5 Task1BFinRep Att IV GuidelinesSHP
36
1 EU#IPA12/CS02 Development of the Renewable Energy Sector TASK 1 Assessment of Current Situation, Barriers and Road Map SubTask1B Recommendations Deliverable D5 Draft Final Assessment Report Attachment 4 Environmental and Social Guidance Note for Small HydroPower Projects Task Leader: Jordi Dolader June 2017
Transcript of 5 Task1BFinRep Att IV GuidelinesSHP
1
! !
EU#IPA12/CS02---
Development*of*the*Renewable**Energy*Sector*
***
TASK*1*Assessment-of-Current-Situation,-Barriers-and-Road-Map-
-SubTask1B-
Recommendations-Deliverable-D5-�-Draft-Final-Assessment-Report-
-Attachment-4-
Environmental*and*Social*Guidance*Note*for-Small*HydroPower*Projects-
-Task-Leader:-Jordi-Dolader-
--
June-2017---
2
TASK 1 – SUBTASK 1B DRAFT FINAL ASSESSMENT REPORT
ANNEX 4
Project Title : Consulting Services for Development of the Renewable Energy Sector
Project Number : Contract MENR EU IPA12/CS02
Country : TURKEY
Date of report: 06/06/2017
Date of last revision: 14/06/2017
Author of report: Jordi Dolader, Luca Napolitano
Approved by,
•- Project Manager: Antonio Moretti
3
Contents!
!
Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................. 4!
1.! Purpose and Content of this Guidance Note ............................................................................................................... 5!
2.! Limitations and Disclaimer .............................................................................................................................................. 5!
3.! The Project Licensing Process in Turkey ...................................................................................................................... 5!
4.! The Project Environmental Requirements .................................................................................................................... 8!
5. Requirements of Financial Institutions ............................................................................................................................ 12!
6.! Major Environmental and Social Concerns for SHP Facilities ................................................................................ 13!
6.1! Impact on land use ................................................................................................................................................ 14!
6.2! Impact on landscape .............................................................................................................................................. 15!
6.3! Impact on amenity .................................................................................................................................................. 16!
6.4! Impact on archaeology and cultural heritage ..................................................................................................... 17!
6.5! Impact on habitat and biodiversity ....................................................................................................................... 17!
6.6! Impact on water flow regime/minimum flow .................................................................................................... 22!
6.7! Impact on fish migration and spawning .............................................................................................................. 23!
6.8! Impact on water quality .......................................................................................................................................... 24!
6.9! Impact on other water users .................................................................................................................................. 24!
6.10! Impact of associated infrastructure ...................................................................................................................... 24!
6.11! Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement ................................................................................................... 25!
6.12! Stakeholder information and engagement .......................................................................................................... 26!
6.13! Community benefits ............................................................................................................................................... 27!
6.14! Cumulative Impacts ................................................................................................................................................ 29!
6.15! Construction Impacts ............................................................................................................................................. 29!
6.16! Post-construction (operation phase) maintenance, monitoring and control ................................................. 30!
6.17! Environmental and Social Management .............................................................................................................. 31!
7.! Step-by-step Approach to Site Selection for a New Development ............................................................................ 32!
8.! What are the characteristics of a good project? ............................................................................................................. 35!
! !
4
Abbreviations!and!Acronyms!
AFD! French!Development!Bank!(Agence&Francaise&Developpement)!Annex!I!and!Annex!II! Project! designations! under! the! Turkish! EIA! Regulation! (denoting!
whether!an!EIA!is!required)!EBRD! European!Bank!for!Reconstruction!and!Development!EIB! European!Investment!Bank!EIA! Environmental! Impact! Assessment! (this! is! the! older! term! as! still!
used!in!much!legislation;!it!is!now!superseded!by!the!term!ESIA)!EMRA! Electricity!Market!Regulatory!Authority!ESIA! Environmental!and!Social!Impact!Assessment!ESMP! Environmental!and!Social!Management!Plan!EU! European!Union!FI! Financial!Intermediary!(bank)!FMO! Dutch! Development! Bank! (Financieringsmaatschappij& voor&
Ontwikkelingslanden&N.V.)!IBA! Important!Bird!Area!IBRD! International!Bank!for!Reconstruction!and!Development!IFC! International! Finance! Corporation! (private! sector! bank! of! the!
World!Bank!Group)!IFI! International!Financial!Institution!IUCN! International!Union!for!Conservation!of!Nature!KBA! Important!Biodiversity!Area!KfW! German!Development!Bank!!(Kreditanstalt&fuer&Wiederaufbau)!MidSEFF! MidPSize!Sustainable!Energy!Financing!Facility!!MoEU! Ministry!of!Environment!and!Urbanization!MW! Megawatt!OP! World!Bank!Operational!Policy!PDoEU! Provincial!Directorate!of!Environment!and!urbanization!PIF! Project!Information!File!PS! IFC!Performance!Standard!(there!are!8!PS)!Red!Data!Book! List!of!threatened!species!(prepared!by!IUCN)!TEIAS! Turkish!Electricity!Transmission!Company!TurSEFF Turkish!Sustainable!Energy!Financing!Facility!!!WB! World!Bank!
! !
5
1.* Purpose!and!Content!of!this!Guidance!Note!!
This!Guidance!Note!is!intended!to!assist!developers!in!the!decision!making!on!the!location!and!subsequently!design!and!operation!of!a!small!hydro!power!plant;!for!this!document,!this!is!assumed!to!be!a!development!of!1!–!20!MW!installed!capacity.!!This!Guidance!Note!includes!information!on!!!
•- The&licensing&process&for&new&small&hydro&power&facilities.&
•- The&environmental&legal&framework&relevant&to&small!hydro!power&projects;&this&includes&a&summary&of&
the&most&relevant&Turkish&laws&pertaining&to&these&projects;&reference&to&EU&legal&requirements&used&by&
International&Financial&Institutions&and&bilateral&banks&(e.g.&IFC/WB;&EBRD;&EIB;&KfW;&FMO;&AFD)&–&and&
relevant&should&Turkey&align&its&laws&with&EU&Directives&as&part&of&the&EU&accession&process.&
•- The& environmental& and& social& standards& used& by& International& Financial& Institutions& in& their& decision&
making&on&financing&of&such&projects&(either&direct&financing&or&via&programs&administered&by&Turkish&
Financial& Intermediary& banks).& This& is& included& as& most& projects& are& partPfinanced& by& international&
development& banks& (International& Financial& Institutions),& either& directly& or& via& Turkish& partner& banks&
(Financial&Institutions)&which&administer&their&funds&and&apply&their&rules.&&&
•- The& major& environmental& and& social& issues& which& have& to& be& considered& when& designing,& locating,&
building& and& operating& small! hydro! power& plants& –& this& is& based& on& legal& requirements;& IFI&
requirements;&stakeholder&concerns;&experience&with&previous,&similar&installations.&
•- A&stepPbyPstep&guide&outlining&how&these&environmental&and&social& issues&can&be&addressed&efficiently&
when&planning&a&new&facility&and&when&going&through&the&licensing&process.&
!
2.* Limitations!and!Disclaimer!
This!is!a!highPlevel!guidance!document!concentrating!on!the!environmental!and!social!aspects!of!new!projects.!It!describes!the!key!environmental!and!social!issues!which!have!to!be!considered!during!project!development,!implementation!and!operation.!!It!is!generic!in!nature!and!does!not!constitute!legal!advice.!It!is!up!to!the!user!to!verify!any!information!provided!in!this!Note!and!to!obtain!further!detailed!information!and!legal,!technical!and! environmental! advice! when! considering! the! planning,! licensing,! construction! and! operation! of! a! new!facility.!
!
3.* The!Project!Licensing!Process!in!Turkey!
