrete Mixes, thus correct proportion of constituent materials obtained. Three types of water cement ratio (w/c)

were implemented as shown in Table 1 in order to determine the optimum w/c ratio. Trial mixes were carried out according to ASTM C192-02 and ASTM C109. All the specimens prepared were cured according to ASTM C192

2.3 Preparations of Polymer-Modified Concrete (PMC) Specimens.

PMC specimens were fabricated by inclusion of PPMCM with direct approach into the ordinary Portland concrete (OPC). The amount of Portland cement and sand were reduced as per their manufacturing percent in PPMCM when the percentage of PPMCM added into the concrete mix. PPMCM were introduced into the ordinary Portland concrete (OPC) as the modifier with different percentages (5, 15 and 25%).

Overall, 180 cubes (100 mm size) were prepared to investigate the compressive strength, density and workability of produced polymer-modified concrete. The specimens were cured according to JIS A 1171:2000 (2 days moist plus 5 days in water plus 21 days dry curing at room temperatures) and JIS A 1171:2000 modified (2 days moist plus 10 days in water plus 16 days dry curing at room temperatures).

Table 1: Proportioning of Ordinary ConcreteOrdinary Portland CementFine AggregatesCoarse AggregatesWaterW/C RatioSlump

430kg215kg820kg885kg0.50

30-60mmOrdinary Portland CementFine AggregatesCoarse AggregatesWaterW/C RatioSlump

480kg251kg795kg860kg0.45

30-60mmOrdinary Portland CementFine AggregatesCoarse AggregatesWaterW/C RatioSlump

540kg215kg767kg830kg0.40

30-60mm

2.4 Testing

The compressive strength of ordinary Portland concrete (OPC) and polymer-modified concrete (PMC) cubes were tested in accordance to BS1881: Part 116 on 7 days and 28 days age by using Matest Treviolo 24048 testing machine with maximum capacity of 2000kN and the loading rate at 3 kN per second.

Slump tests were conducted on each batch according to BS 1881: Part 2:1983 and recorded in Table 2. The concrete density of each specimen at

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age of testing also recorded as shown in Table 2 and Table 3 and calculated as according to BS EN 12390-7: 2000.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

From the results shown in Figure 1-3 it is clearly shown, the inclusion of PPMCM as modifier to the ordinary concrete has significantly increased the compressive strength of the concrete produced. However, when 25% of PPMCM added into the concrete, the compressive strength obtained is lesser than ordinary Portland concrete (OPC). The optimum w/c ratio to produce cohesive and workable fresh concrete is 0.45. The results were illustrated in Table 2.

Figure 1: Compressive Strength versus PPMCM Percentages (w/c=0.40)

Figure 2: Compressive Strength versus PPMCM Percentages (w/c=0.45)

As mentioned by Fowler [3] the usual amount of polymer added into the concrete to produce PMC range between of 10% to 20%. Saand et al., [4] also showed that with inclusion of more than 20% of polymer-modified mortar theconcrete produced reduced. Turkmen [7] stated that the appropriate dosages for ordinary cement replacement are 10% to 15%.

In polymer-modified mortar and concrete, there are two solid phases; the discontinuously dispersed aggregate through the materials and the binder consists of the cementitious phase and a polymer phase. This binder also referred to as a polymer-cement co matrix which improved the bond between the matrix and the aggregates thus enhance the properties of the concrete produced [5, 6].

Since the PPMCM also containing a mixture of silica fume, this also contributed on the strength development of the PMC produced. During, the pozzolanic interaction between silica fume and ordinary Portland cement (OPC), some calcium hydroxide was transformed into silicate hydrates which increased the concrete strength. Furthermore, the consumption of calcium hydroxide was dependent on w/c ratio as the PPMCM contains silica fume as it ingredients [10].

For each mixes produced, slump tests were recorded as shown in Table 2. The ranges of slump were from 30 mm to 60 mm. As the inclusion of PPMCM increased, the slump tests results recorded decreased. This indicated that the concrete produced were more cohesive and consistent compare to ordinary concrete. This is contributed by the presence of silica fume in PPMCM. Silica fume increased the water demands as it surface area is very high [11]. Furthermore, lower water demands have significantly and effectively increase the strength of concrete produced [1].

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Table 2: Effect of PPMCM dosages on slump and density of PMC.

Aggarwal et al., [12] also reported that the water demand decreases with the inclusion of polymers.

