6.Quality ManagementProject Management Training,Qais Ur Rehman Rasooli, PMP

What is Quality ?

• Quality is the defined as

“the degree to which project fulfills requirements”

• Quality is customer driven, Customers are demanding

- Higher performance requirements,

- Shorter product development timeframes,

- Use of latest technology,

- Use of best materials and processes,

- Lower Contractor profit Margins,

- Fewer Defect and thus rejects,

• Quality is affected by market expectations

Project Quality Management -Introduction

• Includes processes and activities that,

Determine quality policies, procedures and responsibilities

So project will satisfy the need for which the project was

undertaken

• Supports continuous improvement,

• Ensures project and product requirements are met,

• Includes Planning, Performing QA, Controlling Quality

Project Quality Management -Introduction

• Help preventing problems rather than solving them,

• The view of quality has changed now,

• Identify What is

acceptable quality

and how it will be

measured.

Quality Theorists

• Joseph Juran: 80/20 principle, advocated

top management involvement and “fitness

for use”

• W.Edward Deming: 14 points of Total

quality management, advocated Plan-Do-

Check-Act as a the basis of quality

improvement,

• Philip Crosby: Cost of poor quality, zero

defects ,prevention over inspection, Quality

is conformance to requirements

Quality related PMI-isms

• Recommend improvements to current quality standards,

policies and procedures,

• Quality to be consider whenever there is change to project

constraints,

• Check quality before an activity completes,

• PM spends time to improve quality,

• PM must plan continuous quality improvement,

• PM focuses on following authorized approaches and

processes

Quality related PMI-isms – Cont’d…

• Some activities are related to quality control/assurance

department,

• PM determines quality metrics before the project work starts,

• Go to page 295 of Rita PMP Exam prep and skim through the

list

Quality related Terms

• Gold Platting,

• Prevention over inspection,

• Marginal Analysis: looking for the point where the revenue to

equals the incremental cost to achieve that quality,

• Continuous improvement (Kaizen)

• Just in time

• Total Quality Management (TQM),

• Responsibility for Quality

• Impact of Poor quality

Difference between Plan Quality Management, Perform QA, Control

Quality• Define quality for the project, product and project

management

• Plan on how it will be achieved

Plan Quality Management

• Ensure the team is following Org policies, standards and processes,

• Evaluate if processes need to improved or modifiedPerform QA

• Examine the actual deliverables

• Ensure the deliverables are correct and meet planned level of quality,

Control Quality

Difference between Plan

Quality Management, Perform QA,

Control Quality

1 - Plan Quality Management,

2 – Perform Quality Assurance

3 – Control Quality

Plan Quality Management

• Process of identifying org/industry practices, quality

requirements or standards for the project and deliverables,

• Document and plan how the project will demonstrate

complaiance with relevant quality requirements/standards,

• Look for available external and internal standards and

practices

• Find out what Customer quality standards are?,

• Are additional project specific standards or procedures req?

• Inputs: Project MP, Stakeholder register, risk register, Req

documentation, OPA, EEF

Plan Quality Management

• Once standard and procedures are identified

-determine the work needed to meet standards,

-determine the specific measurements and frequency

• Determine the level of quality efforts appropriate to the needs

of the project

• Output is a Quality management Plan

Plan Quality Management –Tools and techniques

• Cost-Benefit Analysis

• Cost of Quality (COQ): Includes costs incurred

-Prevent Non Conformance, Appraising the product

-Cost of Nonconformance

• Seven Basic Quality tools

• Benchmarking

• Design of experiments

• Statistical sampling

• 3 or 6 sigma

Seven Basic Quality Tools

• Help clarify stakeholder requirements and expectations,

• Helps clarify acceptance criteria,

• Manage stakeholders expectations,

• Identify which tool we will use in QA and QC work, • Cause and effect diagram

• Flowchart

• Check sheet

• Pareto diagram

• Histogram

• Control chart

• Scatter diagram

Cause and Effect Diagram

• Helps find the root cause of the

problem

• Also called Fishbone, Ishikawa

diagram (Dr.Kaoru Ishikawa University

of Tokyo-1943)

