61260249 Support and Movement2
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Transcript of 61260249 Support and Movement2
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yschow@smkbpj(a) 1
Science
form 2
Chapter 8
SupportSupportandand
movementmovement
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Content
8.1 Support Systems in Animals
8.2 Support Systems in Plants
8.3 Appreciating the Support System inLiving Things
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8.1
Support Systems in Animals
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Vertebrate and invertebrate
•• VertebratesVertebrates are animals with backbones.
•• InvertebratesInvertebrates are animals withoutbackbones.
VertebratesVertebrates
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Vertebrate
• Vertebrates are supported by internalinternal
skeleton of bonesskeleton of bones called endoskeleton.endoskeleton.
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Vertebrate
The functions of endoskeleton are:
(a) to support the body weight
(b) to protect the internal organs
(c) to maintain the shape of the body
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Land Vertebrate
• The land vertebrates have to support their
own body weight.
• Hence, the endoskeletons of land
vertebrates are normally big and strongbig and strong.
Horse skeleton Elephant skeleton
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Aquatic Vertebrate
• The body weight of aquatic vertebrates is
supported by the buoyancy of water.Hence, the endoskeletons of aquaticvertebrates are smaller.
whale skeleton
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InvertebrateThe support systems of invertebrates
consist ofi. exoskeleton and
ii. hydrostatic skeleton.
exoskeleton hydrostatic skeleton
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Invertebrate- Exoskeleton
•• CuticleCuticle is an exoskeleton which is made of
chitin.chitin.
• It covers and protects the body.
• Bees, flies, cockroaches , scorpions, crabsand prawns are supported by cuticle.
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Invertebrate- Hydrostatic skeleton
• Invertebrates which have soft bodies such
as worms, leeches and caterpillars aresupported by the body fluid pressurecalled hydrostatic pressure.
Earth worms Leeches Caterpillars
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8.2
Support Systems in Plants
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Woody plants
• The woody plants aresupported by woodywoody
tissues.tissues.
• Some of the examplesof woody trees are
rubber trees, rambutantrees and durian trees.
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Woody plant
• Some woody plants have additional
features to help them.
(a) Buttress roots(b) Prop roots
(c) Stilt roots
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Buttress roots• Casuarina trees have buttress roots to
provide additional support to the stems.
Casuarinas木麻黄树
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Prop roots• Banyan trees and maize plants have prop
roots to give them extra support
Banyan trees = Pokok Ara榕树
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Stilt roots• Mangrove trees have stilt roots which
provide extra support to the stem and helpthem to obtain sunlight.
Mangrove trees
= pokok bakau红树
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Non-woody plant• Non-woody plants have
soft stems.
• The turgidity of the cells
provides support to thesenon-woody plants.
• Some of the examples ofnon-woody plants are yamplant, leafy vegetables andbalsam plant.
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Non-woody plant• Some non-woody plants have weak stems
which are unable to support the plants.
• However, they have other features to helpthem.(a) Tendrils
(b) Thorns and prickles(c) Twining stems
(d) Clasping roots
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Tendrils• Cucumber plants and pumpkin plants
climb and grow upwards using tendrils.
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Thorns and prickles• Bougainvillea plants, rattan plants and
rose plants climb using thorns
Prickles
Rattan
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Twining stems• Morning glory plants twine around other
plants to help them climb higher in order toget enough sunlight.
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Clasping roots• Money plants and pepper plants climb by
clasping.
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