The curing regime is also playing an important role in development of compressive strength of the concrete produced. The JIS A 1171:2000 modified has notably given the optimum results for the concrete produced with the inclusion of PPMCM as the modifier. This modification of JIS A 1171:2000 is required as the JIS curing was only suitable for form of polymers. PPMCM is a blended of polymers with other agents and admixtures contents. Knapen and Gement [13] has reported that the dry curing has facilitated the polymer film formation in polymer-modified mortars thus improve it strength.

4. CONCLUSION

From the results obtained, several conclusions can be made:

1. The most appropriate curing regime for concrete modified with PPMCM in order to get the best strength is the JIS A117:2000 modified.

2. The optimum w/c ratio to produce workable and cohesive PMC is 0.45.

3. The PMC produced with inclusion of 15% PPMCM has produced the highest compressive strength of 52.37 N/mm2

compared with 42.58 N/mm2 in case of ordinary Portland concrete.

5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Authors’ would like to thank Ministry of Science, Innovation and Technology for supporting this research with grand no 79165 under e-science scheme.

6. REFERENCES

1. Ohama, Y., “Polymer Based Admixture,” Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 20, 1998, pp 189-212.

2. Ohama, Y., “Recent Progress in Concrete Polymer Composite,” Advance Cement based Materials, Vol 5., 1997, pp. 31-40.

3. Fowler, D.W., “Polymer in Concrete: A Vision for the 21st Century,” Cement and Concrete Composite, Vol. 21, 1999, pp 449-452.

4. Saand, A., Ismail, M., and Sumadi, S.R., “Influence of Prepackaged Polymer-Modified Mortar as a Modifier on Strength of Concrete,” Journal of Applied Science Vol. 7, no 24, 2007, pp 4023-4027.

5. Ohama, Y., “Handbook of Polymer-Modified Concrete and Mortars: Properties and Technology,” NOYES Publications, 1995,

6. Van Gemert, D.,Czarnecki, L., Schorn, H., Beeldens, A., Lukowski, P. and Knapen, E.“Cement Concrete and Concrete-Polymer Composite: Two Merging Worlds. A report from 11th IPIC Congress in Berlin 2004,” Cement & Concrete Composite, Vol. 27, 2005, pp. 926-9337. Turkmen, I., “Influence of different curing conditions on the physical and mechanical properties of concrete with admixture of silica fume and blast furnace slag,” Materials Letters, Vol. 57, 003, pp. 4560-4569.

8. Afridi, M.U.K., Ohama, Y., Demura and Iqbal, M.,Z., “Development of polymer particles in powdered and aqueous polymer-modified mortars,” Cement and Concrete Research., Vol. 33, 2003, pp1715-1721

9. Ohama, Y., “Polymer-based materials for repair and improved durability: Japanese Experienced,” Construction and building materials, Vol. 10, 1996, pp. 77-82.

PMC

OC

Percentages of PPMCM

w/c ratio

Slump (mm)

7days ageASTM C192

28days ageASTM C192

28days ageJIS A

1171:2000

28days ageJIS A

1171:2000 modified

Grade 30

05

1525

0.50

45373530

2411.672467.002361.002386.00

2406.672415.002378.002400.00

-2383.002335.002336.00

-2417.002378.002357.00

Grade 30

05

1525

0.45

40383430

2423.332458.002395.002375.00

2405.002451.002390.002349.00

-2413.002356.002395.00

-2413.002447.002353.00

Grade 30

05

1525

0.40

35323230

2411.672447.002401.002366.00

2451.672434.002384.002350.00

-2383.002382.002371.00

-2417.002383.002374.00

668

10. Person., B. “Seven years study on the effect of Silica Fume in Concrete,” Advanced Cement Based Materials, Vol. 7, 1998, pp. 139-155.

11. Neville., A. M., “Properties of Concrete- Fourth Edition,” Pearson Education Limited, 1995, pp 667

12. Aggarwal, L.K., Thapliyal, P.C. and Karade, S.R. “Properties of polymer-modified mortar using epoxy and acrylic emulsions,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 21, 2007, pp. 379-383.

13.Knapen, E. and Gemert, D.V., “Effect of Water-soluble Polymers on Microstructures in Cement Mortars,” Proc. 12th Internationl Congress on Polymers in Concrete, Chuncheon Korea, Sept 27-28, 2007.

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