The! authorization! process! in! Turkey! differentiates! between! “Licensed”! and! “UnPlicensed”! facilities.! All!renewable! energy! projects!with! a! capacity! higher! than! 1!MWe!must! apply! for! a! Production! License,! to! be!
6
obtained!from!the!Electricity!Market!Regulatory!Authority!(EMRA),!which!gives!the!right!to!sell!the!electricity!to!the!market!for!49!years.!Licensed!projects!can!also!benefit!from!the!set!FeedPinPTariff!(“FiT”).!
Before!obtaining!a!License,!an!application!for!a!prePlicense!needs!to!be!made.!The!applications!are!made!to!EMRA! and! the! technical! assessment! of! the! applications! is!made! by! the! General! Directorate! of! Renewable!Energy! (GDRE).! Positively! assessed! projects! are! then! sent! to! the! Turkish! Electricity! Transmission! Company!(TEİAŞ)! to! assess! the! availability! for! a! grid! connection.!Grid! connection! rights! are!provided! in! case! the! grid!connection!capacity! is! sufficient.! If!not! (e.g.! if!applications!exceed!existing!capacity),! the!projects!are!put! in!“competition”!within! a! tender! organized! by! TEIAS.! The! applicants! that! offer! the! highest! price! are! awarded!connection!rights.!The!fee!for!this! is!to!be!paid!within!3!years!from!the!tender!date!and!varies!considerably!from!one!project!to!another.!!
The!applicants!who!obtained!connection!rights!can!proceed!with!the!prePlicense!application!process.!After!the!completion!of!all!prePlicense!tasks,! the!applicant!can!apply! for!the!actual! license.!The!construction!period! is!determined!in!the!production!license.!The!license!holder!should!complete!the!construction!within!this!period!and!then!request!provisional!acceptance!of!the!facility.!The!applicant!can!apply!for!the!final!acceptance!1!year!after!the!provisional!acceptance!was!granted.!!!
The!following!flowchart!shows!the!overall!licensing!process.!This!process!includes,!if!required,!environmental!investigations!and!permits.!This!is!in!more!detail!presented!in!the!following!section!on!‘Environmental!Impact!Requirements’.!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
7
Licensed(Project(Application(Flowchart(
8
4.! The&Project&Environmental&Requirements&
Commercial& scale& renewable& energy& projects& generally& require& a& permit& and& are& subject& to& environmental&legislation& which& regulates& the& assessment& and& minimization& and& mitigation& of& negative& impacts& on& the&environment.&The¢ral&legal&provision&is&the&Environmental&Impact&Assessment&Regulation,&Official&Gazette&No.&29186,&dated&November&25,&2014.&Real&persons&and&legal&entities&planning&to&realize&a&project&within&the&scope& of& this& law& are& obliged& to& prepare& and& submit& to& the& relevant& authorities& an& Environmental& Impact&Application& File& and,& if& required,& an& Environmental& Impact& Assessment& Report.& The& Turkish& EIA& process&classifies&projects&as&either&‘Annex&I’&or&‘Annex&II’,&and&by&default,&‘No&Annex’.&Projects&that&are¬&included&in&Annex&I&or&Annex&II&of&the&EIA&law&are&considered&as&exempt&from&EIA&decisions;&however,&project&applicants&should&obtain&an&‘EIA&Exempt’&letter&from&the&relevant&Provincial&Directorate&of&Environment&and&Urbanization&&(PDoEU).&If&a&project&is&identified&under&Annex&I&of&the&Turkish&EIA&Regulation,&an&EIA&Report&is&automatically&required& (‘Environmental& Impact& Assessment& necessary’).& The& requirements& for& carrying& out& an& EIA& Report,&including&public&consultation,&expert&review&and&revisions&to&the&EIA&Report!are&detailed&in&the&EIA&Regulation.&&The&following&Errore. L'origine riferimento non è stata trovata.&summarizes&the&EIA&Law&requirements&for&all&types&of&renewable&energy&projects&and&identifies&those&that&fall&under&Annex&I&and&under&Annex&II.&
Table&1:&Environmental&Impact&Assessment&requirements&under&the&Turkish&EIA&Law&
&
Hydro& Wind& Solar& Geothermal& Biomass& EIA&Regulation&
Anne
x&I&
More&than&10&MWm&&Reservoir&size&[&more&than&10&million&m3&
More&than&20&turbines&or&50&MWm&
installed&capacity&
Project&area&larger&than&20&hectares&or&more&than&10&MWe&installed&capacity&
More&than&20&MWe&
More&than&300&MW&
&Daily&combustion&of&100&tons&or&more&&waste&
Full&Environmental&Impact&Assessment&(EIA)&required&
Anne
x&II&
1[10&MWm&&Reservoir&size&–&5[10&million&m3&
More&than&5&turbines&or&installed&capacity&between&10[50&MWm&
Project&area&larger&than&2&hectares&or&1[10&MWe&(excluding&roof&top&systems)&
5[20&MWe&
20[300&MWt&&Daily&combustion&of&less&than&100&tons&waste&
Project&Introduction&File&(PIF)&which&decides&whether&
•! EIA&necessary&(then&the&Annex&I&process&is&applied)&or&
•! EIA¬&necessary&
No&Ann
ex&
Less&than&1&MW&Less&than&10&MWe&
Less&than&1MWe& Less&than&5&MWe& [&&No&requirements&&
&
As&a&first&step,&the&sub[project&sponsor&is&required&to&prepare&and&submit&a&“Project&Introduction&File”&(PIF)&to&the&Provincial&Directorate&of&MoEU&(PDoEU).&The&PIF&needs&to&include&a&brief&environmental&assessment&of&the&
9
environmental&implications&of&the&project&as&well&as&key&mitigation&measures.&For&a&project&which&falls&under&Annex&I&of&the&EIA&Regulation,&a&EIA&Report&is&automatically&required.&For&projects&which&fall&under&Annex&II&the&PDoEU& reviews& the& PIF& and& then& makes& a& determination& as& to& whether& or& not& an& Environmental& Impact&Assessment&Report&(EIA&Report)&is&required.&&&&
The&EIA&process&steps&for&Annex&I&and&for&Annex&II&projects&are&summarized&in&the&following&two&flowcharts.&Details&on&the&process&can&be&found&in&the&EIA&Regulation.&
EIA&Process&for&Annex&I&projects&
&
&
10
EIA&process&for&Annex&II&projects&
&
Environmental& Impact&Assessment& is& a&well[established& systematic&process& to& identify,& predict& and&evaluate&the&environmental&effects&of&proposed&actions&and&projects.&These&assessments&require&a&team&of&skilled&and&experienced&specialists.&
These&EIAs/ESIAs&are&based&on&national&environmental&law,&mainly&Turkish&Landscape,&Habitat&and&Biodiversity&Protection&Laws.&National&legislation&with&respect&to&nature&conservation&includes:!
•! The! Environment! Law! (No.2872):" Aims" at" conservation" of" environment" in" line"with" the" principles" of"sustainable"environment"and"development."""
•! Law!on!National!Parks!(No.2873):"Determines"the"principles"governing"the"selection"and"designation"of"national" parks," natural" monuments," nature" parks," and" nature" reserve" areas" of" national" and"international"value,"and"the"conservation,"development"and"management"of"such"places."
•! Law! on! the! Conservation! of! Cultural! and!Natural! Heritage! (No.2863):!Aims" to" define"movable" and"immovable"cultural"and"natural"property"to"be"protected"and"regulate"proceedings"and"activities."
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Applicant)/)Company)
!! Project!Information!File!!! Project!letter!of!engagement!!! List!of!authorized!signatures!!! Receipt!of!application!fee!
Ministry)of)Environment)and)Urbanization)
!! Compliance!check!for!the!submitted!documents!!! Evaluation!of!Project!Information!File!!! The!final!decision!on!EIA!requirement!is!announced!
