7-Intro to Med Micro

7/28/2019 7-Intro to Med Micro

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Principles of Medical Microbiology

Principles of Infectious Disease:

The Host-Parasite Relationship

Colonization, Normal Microbiota & Symbiotic

Relationships Pathogenicity and Virulence

Mechanisms of Pathogenicity

Epidemiology

Mechanisms of ImmunityBeneficial

Harmful

Manipulated

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy


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Principles of Infectious Disease


Colonization and Normal Microbiota

Permanent residents, transients and opportunists

Symbiotic Relationships

Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism Pathogenicity and Virulence

Evolution of parasitism

Attenuation of virulence

The Infectious Process:

1) Exposure: Oral, respiratory, parenteral, etc

2) Attachment: Pili, capsules, proteins, etc

3) Colonization: Metabolism, replication, avoid clearance

4) Tissue Damage: Toxins, invasiveness, immune response


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Symbiotic RelationshipsMutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism

Pathogenicity and Virulence

Evolution of parasitism

Attenuation of virulence



2) Attachment: Pili, capsules, proteins, etc

3) Colonization: Metabolism, replication, avoid clearance

4) Tissue Damage: Toxins, invasiveness, immune response


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Colonization


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Normal

Microbiota


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Symbiotic Relationships

Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism

Pathogenicity and Virulence-Evolution of parasitism

-Attenuation of virulence



2) Attachment: Pili, capsules, proteins, etc3) Colonization: Metabolism, replication,

avoidance of immune clearance

4) Tissue Damage: Toxins, invasiveness,

adverse immune response


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Routes of

Exposure


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Attachment


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Colonization


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Avoiding the

Immune

Response


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Avoiding the

Immune

Response


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Tissue Damage:

Invasiveness

Tissue


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Tissue

Damage:

Invasion


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Tissue

Damage:

The Action

of Exotoxins


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Superantigens


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Superantigens


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The Action of

Endotoxin: LPS


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Epidemiology

Reservoirs of Agents

Humans, Animals, Inanimate, Nosocomial

Transmission of AgentsContact, Vectors, Vehicles

Disease Categories

Infectious vs contagious; Chronological sequence;

Geographical distribution; Incidence rates;

Extent of involvement; Agents; Clinical nature


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Where the

Microorganisms

Reside


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Nosocomial

Infections


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Transmission:

How the

Microorganisms

Spread


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Portals of Entry:

How the agents

enter the body

I id


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Incidence


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Emerging Diseases


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The Immune System Functions of the Immune System

Types of Immune Responses

Organization of the Immune System Innate Defense Mechanisms

Acquired Defense Mechanisms

Applied Immunology

A macrophage


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DefenseRecognition of

HomeostasisRecognition of

SurveillanceRecognition of

Types of Immune ResponsesHumoralTransferred by

CellularTransferred by

Innate First and second line defenses

AcquiredAntigen driven third line defenses

Recognition, Specificity, Memory Organization of the Immune System

Innate Defense Mechanisms


Applied Immunology

E ith li l B i


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Epithelial Barriers

Chemical


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Chemical

Barriers


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The Immune System

Functions of the Immune System


Organization of the Immune System

Cells:

Phagocytes: Neutrophils, macrophages, APCs

Antigen responsive cells: B and T cells

Tissues:

Primary: Bone marrow, thymus

Secondary: Lymph nodes, spleen, diffuse lymphoid tissue

Molecules:

Enzymes, interferons, complement, interleukins, antibody


Acquired Defense Mechanisms Applied Immunology

H t i i


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Hematopoiesis


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Tissues


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Tissues


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The Immune System Functions of the Immune System Types of Immune Responses



Phagocytosis

Inflammation

Interferon

Complement Acquired Defense Mechanisms

Applied Immunology

Distribution of


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Phagocytic

Cells

Phagocytosis


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Inflammation


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Interferon

C


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The Immune System Functions of the Immune System Types of Immune Responses




-Humoral vs cellular specific immunity

-The nature of antigens

-The nature of antibodies

-The functions of antibodies

-Clonal selection

-Humoral (antibody) immune responses

-Cellular immune responses

-Natural killer cells Applied Immunology


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Antigens


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Antibodies


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Functions of

A ib di


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Antibodies

Passive Transfer of Antibody


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ClonalSelection


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Selection

Antibody Production


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Immunity:-APCs-Ag Processing

-Il-1 Production

-Ag Presentation

-Th Activation

-Il-2 Production

-Th Development

-Th1 and CMI

-Th2 and Antibody

-Tc Developement

-Tc Killing


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Applied Immunology

-Methods of acquiring immunity

-Vaccination

-Immunological-based testing:

ELISA assays

-Clinical immunology

Figure 17.1


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Pregnancy Testing


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ELISA

T ti


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Testing


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The Immune System

Clinical Immunology:

Hypersensitivity

Transplantation Immunology

Autoimmunity

Immunotherapy

Immunosuppression

Immunodeficiency

Cancer of the Immune System


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Type I Hypersensitivity: Immediate


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Allergy Testing


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Immunotherapy


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Type II Hypersensitivity:

Cytotoxic


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Cytotoxic


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Type III Hypersensitivity: Immune Complex


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Type IV Hypersensitivity:

Delayed


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Delayed


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Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

HistoryAncient, Ehrlich, Domagck

TerminologyAntibiotics, Synthetic antibiotics, Semi-synthetic antibiotics

Properties of AntibioticsSelective toxicity, Therapeutic index, Spectrum of activity

Adverse ReactionsToxicity, Allergy, Disrupt normal microbiota, Resistance

The Ideal Antibiotic Mechanism of Action

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths


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7-Intro to Med Micro

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