• Creative way of looking at cause of

problems, stimulates thinking, organ-

izes thought and generates decision

• Flowchart: shows how process or sys

flows, helps with Cost of quality

Flowchart

• Flowchart: shows how process or sys

flows,

• SIPOC( Supplier, input, process,

output

customer) is a common flowchart

• helps with Cost of quality

• Helps to see the process and identify

any quality issues with the process

Check sheet (Tally sheet)

• Type of checklist to keep track of data

• Created in Plan quality management

and used in Control quality,

• Documents how often a particular

defect occurs.

Pareto Diagram (Pareto chart)• Type of bar chart that arranges results

from most frequent to least frequent.

Juran’s “Pareto principle – 80% of problems

are due to 20% of root causes

Histogram

• Displays data in the form of Bars,

• No particular order

Control Charts

• Upper and lower control limits,

• Mean

• Specification limits,

• Out of Control

- outside control limits,

-Rule of seven

Scatter Diagram

• Used to find a relationship between two variables

• Relationship is typically analyzed to prove or disprove cause

and effect relationship

• Independent and dependent variables plotted

Other Techniques

• Benchmarking,

• Design of Experiments (DOE),

• Statistical sampling

• 3 or 6 Sigma

- Sigma = standard deviation

- how much variance is

permissible compare to mean,

Output Plan Quality Management

• Quality Management Plan:

What Quality practice and standards are applicable?,

What Quality responsibilities are and what Quality processes

will be followed?

Meetings , metrics and Reports?

• Quality Metrics: What is being measured and how?

Failure rate, defect density measurements

• Quality Checklists: List of required steps in a process ,

check for completeness

• Process Improvement plans

1 - Plan Quality Management,

2 – Perform Quality Assurance

3 – Control Quality

Perform Quality Assurance

• Done during executing,

• Uses measurements gather under Control Quality

• Audits output of quality control,

• Ensures appropriate quality standards are used

• Facilitates the improvement of quality processes

Tools & techniques• Quality Audits,

• Process analysis

• Affinity diagrams,

Perform Quality Assurance – Tools & Techniques

• Tree Diagrams:

Used for decision analysis

Help organize data,

map relationship ,

Decomposes process/problem

• Process Decision Program Charts

decompose a goal into steps,

Each step reviewed for potential risk

Perform Quality Assurance – Tools & Techniques

• Interrelationship Diagraphs,

• Matrix diagrams,:

used for data analysis,

visual representation of relationship

between two or more sets of items

• Prioritization Matrices:

Focuses on most beneficial solution

to most critical issues

• Network diagrams

Perform Quality Assurance –Output

• Change requests,

• Updated standards, processes and quality systems,

• Updated PMP and project docs

1 - Plan Quality Management,

2 – Perform Quality Assurance

3 – Control Quality

Control Quality

• Ensure a certain level of quality in a deliverable,

• Major Function: Measure

• Validate if project work and deliverables meet quality

standards,

• Ensures customer satisfaction,

• Involves confirming and documenting the achievement of

agreed-to requirements

• Results in change requests, validated deliverables

Control Quality – Answers questions like…

• Are the results of work meeting standards?

• What is the actual variance from the standard?

• Variance from standards or processes outside acceptable

limits?

• Checklists being followed to meet metrics?

• What changes in the project should be considered?

Some Quality control Terms

• Mutual Exclusivity (two things cannot occur in same trial)

• Probability

• Normal Distribution (bell curve used to measure variation)

• Statistical independence,(Probability of one not impacting the

other)

• Standard deviation

Control Quality Tools & Techniques

• Seven quality tools,

• Statistical Sampling,

• Inspection (work product, particular activity, final product)

• - reviews,

- peer reviews,

- audits

- walkthroughs

Control Quality - Outputs

Outputs include:

• Measurements,

• Validated changes,

• Work performance information,

• Updates to PMP (Quality MP, Process improvement plan),

• Change request (types?)

• Lesson learned,

• Verified deliverables

Overall review test

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