EIA)is)required)
!! The!decision!is!no!longer!applicable!in!case!the!applicant!will!not!proceed!with!the!EIA!application!within!1!year!!!
EIA)is)not)required)
!! The!decision!is!no!longer!applicable!in!case!the!project!construction!will!not!start!within!5!years!
11
•! Statutory!Decree!(No.383)!on!the!Establishment!of!the!Authority!for!the!Special!Protection!of!Areas!Decree:" Defines" provisions" on" establishment" of" Environmental" Protection" Institution," which" is"responsible" for" taking" necessary" precautions" for" eradicating" existing" environmental" problems" in" the"areas"defined"as""Special"Environmental"Protection"Area""under"Article"9"of"the"Environment"Law"No."2872.""
•! Law!on!Terrestrial!Hunting!(No.!4915):"Determines"the"principles"of"selection"and"designation"of"wild"life" protection" and" development" areas." Implementation" of" the" Law" is" enforced" by" the" decisions" of"Central"Hunting"Commission."
•! Law!of!Forests! (No.!6831):"Defines"provisions" for"management"of" forests."Conservation" forests,"gene"conservation"forests"and"seed"stands"are"the"main"conservation"status"area"set"out"in"the"Law."
•! Law!on!Fisheries!(No.1380):"Defines"requirements"for"production,"protection"and"inspection"of"aquatic"animals"and"establishes"provisions"to"be"applied"on"marine"and"inland"fisheries"(including"aquaculture)."
•! Regulation! on! Conservation! of! Wetlands:" Defines" the" principles" of" protection," management" and"development" of" wetlands" and" their" habitats." This" Regulation" also" covers" the" establishment" of" the"National"and"Provincial"Wetland"Commissions.""
•! Draft!Law!on!Conservation!of!Nature!and!Biodiversity:"developed"in"the"scope"of"the"Biodiversity"and"Natural"Sources"Management"Project"supported"by"Global"Environment"Facility"in"2003"and"sent"to"the"Grand"National"Assembly" of" Turkey" by" the"Ministry" of" Environment" and" Forestry." The" draft" law"was"revised" a" few" times" and" approved" by" the" Environment" Commission" of" Grand" National" Assembly" of"Turkey"on"18"June"2012."It"has"not"been"published"yet.&&
&Turkey&is&also&a&signatory&to&conventions&which&may&apply&to&renewable&energy&projects.&These&include&&&
•! Convention&on&the&International&Trade&in&Endangered&Species&of&Wild&Flora&and&Fauna&(CITES)&•! Convention&on&the&Conservation&of&European&Wildlife&And&Natural&Habitats&(Bern)&&•! Convention&on&Wetlands&of&International&Importance&Especially&as&Waterfowl&Habitat&(Ramsar)&&•! International&Convention&For&the&Protection&of&Birds&•! Convention&Concerning&the&Protection&of&the&World&Cultural&and&Natural&Heritage&
&
As&part&of&the&accession&process&Turkey&is&gradually&changing&its&laws&to&comply&with&EU®ulations.&The&key&EU&Directives&are:&Environmental& Impact& Assessment& Legislation:"Cutting& across& all& potential& renewable& energy& projects,& the&most& important&environmental& regulation& is& that&which&determines& the&requirements& for& the&environmental&and& social& appraisal& and& permitting& of& projects& (EIA& Directive& 2011/92/EU& as& amended& by& Directive&2014/52/EU& –& to& be& transposed& by&Member& States& latest& in&May& 2017),& plus& the& respective& regulations& for&renewable&energy&projects&(Renewable&Energy&Directive&2009/28/EC).&
Habitat&and&Biodiversity&Protection&Laws&and&Regulations:&&The&‘Habitats&Directive’&92/43/EEC&and&the&‘Birds’&Directive’&2009/147/EC&are&the&cornerstones&of&the&EU’s&biodiversity&policy.&They&are&designed&to&protect&and&ensure&the&survival&of&Europe’s&most&endangered&and&vulnerable&species&and&habitat&types.&Central&to&the&two&
12
Directives& is& the&Natura&2000&Network&of&protected&sites;& they&conserve& the&core&areas& for&certain& rare&and&endangered& species.& There& are& approximately& 26,000& sites& across& all& 28& EU& Member& States& covering&approximately&18&%&of&the&land&area&and&6&%&of&marine&territory.&Particularly&wind&power;&hydropower;&and&large[scale&solar&PV&developments&have&the&potential&to&impact&significantly&on&these&habitats.&&&
Watercourses:&In&2000,&the&"Directive&2000/60/EC&of&the&European&Parliament&and&of&the&Council&establishing&a& framework& for& the&Community& action& in& the& field&of&water&policy"&or,& in& short,& the&EU&Water& Framework&Directive&(or&even&shorter&the&WFD)&was&finally&adopted.&Its&main&objectives&are&river&basin&management&and&protection&of&surface&and&groundwater.&
&
5.&Requirements&of&Financial&Institutions&
&Environmental& Impact& Assessments& and& the& associated& public& consultation& is& also& a& requirement& of& banks&(International& Financial& Institutions& as& well& as& international& and& national& commercial& banks).& & & These&institutions&generally&request&an&international[quality&EIA&Report&which&is&then&reviewed&by&specialists&prior&to&decision& making& on& project& finance.& The& requirements& of& IFIs& (such& as& the& World& Bank,& the& International&Finance&Corporation,&the&European&Bank&for&Reconstruction&and&Development,&the&Asian&Development&Bank,&the&Black&Sea&Development&Bank&and&others),&of&bilateral&Financial&Institutions&(such&as&the&German&KfW,&the&French& AFD,& the&Dutch& FMO& and& others),& and& of& an& increasing& number& of& local& banks& (those& administering&funds& from& IFIs&and&FIs,&and& those&adopting& the&Equator&Principles& for&environmental&and&social& care)&often&exceed&the¤t&legal&requirements&under&the&Turkish&EIA&Regulation.&&
Developers&are&therefore&strongly&advised&to&seek&detailed&information&from&the&IFI&relevant&to&their&project&financing&and&to&clarify&what&has&to&be&done;&to&what&standard&it&has&to&be&done;&and&within&what&timeframe.&Environmental& baseline& studies& and& assessment& process& can& take& a& long& time.& Ecological& field& studies& of&sensitive& locations&may&require&surveys&covering&more& than&one&year.&This&will&have& to&be& factored& into& the&project&development&timeline.&The&key&standards¤tly&used&by&financial&institutions&are:&
•! the" World" Bank" Safeguard" Policies" (for" the" WB" public" sector" finance" institution" IBRD)" and" the" IFC"Performance"Standards"(for"private"sector"finance"by"the"World"Bank"Group"member"IFC);"""
•! the"Performance"Requirements"of"the"European"Bank"for"Reconstruction"and"Development"(EBRD);"•! the"European"Principles"for"the"Environment"(signed"by"the"European"Investment"Bank,"EIB;"the"Council"
of"Europe"Development"Bank;"the"EBRD;"the"Nordic"Investment"Bank;"the"Nordic"Environment"Finance"Corporation)."
