5.Leadership and Motivation

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Leadership and Motivation

Leadership

Meaning and importance

Leadership qualities

Leadership theories

Leadership styles

Managerial grid

Motivation

Meaning and definition

Motivational factors

Theories of Motivation


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Leadership

Leadership is the process of influencing and supportingothers to work enthusiastically towards a commongoal/objective

Importance of Leadership:

Motivating employees

Creating confidence

Building morale To introduce change

To represent employees

To exercise coordination


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Personal Traits:

Confidence

InitiativeInnovation

Communication skills

Intelligence

Decisiveness

ForesightResponsible

Empathy

Managerial Traits:

Knowledge of aspects of

managementTechnical Knowledge

Administrative ability

Leadership Qualities


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Leadership Theories

Trait theory:

It advocates the thought that there are a few traits thatidentify a leader from a non leader

The traits can be innate (natural) or acquirable

Innate traits include: Physical features, intelligence,emotional stability, human relations, empathy,objectivity, motivating skills, technical skills,communicative skills, social skills


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Situational Theory:

Importance is given to the situation in which leadership isexercised

Here, the effectiveness of leadership is directly dependenton the factors of the leader as well as the factors of thesituation

The situational factors can be: sub ordinatescharacteristics, leaders situation, group factors,organisation factors like climate, culture etc.


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Behavioral theory:

Researchers Katz, Maccoby and Morse came to a

conclusion that leaders need to perform 2 majorfunctions:

5) Task related functions

7) Group maintenance functions (Social functions likemediating disputes etc)


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Path Goal Model:

This model attempts to predict the leadershipeffectiveness

The main function of a leader is to clarify and set goalswith sub ordinates, to help them find best path to

achieve goals and remove obstacles in theirperformance

The leader will adopt a different leadership style basedon the situation

Leadership styles are participating, supportive,directive and achievement oriented


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Leadership Styles

Autocratic:

No communication with sub ordinates, takes decisions

and gives orders, workers work under fear and stress,does not entertain questions by followers

Democratic/participative:

Empathy, respects employees, good listener, delegatesauthority, believes in participative management, opento suggestions, flexible, attracts loyal sub ordinates


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Laissez-faire:

Passive leader, freedom to subordinates in decision

making, limited guidance by the leader, no motivationor encouragement provided, indifference towardsresponsibilities as a leader

Functional/Intellectual:

Expert with sound technical knowledge, gets respectfrom subordinates due to intellect, gives correctguidance to employees, considers problems and judgeson merit


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Bureaucratic:

No innovation and flexibility, function strictly within

the framework of organisational rules and regulations,mechanical decision making, delays in functions

Situational:

Adjusts his style according to the situation, studies thesituation before adopting the style, which can rangefrom dictatorship to democracy, flexibility, resultoriented, combination of many types of leadership


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Managerial Grid

Studies leader behaviour and its impact on groups

Considers two factors: Concern for production andConcern for people

A leaders style is combination of both factors, whichare represented on a grid

Out of 81 possible combinations of these factors, 5 areillustrated (1.2, 1.9, 5.5, 9.1, 9.9)


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Motivation

Motivation is the act of stimulating someone or oneselfto get a desired course of action

It is needed to raise the morale of the employees,retain the existing employees, reduce absenteeism,improve employee performance on the job etc

Motivational factors or stimulators can be monetary or

non monetary in nature


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Monetary factors

The monetary factors motivate an employee to a largeextent. But after a certain point, money stops motivatingemployees. Hence, these factors need to be supported bynon monetary factors of motivation too.

Some of the common monetary incentives:

Attractive pay package/wages

Bonus, liberal incentives

Allowances (LTA, overtime, medical etc)


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Some of the common non monetary incentives:

Job security

Job enrichment Recognition for good work

Delegation of authority

Fair opportunity to excel

Fair treatment by management

Congenial working conditions

Designation and status


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Theories of Motivation

Traditional Theories

3. Be Strong theory - Believes that fear and punishmentdrive workers towards efficiency

5. Efforts and rewards theory - Based on the piece ratesystem of wage payment

7. Monastic theory - Assumes that workers are motivatedby money alone

9. Carrot and stick theory - Believes that workers aremotivated by rewards as well as fear of punishment

11.Paternalistic theory - Managers are fair and firm andare responsible to fulfill all the job related needs of theemployees


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Modern Theories

3. Maslows theory of motivation - It states the differenthuman needs and their hierarchy. The theory explainsthe hierarchy of human needs in form of a pyramid,starting from physiological needs to self actualisationneeds

5. McGregors Theory X and Theory Y - The theory refersto traditional approach to management at Theory X andthe professional approach as Theory Y. It defines thetwo theories on the assumptions made abouthuman/employee nature by both the approaches

7. Herzbergs two factor theory - The theory states thatattitude of the people towards their work is related totwo factors-hygiene factors and motivating factors

5.Leadership and Motivation

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