&
These& standards& and& procedural& requirements& (e.g.& for& public& consultation)& are& broadly& comparable.&Banks&generally&also&provide&extensive&guidance&documentation&which&explains&what&they&expect&from&a&project&in&a&specific& industry& sector& or& in& relation& to& a& subject& such& as& public& consultation;& gender& equality;& working&standards;&health&and&safety&etc.&These&documents&can&be&found&on&the&websites&of&the&banks.&Environmental&
13
requirements& of& banks& also& frequently& refer& to& EU& legislation.& EU& country& financial& institutions& such& as& EIB,&KfW,&FMO&etc.&require&compliance&with&EU&Directives.&Developers&are&advised&to&contact&their&potential&banks&to&clarify&what&project&requirements&apply.&
The&most&widely&used&set&of&standards&are&the&8&IFC&Performance&Standards&which&are&listed&below&&
PS&1:&Assessment&and&Management&of&Environmental&and&Social&Risks&and&Impacts&&
PS&2:&Labour&and&Working&Conditions&&
PS&3:&Resource&Efficiency&and&Pollution&Prevention&&
PS&4:&Community&Health,&Safety,&and&Security&&
PS&5:&Land&Acquisition&and&Involuntary&Resettlement&&
PS&6:&Biodiversity&Conservation&and&Sustainable&Management&of&Living&Natural&Resources&&
PS&7:&Indigenous&Peoples&&
PS&8:&Cultural&Heritage&
&
6.& Major&Environmental&and&Social&Concerns&for&SHP&Facilities&
There& are& some& guidance& documents& for& site& selection& and& assessment& and& subsequent& construction& and&operation&of&small&and&medium&sized&hydro&power&developments&publicly&available&on&the&internet,&covering&technical,&operational&and&environmental&issues.&These&publications&include&EBRDs&‘Environmental&and&Social&Guidance& Note& for& Hydropower& Projects’1,& the& IFCs& ‘Hydroelectric& Power& –& A& Guide& for& Developers& and&Investors’2,& the& Scottish& Environment& Protection& Agencies& ‘Guidance& for& developers& of& run[of[river&hydropower&schemes3.&There&are&many&others&provided&by&local/regional/national&environmental&agencies.&&
Key&environmental&and&social&aspects&for&site&selection&and&project&preparation&and&operation&of&SHP&include:&
1& Impact&on&land&use;&&2& Impact&on&landscape;&3& Impact&on&amenity;&4& Impact&on&archaeology&and&cultural&heritage;&&5& Impact&on&habitat&and&biodiversity;&&6& Impact&on&water&flow®ime/minimum&flow;&7& Impact&on&fish&migration&and&spawning;&8& Impact&on&water&quality;&9& Impact&on&other&water&users;&
1 http://www.google.com.tr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwis-ufCy-_TAhWBfywKHbuDDS4QFgghMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebrd.com%2Fdocuments%2Fenvironment%2Fpdf-guidance-note-hydropower.pdf&usg=AFQjCNGhHFaLllcZLGmuftaj4iLUdkqwmg 2 http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/06b2df8047420bb4a4f7ec57143498e5/Hydropower_Report.pdf?MOD=AJPERES 3 https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/156800/guidance-for-developers-of-run-of-river-hydropower-schemes.pdf
14
10& Associated&infrastructure;&11& Land&acquisition&and&involuntary&resettlement;&12& Stakeholder&information&and&engagement;&&13& Community&benefits;&14& Cumulative&impacts;&15& Construction&impacts;&16& Post[construction&(operation&phase)&maintenance,&monitoring&and&control;&17& Environmental&and&social&management.&
&&
The&listed&17&impact&areas&(or&criteria&to&check&the&acceptability&of&a&project)&are&in&more&detail&described&in&the& following& sections& 6.1& to& 6.17.& Each& of& these& sections& includes& a& description& of& the& issue& and& its&environmental& or& social& impacts;& this& is& followed& by& a& short& list& of& questions& (‘What& to& consider’)& which& a&developer&can&use&as&a&quick&check[list.&
These&17&points&would&be&addressed& in& a& comprehensive&ESIA&which&meets& international&quality& standards.&Much&of&this& is&also&needed&for&the&project&permitting&process.&These&are&also&the&key& issues&checked&in&the&environmental& project& appraisal& carried& out& by& International& Financial& Institutions& if& a& developer& is& seeking&project&financing&from&such&financial&institutions.&&
&
6.1& &Impact&on&land&use&&The&main&land&use&types&in&Turkey&are&&
•! Forestry&land&•! Pasture&Land&•! Agricultural&Land&(including&orchards)&•! Treasury&land&(Hazine&Arazisi&or&Maliye&Arazisi)&
&According&to&Article&16&of&the&Forestry&Law&(No.&6831),&renewable&energy&projects&are&permitted&on&forestry&land&except&in&areas&which&are&protected&as&preservation&forests,&gene&conservation&forests,&picnic&areas&and&seed&stands.&For&these&protected&areas,&the&approval&of&the&Ministry&of&Forestry&and&Water&Affairs&is&needed.&In& addition,& according& to& the& Circular& of& the&Ministry& of& Forestry& and&Water& Affairs& dated&March& 3,& 2014,&forestry&lands&are&exempt&from&unlicensed&energy&developments.&&
According& to&Article&20&of& the& Law&on&Rehabilitation&of&Oil&Cultivation& (No.3573),&olive& cultivation&areas&are&specifically&protected&and&generally&exempt&from&any&development.&&
According& to& Article& 13& of& the& Law& on& Protection& and& Usage& of& Agricultural& Lands& (No.5403),& high& grade&agricultural& land& (mutlak" tarım" arazisi),& special& products& land,& planted& agricultural& land& and& irrigated&agricultural&land&cannot&be&used&for&other&purposes.&However,&if&alternative&areas&cannot&be&found,&and&with&the&approval&of&the&Soil&Protection&Commission,&licensed&renewable&energy&projects&can&be&permitted&in&such&areas&provided&that&soil&protection&measures&are&complied&with.&&
15
According& to&Article& 14& of& the& Pasture& Law& (No:& 4342),& licensed& renewable& energy& projects& can& be& built& on&pasture&land.&Developers&are&required&to&decommission&and&rehabilitate&the&area&after&use.&&&
&
What&to&consider:&&&
•! Is"the"proposed"location"for"the"new"renewable"energy"project"within"a"protected"area"where"any"such"development"is"not"legally"possible?"
•! Is"specific"land"use"permission"required?"•! Is" the" new" development" located" on"marginal" land" or" is" it" located" on" land" with" high" agricultural" or"
forestry"value?"""•! Are" there"any" legal" and/or" illegal" users" of" land" that"may"also" impact" the" land"use"of" the" renewable"
energy"project?""&
6.2& &Impact&on&landscape&&Any&SHP&project,&even&if&it&is&small&in&terms&of&electricity&generation&capacity&can&have&a&large&&‘footprint’&–&a&term& used& to& summarize& the& impact& a& project& has& on& its& environmental& and& social& setting.& It& can& have& a&significant& impact& on& the& appearance& of& the& landscape;& its& local& ecology;& and& communities& living& in& this&landscape&and&using& its&natural& resources& (e.g.& farming;&animal&husbandry;& fishing&and& fish& farming;& tourism&etc.).&&&
Site& selection& should& take& into& account& the& character& and& visual& appearance& of& a& landscape.& This& should&identify&the&unique&or&dominant&features&of&the&broader&landscape,&and&within&that,&the&acceptable&scope&for&development.& The& European& Landscape& Convention’s& (ELC)& 4& definition& of& “landscape”& is:& “...& an" area," as"perceived" by" people,"whose" character" is" the" result" of" the" action" and" interaction" of" natural" and" /" or" human"factors.”&Landscapes&differ&in&underlying&geology,&soil,&topography,&land&cover,&hydrology,&historic&and&cultural&development,&and&climate&[&the&combination&of&which&defines&landscape&character.&&Landscapes&differ&in&their&perceived&or& legally&acknowledged&value& (e.g.& scenic&beauty,& tranquility&or&wildness,& cultural&associations&or&other&conservation&issues)&and&in&their&capacity&to&accommodate&change&without&unacceptable&adverse&effects&on&its&character5.&&&&The&visual&appearance&of& formerly&untouched&valleys&changed&completely& in& their&appearance&due&to&roads,&dams,& reservoirs& and& water& collection& channels& is& perhaps& the& strongest& point& of& criticism& of& any& such&development&[&and&a&frequent&reason&for&local&objections.&These&impacts&are&particularly&heavy&and&destructive&in&valleys&with&cascades&of&SHPs.&It&is&therefore&necessary&to&carefully&plan&the&exact&location&and&layout&of&an&SHP,&and&to&see&this&in&the&context&of&all&developments&in&the&same&valley/catchment&area,&to&avoid&or&at&least&minimize&negative&environmental&impact&to&a&level&acceptable&to&the&local&population&and&other&stakeholders&and&to&make&it&acceptable&from&an&ecological&point&of&view.&This&might&need&to&include&remedial&measures&to&
4&Council&of&Europe&(2000),&European&Landscape&Convention,&Council&of&Europe,&Florence,&October&2000&&&5&An&Approach&to&Landscape&Character&Assessment,&Christine&Tudor,&Natural&England,&2014&
16
compensate& for& negative& impact,& e.g.& habitat& creation,& selective& planting& etc.& The&drastic& impact& of& endless&cascades& of& hydropower& plants& on& the& general& appearance& and& environmental& and& commercial& value& (e.g.&agriculture;&forestry;&fisheries;&tourism)&of&a&previously&untouched&valley&is&all&too&often&forgotten&or&ignored.&&What&to&consider:&&&•! Is" there"a"Landscape"Character"Assessment"or"any"similar"study"that" identifies" the"significant" features"of"
the"landscape?"If"not,"can"this"be"readily"done"by"a"competent"landscape"architect?"•! Are"there"any"protected"sites"(environmental;"heritage)"or"sites"which"have"a"particular"value"to"the"local"
communities?""•! Is" there"a" regional" or" local" development"plan?"Are"other" SHP"development"projects" planned," possible" or"
likely?" Is" there" a" strategic" development" plan" for" the" area" which" identifies" all" such" developments," their"impacts,"their"benefits,"necessary"remedial"measures?"
•! Will"the"project"become"the"dominant"feature"of"the"landscape?""How"can"this"be"minimized/avoided?"•! Is"the"known"local"opposition"to"SHP"developments?""
&
6.3& Impact&on&amenity&&&Landscape&considerations&are&closely&linked&to&amenity&impact&and&amenity&value&of&a&location.&Amenity&values&are&those&natural&or&physical&qualities&and&characteristics&of&an&area&that&contribute&to&people’s&appreciation&of&its& pleasantness,& aesthetic& coherence,& and& cultural& and& recreational& attributes.6& The& main& issue& is& visual&amenity,& i.e.& the& question& whether& an& SHP& with& all& its& associated& infrastructure& (roads;& water& collection&channels;& grid& connection;& dam& and& power& house)& is& considered& acceptable& in& the& context& of& the& overall&texture& and& appearance& of& the& landscape.& This& assessment&must& take& account& of& the& overall& impact& of& all&associated&project&infrastructure&on&the&landscape&and&on&those&living&in&it&or&using&it.&This&includes&permanent&local& residents/communities& as& well& as& owners& of& holiday& homes& and& also& visitors& using& the& area& for&recreational&purposes&(e.g.&walking;&fishing)..&&
What&to&consider:&&&
•! What"is"the"distance"of"the"proposed"project"to"residential"areas"(inclusive"of"single"houses)?"""•! Would"the"project"completely"or"significantly"change"the"visual"appearance"of"the"area?"•! Can"structures"such"as"water"collection"channels"and"dam"and"power"house"be"designed"and"located"to"
minimize"visual"impact?"•! What" is"the"visual" impact"of"new"service"roads,"grid"connection,"control"and"maintenance"buildings"?"
The"grid" connection"via"overhead" lines" is" in" itself" likely" to"have"a"high" impact"on" the" landscape."Can"such"infrastructure"be"visually"hidden"(e.g."by"routing"through"valleys)"or"make"to"better"blend"in"(e.g."by"selective"planting)?"
6Definition&used&by&the&New&Zealand&Ministry&for&the&Environment&in&the&‘Resource&Management&Act’&
17
6.4& &Impact&on&archaeology&and&cultural&heritage&Areas&technically&suitable&for&SHPs&can&include&areas&of&high&archaeological&and&cultural&value,&due&to&the&rich&Turkish& heritage& of& buildings& and& sites& with& important& prehistoric,& Roman,& Greek,& Lykian& etc.& relics,&investigated&or&still&awaiting&excavation.&&
Archaeological& sites& and& sites& of& cultural& heritage& (local& as& well& as& national)& are& also& under& protection& and&permission& needs& to& be& obtained& prior& to& any& intrusion,& e.g.& for& preliminary& measurements& or& initial& site&assessments&(e.g.&any&digging).&Whilst&many&of&these&sites&are¬&generally&excluded&from&new&developments,&there&are&likely&to&be&(severe)&restrictions&and&controls&during&construction,&to&prevent&damage&and&loss,&and&to&take&account&of&chance[finds.&This&adds&an&additional&layer&of&management&concern&to&project&management&(introduction&of&a&chance&finds&procedure&for&all&staff&and&contractors&on&site;&control&of&its& implementation;&liaison&with& authorities).& Local& residents& are& general& a& good& source& of& information& but& this&will& have& to& be&verified&in&close&cooperation&with&local&authorities&and&institutions&(e.g.&universities;&museums).&
What&to&consider:&
•! Are" known" or" suspected" (but" not" yet" evaluated)" archaeological" or" culturally" important" sites" located"within"the"wider"project"area?"This"needs"to"include"all"associated"infrastructure"work"to"be"carried"out"for"a"project,"e.g."access"roads"and"grid"connection.""""
•! Have"archaeological"and"cultural"heritage"artefacts"been"found"on"the"proposed"project"site"and"have"they"been"professionally"assessed"for"their"importance?"
•! Has"the"local"community"been"consulted"on"potential"finds?""•! Are"there"areas/structures"of"cultural"importance"to"the"local"communities?"
&
6.5& Impact&on&habitat&and&biodiversity&Even&small&hydropower&developments&without&or&with&only&very&small&reservoirs&can&have&a& large&ecological&impact,&due&to&a&multitude&of&changes&to&the&natural&environment&and&its&plants&and&animals.&This&concerns&both&the&terrestrial&environment&but&in&case&of&hydropower&even&more&so&the&aquatic&environment&and&what&lives&in&it.&The&impacts&a&project&and&its&associated&infrastructure&(roads,&grid&connection&etc.)&can&have&on&the&local& ecology& are& often& underestimated,& insufficiently& studied,& and& inefficiently&managed& and&mitigated.& An&SHP&project& (like& any& other& large& project)& needs& to& fully& evaluate& the& site& for& its& ecological& and&biodiversity&value;&needs&to&study&and&evaluate&all& impacts& the&project&will&have&on& its& location;&and&needs&to&develop&a&proper& environmental& management& plan,& implement& it& and& monitor& its& implementation& regularly.& This& is&probably&the&most&significant&impact&area&that&has&to&be&checked&out&for&a&new&project.&
It&is¬&enough&to&simply&check&whether&a&project&site&is&within&a&protected&area.&There&are&many&other&areas&of&outstanding&ecological&value&where&a&new&development&could&cause&destruction&and&where&therefore&new&developments& should&be&avoided.& If& they&are& to&go&ahead,&extensive&mitigation&measures&and&effective& site&management&will& be& required.& The& IFC& Performance& Standard& 6& (Biodiversity& Conservation& and& Sustainable&Management& of& Living& Natural& Resources)& provides& details& of& what& areas& should& be& avoided& and& what& is&necessary&if&a&project&were&to&go&ahead&in&such&an&area.&Of&particular&importance&are&‘critical&habitats’&which&in&
18
PS6& are& defined& as& ‘areas" with" high" biodiversity" value," including" (i)" habitat" of" significant" importance" to"Critically" Endangered" and/or" Endangered" species;" (ii)" habitat" of" significant" importance" to" endemic" and/or"restricted`range"species;"(iii)"habitat"supporting"globally"significant"concentrations"of"migratory"species"and/or"congregatory"species;" (iv)"highly"threatened"and/or"unique"ecosystems;"and/or" (v)"areas"associated"with"key"evolutionary"processes’7.&&&&&
The&following&provides&an&overview&of&protected&areas&and&other&areas&of&outstanding&ecological&value.&This&overview&is&for&general&introduction&only&and&each&potential&project&site&has&to&be&evaluated&on&its&own.&&
6.5.1& Protected&areas&Protected&areas&were&excluded&from&developments&but&as&the&result&of&recent&changes&in&energy®ulations,&renewable&energy&projects&can&be&established&in&national&parks,&natural&monuments,&nature&parks&and&nature&reserve& areas,& preservation& forests,&wildlife& development& areas& and& special& environmental& protection& areas&with&the&approval&of&the&respective&Ministry,&and&in&natural&protected&areas&with&the&approval&of&the&Regional&Commission&of&Protection&of&Natural&Assets.&&&
Protected& areas& registered& by& the& General& Directorate& of& Natural& Protection& and& National& Parks& include&national& parks,& natural&monuments,& nature& parks& and&nature& reserve& areas& and&wildlife& development& areas&and&also&wetlands.&The&Google&Earth&application&showing& these&areas&can&be& found& from&the& following& link:&(http://www.milliparklar.gov.tr/korunanalanlar/mpharita.htm).&
In&addition&to&the&google&earth&application&mentioned&above,&the&Ministry&of&Forestry&and&Water&Affairs&has&also&developed&a&geological&database& (geodata)& for& the&protected&areas&under& its& responsibility.&This&system&covers& all& protected& areas& including& preservation& forests,& gene& conservation& forests& and& seed& stands.& This&application&can&be&found&from&the&following&link:&http://geodata.ormansu.gov.tr/.&
There&are&also&protected&areas®istered&by&the&Ministry&of&Environment&and&Urbanization.&These&areas&are&natural& assets,& special& environmental& development& areas& and& natural& protected& areas.& The& Ministry& of&Environment& and&Urbanization&developed& a& Protected&Areas&Management& System&Application& in& 2013.& This&database& includes& the&protected&areas&under& the& responsibility&of& the&Ministry.&However,& this& is& an& internal&database&and¬&publicly&available.&The&map&below&only&shows&the&sixteen&Special&Environmental&Protection&Areas&of&Turkey.&&
7 http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/bff0a28049a790d6b835faa8c6a8312a/PS6_English_2012.pdf?MOD=AJPERES
19
Figure&1:&Special&Environmental&Protection&Areas&in&Turkey&&&
In&addition&to&the&protected&areas&described&under&national& legislation,&there&are&other&areas&of&outstanding&environmental&value,&some&of&which&may¬&designated&or&are&only&partly&designated&by&national&legislation,&but& which& are& nevertheless& considered& to& be& ecologically& important.& Generally,& these& areas& have& been&identified& by& Turkish& non[governmental& organizations& in& coordination& with& relevant& international&environmental& organizations& and&would& include& areas&which& are& potential& Natura& 2000& areas& (Natura& 2000&areas&are&designated&protection&areas&under&EU&law).&&
These&additional&areas&of&great&biodiversity&value&include&&
Key&Biodiversity&Areas:&KBAs&are&sites&of&international&importance&for&the&conservation&of&biodiversity&at&the&global&level.&In&2006,&the&Doğa&Derneği&published&“Key&Biodiversity&Areas&of&Turkey”.&&This&book&identifies&305&KBAs&which&cover&20,280,149&hectares,&equivalent&26%&of&Turkey’s&surface&area.&Not&all&of&these&nominated&KBAs&are&actually&legally&protected&under&national&legislation.&Information&available&from&Doğa&Derneği&can&be&accessed&via&the&following&link&http://www.dogadernegi.org/onemli[doga[alanlari/.&
Important&Bird&Areas:&IBAs&are&defined&as&the&priority&sites&for&bird&conservation&because&they®ularly&hold&significant&populations&of&one&or&more&globally&or®ionally&threatened,&endemic&congregatory&bird&species8&&&or& highly& representative& bird& assemblages.& IBAs& are& selected& on& the& basis& of& internationally& agreed& and&standardized&criteria.&184&IBAs&are& identified& in&Turkey.&The&ecological&criteria&used&for&the&determination&of&these&IBAs&are&the&same&as&used&for&KBAs.&Thus,&the&list&of&305&KBAs&also&includes&IBAs.&
Key&Biodiversity&Areas&are&shown&in&the&following&map.& 8 species&that&gather&in&globally&significant&numbers&at&a&particular&site&and&at&a&particular&time&in&their&life&cycle&for&feeding,&breeding&or&resting&(during&migration)
20
Figure&2:&Key&Biodiversity&Areas&in&Turkey&&&&Currently,& a& project& under& the& title& of& “Strengthening& the& National& Nature& Protection& System& for&Implementation& of& Natura& 2000& Requirements”& is& being& carried& out& by& the& General& Directorate& of& Nature&Protection&and&National&Parks.&The&Project,&to&be&completed&in&2018,&is&aiming&for:&
•! Assessment& of& presence& of& species& and& habitats& listed& in& the&Habitat& Directive& and& Bird& Directive& in&Turkey&
•! Determination&of&potential&Natura&2000&zones&in&the&Central&Anatolian&Ecological&Region.&•! Establishment&of&a&database&of&EU&standards.&&
&
6.5.2! Terrestrial&animals&and&plant&species!Hydropower& facilities&do¬&only& affect& the& river& they&are&using& [& & ,& their& infrastructure,& their&maintenance&buildings,& and& their& grid& connection& can& also& significantly& affect& land& habitats& and& their& plant& and& animal&communities.&&
Turkey&is&located&in&three&bio[geographical®ions:&the&Anatolian,&Mediterranean,&and&Black&Sea®ions,&and&their& transition& zones.& Due& to& its& location,& biodiversity& in& Turkey& is& quite& high& when& compared& with& the&biodiversity&of&other&countries&in&the&temperate&zone.&&
According& to& the& Key& Biodiversity& Areas& of& Turkey,& 8897& flora& species& exist& in& Turkey.& 3022& of& them& are&endemic9,&and&46.6&%&of&these&endemic&plants&are&classified&as&Critically&Endangered&(CR),&Endangered&(EN)&or&
9&species&unique&to&a&defined&geographical&location&or&habitat&type&
21
Vulnerable& (VU)&according&to&the&Red&Data&Book&of&Turkish&Plants.&An&overview&population&map&of&endemic&floral&species&in&Turkey&is&presented&in&the&following&figure.10&&
Figure&3:&Population&Map&of&Endemic&Flora&Species&in&Turkey!&&&&&According&to&the&IUCN11,&the&total&number&of&invertebrate&species&in&Turkey&is&about&19,000,&of&which&about&4,000& species/subspecies& are& endemic.& The& total& number& of& vertebrate& species& identified& to& date& is& nearly&1,500.&Of&the&vertebrates,&over&100&species&are&endemic.&The&number&of&mammal&species&in&Turkey&is&reported&as&being&more&than&160.&The&majority&of& these&species& live& in& the&Anatolian®ion.&Some&of& these&mammal&species& have& become& regionally& or& globally& endangered& due& to& destruction& of& natural& habitats,& population&growth&and&hunting.&The&number&of&hibian&and&reptile&species&was&reported&as&30&and&120,&respectively.&7&species&of&hibians&and&17&species&of&reptiles&are&endemic.&The&majority&of&these&endemic&species&exist&in&limited&areas&and&are&endangered.&&
6.5.3& Fish&fauna&Turkey&has&one&of&the&world’s&richest&freshwater&biodiversity,&with&at&least&91&endemic&freshwater&fish&species,&plus&57&taxonomically&distinct&sub[species&or&populations.&Of&these,&nine&species&or&populations&are&considered&Critically& Endangered& by& IUCN,& a& further& seven& are& Endangered& and& 19& are& Data& Deficient.& Anthropogenic&alterations&of& Turkey’s& freshwaters& have& caused& considerable&damage& to& its& fish& fauna& and&development&of&dams&and&diversion&of&water&is&irrevocably&destroying&many&freshwater&ecosystems12.&
What&to&consider:&
•! Are" protected" areas" affected" by" the" project?" Does" this" include" legally" protected" areas" and" key"biodiversity"and"important"bird"areas?""
10&Key&Biodiversity&Areas&of&Turkey,&Doğa&Derneği,&2006 11&http://iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/europe/?9778/Biodiversity[in[Turkey&12&www.dogadernegi.org/en/freshwater`fish/&
22
•! Has"a"detailed"habitat"and"biodiversity"survey"been"carried"out,"and"have"impacts"of"SHP"construction"and"operation"been"investigated?"""
•! Are"there"any"protected"or"rare"species"on"or"near"the"site?"•! Have" "mitigation/compensatory"measures" been" investigated" and" agreed"with" regulatory" authorities;"
academics;" environmental" NGOs?" This" can" include" habitat" creation;" habitat" reinstatement;" selective"planting"etc."
!
6.6& Impact&on&water&flow®ime/minimum&flow&&&&Depending&on&project& lay[out& and&operation,& the&natural& flow& regime&of& the& river&will& change,&which&would&affect&fish,&other&aquatic&life&as&well&as&plant&and&animal&communities&living&at&the&river&banks&and&relying&on&a&water&supply&from&the&river:&
•! Construction& of& a& dam& and& reservoir& and& of& channels& to& regulate& water& flow& can& lead& to& loss,&fragmentation& or& degradation& of& natural& habitats.& Changes& in& the& flow& regime& can& also& change& the&sediment®ime,&which&is&particularly&important&during&fish&spawning.&
•! Regulation&of&water&flow&(to&ensure&optimum&power&generation)&can&change&the&water&table.&&Most& SHPs& include& a& dam& and& reservoir;& from& which& (most)& of& the& natural& stream& is& directed& via& a& water&intake/penstock&onto&the&turbines.&After&that&the&water&is&redirected&back&into&the&natural&stream&downstream&of&the&turbines.&The&water&flow¬&used&for&power&generation,&i.e.&the&volume&of&water&which&remains&in&the&river&and&sustains&its&natural&ecology&is&the&residual&flow&(or&minimum&flow).&The&survival&of&the&natural&aquatic&ecosystem& (fish& and& other& aquatic& communities)& will& depend& on& whether& this& minimum& flow& is& always&sufficient&to&sustain&these&aquatic&communities.&If&insufficient,&this&can&lead&to&destruction&of,&for&example,&fish&communities.&Low&flow&rates&and&stagnant&water&may&also&lead&to&higher&water&temperatures¬&suitable&for&some&fish&species.&&Because& of& this,& a& comprehensive& assessment& of& the& required&minimum& flow& needs& to& be& carried& out& and&realistic&minimum& flow& rates& need& to& be& set,&monitored& and& documented& during& operation.&Minimum& flow&requirements& may& vary& by& season& and& are& specific& to& each& project& area.& There& is& no& universally& accepted&definition&of&minimum&flow.&This&differs&by&country.&For&Turkey&this&is&defined&in&Annex&1&of&the&‘Regulation&on&Principles& Related& to& Signing& of&Water& Right& Agreement& for& Generation& Activities& in& the& Electricity& Market&(Official&Gazette&Date/Number&26.06.2003& [25150).&The& sample&Water&Use&Rights&Agreement& suggests& that:&“The"amount"of"water"that"will"be"released"downstream"will"be"at"least"10%"of"the"mean"flow"rate"of"the"last"ten"years."When"the"ecological"needs"are"considered"during"the"EIA"process"and"it"is"identified"that"this"amount"will"not"be"sufficient,"this"amount"can"be"increased."Other"water"rights"in"the"downstream"will"be"added"to"the"identified"amount"and"the"final"project"studies"will"be"made"based"on"the"total"amount."In"case"the"flow"in"the"river"is"less"than"10%"of"the"mean"flow"rate"of"the"last"ten"years,"all"water"will"be"released"to"downstream"for"the"continuity"of"ecological"life”.&&
23
The& 10& %& threshold& is& apparently& based& on& the& Tennant& Method& (Tennant& 197613)& which& suggests& that&minimum&flows&at&any&time&of&the&year&must&be&>10%&of&mean&annual&discharge.&Below&the&10%&threshold,&fish& habitat& and& recreational& value& will& be& severely& degraded.& Above& 10%,& habitat& and& recreational& quality&increases& in&a&range&from&fair&conditions& (10%& in&winter&and&30%& in&summer)&to&outstanding&(40%& in&winter&and&60%&in&summer).&An&optimum&range&is&considered&60[100%&of&mean&annual&flow&at&any&time&of&the&year.&&
Because&a&10%&minimum&flow&may&well&be&far&below&what&is&required&to&meet&ecological&needs&it&is&necessary&to&assess&what&is&realistically&required&individually&for&each&river&–&rather&than&just&automatically&and&only&apply&a&10%&figure.&The&detailed&guidance&of&minimum&flow&provided&by&the&Scottish&Environment&Protection&Agency&SEPA&for&run[of[river&hydropower&schemes&provides&a&good&example&how&detailed&the&flow&analysis&has&to&be&and&how&difficult&it&can&be&to&set&an&appropriate&minimum&flow14.&&It&is&also&necessary&to&absolutely&ensure&that&the&agreed&minimum&flow&is&always&maintained.&For&that,&online&monitoring&and&recording&is&required.&&&
What&to&consider:&
•! Has" an" environmentally" acceptable" assessment" of" minimum" flow" rates" been" carried" out" by" an"experience"institution?"Will"this"minimum"flow"rate"be"guaranteed"by"the"design"and"operation"of"the"SHP?"
•! Will" the" environmental" adequacy" of" the" agreed" minimum" flow" rate" be" monitored" and" periodically"checked/adjusted?"
&
6.7& Impact&on&fish&migration&and&spawning&&&&To&ensure&that&natural&fish&passage&upstream&is&guaranteed&an&effective&fish&bypass&system&is&required.&This&is&a& mandatory& requirement& for& new& hydro& per& plants& in& Turkey& (Official& Gazette& Day/Number& 10.03.1995& –&22223).&&Any&such&fish&passage&system&has&to&be&designed&to&offer&an&effective&migratory&path.&The&system&has&to&be®ularly&inspected&and&kept&free&of&any&obstacles.&
What&to&consider:&
•! Is"there"a"credible"assessment"of"fish"populations"(species"and"quantities)?"•! Are"effective"fish"passages"included"in"the"design?"•! Will"the"effectiveness"of"the"fis"passages"be"checked"regularly?"Will"they"be"kept"free"of"obstacles?"•! Are"turbine"intakes"equipped"with"fish"barriers?"
&
13 Tennant,&D.&L.,&1976.&Instream&flow®imens&for&fish,&wildlife,&recreation&and&related&environmental&resources.&Fisheries"1(4):6[10.&14&https://www.sepa.org.uk/.../guidance[for[developers[of[run[of[river"hydropwer"schemes
24
6.8& Impact&on&water&quality&The&environmental& investigations/ESIA&need& to& include&analysis&of&water&quality& to&have&a& reliable&baseline.&Adherence&to&this&baseline&needs&to&be&checked®ularly&during&project&construction&and&operation,&to&ensure&that& conditions& for&aquatic& communities&and& fish&are¬& changed.&Measurements&need& to& include& turbidity&and&oxygen&content&as&well&as&checks&for&accumulation&of&potentially&toxic&substances&such&as&pesticides&which&may&have&entered&the&river&upstream&(e.g.&from&agriculture).&
The&turbines&and&power&generation&facilities&needs&to&be&designed&in&a&way&to&prevent&accidental&spillages&of,&for&example,&oils&during&operation&and&maintenance.&This&needs&to&be&checked®ularly,&and&documented.&&
What&to&consider:&
•! Are" protected" areas" affected" by" the" project?" Does" this" include" legally" protected" areas" and" key"biodiversity"and"important"bird"areas?""
&
6.9& Impact&on&other&water&users&River& systems& have& many& users.& This& can& include& agriculture;& domestic& water& use& by& local& residents;&commercial&fishing&and&fish&farms;&recreational&use&inclusive&of&fishing.&&
These&interests&and&rights&(formal&and&informal,&based&on&previous&use)&need&to&be&considered&and&met.&Water&abstraction&rights&must¬&be&affected&by&SHP&operational&practices&(water&flow).&
The&operator&of&the&SHP&needs&to&put&in&place&a&formal&system&of&dealing&with&grievances&from&all&other&users&and&of&resolving&conflicts&of&interest.&
What&to&consider:&•! Have"all" formal"and" informal" interests"and" rights"of"all"other"users"of" the" river/catchment"area"been"
identified?"•! Is"there"a"system"in"place"to"ensure"that"these"rights"are"not"infringed"by"the"SHP?"•! Is"there"a"system"in"place"to"resolve"conflicts?"
6.10& Impact&of&associated&infrastructure&Hydropower&plants&require&substantial&local&and®ional&infrastructure.&This&includes&access&roads&to&the&site;&service&roads&on[site;&control&and&maintenance&buildings&with&sanitary&facilities;&waste&collection&and&disposal;&connection&to&a&water&supply/sewage&disposal;&transformer(s)&and&a&connection&to&the&electricity&grid.&There&are& also& frequently& concrete& channels& to& transport&water& into& the& reservoir,&mostly&with& unmade& and&wide&service& roads& running¶llel.& Each&of& these& facilities&has& its&own&environmental& impacts&which&need& to&be&identified&(and&the&impact&addressed)&as&part&of&the&overall&project.&&
25
A&major&issue&are&road&connections&and&on[site&roads.&Un[surfaced&(temporary)&roads&can&deteriorate&quickly&through& erosion& after& snowmelt& and& heavy& rain& falls,& which& can& lead& to& large[scale& habitat& destruction&particularly&on&hill[sides.&This&needs&to&be&prevented&by&appropriate&design&and&mitigation&(e.g.&planting).&
Another& potentially&major& environmental& impact& is& the& grid& connection.& It’s& routing& and& design& has& to& take&landscape&protection&into&account&and&should¬&be&visually&obtrusive.&On[site&buildings&(site&management;&maintenance;&storage)&should&also&be&designed&to&blend[in.&
What&to&consider:&
•! Has" all" necessary" infrastructure" been" considered" when" assessing" and" mitigating" the" environmental"impact"of"the"SHP?"
•! Are" roads" (access" and" on`site" service" roads)" constructed" in" a"way" that" there" is" no"major" erosion?" Is"erosion"protection"and"mitigation"(e.g."planting)"part"of"the"design?"
•! Are"road"connections,"buildings"and"overhead"limes"blending"into"the"landscape?"
&
6.11& Land&acquisition&and&involuntary&resettlement&Land&acquisition&and&any&associated&resettlement&are&major& issues&for&the& local&communities&and&causes&for&concern,&opposition&to&projects,&and&legal&disputes.&IFIs&and&their&local&partner&banks&will&assess&this&carefully&as&their&requirements&for&fair&process&and&for&adequate&compensation&are&strict&–&generally&much&stricter&than&Turkish&law.&Particularly&the&concept&of&‘urgent&expropriation’&is&under&criticism.&This&concept&allows&for&rapid&expropriation&because&of&national&defence&requirements;&in&case&of&emergency;&and&in&case&of&urgency&of&land&expropriation&as&decided&by&the&government&(which&could&relate&to&land&for&power&developments).&&&Any&significant&deviance&of&procedures&(planned&or&already&used)&from&IFI&requirements&can&be&a&major&barrier&to&project&funding&–&hence&it&pays&to&contact&relevant&IFIs&and&their&local&partner&banks&early&to&jointly&check&the&acceptability&of&any&land&acquisition&and&expropriation.&The&IFC&Performance&Standard&5&‘Land&Acquisition&and& Involuntary& Resettlement’& provides& details& on& lender’s& requirements15.& Under& the& relevant&World& Bank&Operational& Policy& on& Involuntary& Resettlement& (O.P.4.12)& is& very& detailed& and& specified& under& ‘Policy&Objectives’&that,&&
•! ‘any" involuntary" resettlement" should" be" avoided" where" feasible," or" minimized," exploring" all" viable"alternative"project"designs"and"
•! Where"it"is"not"feasible"to"avoid"resettlement,"resettlement"activities"should"be"conceived"and"executed"as"sustainable"development"programs,"providing"sufficient"investment"resources"to"enable"the"persons"displaced" by" the" project" to" share" in" project" benefits." Displaced" persons" should" be" meaningfully"consulted" and" should" have" opportunities" to" participate" in" planning" and" implementing" resettlement"programs’."
&
15 http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/3d82c70049a79073b82cfaa8c6a8312a/PS5_English_2012.pdf?MOD=AJPERES
26
Other& IFIs& take& a& similar& position,& requiring& careful,& fair& and& transparent& land& acquisition.& The& EBRD&Environmental& Performance& Requirement& 5& (Land& Acquisition,& Involuntary& Resettlement& and& Economic&Displacement)&states&in¶graph&4&that&‘…&involuntary"resettlement"should"be"avoided."However,"where"it"is"unavoidable," resettlement" should" be" minimised" and" appropriate" measures" to" mitigate" adverse" impacts" on"displaced" persons" and" host" communities" should" be" carefully" planned" and" implemented." Experience"demonstrates" that" the" direct" involvement" of" the" client" in" resettlement" activities" and" an" assessment" at" the"earliest"stage"possible"in"the"project"design,"can"result"in"cost`effective,"efficient"and"timely"implementation"of"those"activities…’.&&&When&land&was&already&acquired&for&the&project&prior&to&applying&for&international&finance&an&IFI&may&during&its&decision&making&process&nevertheless&carry&out&a&retroactive&assessment&whether&this&land&acquisition&and&any&associated&resettlement&was&carried&out&in&compliance&with&the&relevant&IFI&standards.&It&is&therefore&advisable&that&an&investor&takes&this&into&account&at&an&early&stage&of&the&project&to&avoid&potential&later&problems&and&delays.&&What!to!consider:&
•! Has"all"land"been"acquired"(inclusive"of"land"use"agreements"in"case"of"government"land)?"•! Has"there"been/is"there"the"likelihood"of"expropriation?"If"so,"will"this"process"and"the"compensation"be"
in" line"with"requirements"of" International"Financial" Institutions" (who"will"check"this"as"part"of"project"appraisal"before"making"a"decision"on"financing)?""
•! If"there"is"involuntary"resettlement,"has"a"Resettlement"Action"Plan"(RAP)"been"prepared"for"IFI"funded"projects?"
&
6.12& Stakeholder&information&and&engagement&Stakeholder16& engagement& is& central& to&building&a& lasting& good& relationship&with& the& local& communities& and&other&stakeholders,&e.g.& tourists,&NGOs,& the&media.& It& is&also&a& formal& requirement&of& International&Financial&Institutions&and&an& integral&part&of&any&Environmental&and&Social& Impact&Assessment.&Detailed&social& impact&assessment&is¬&a&legal&requirement&in&Turkey,&and&consequently&EIAs/ESIAs&often&include&only&limited&social&assessment.& In& addition,& the& Turkish& EIA& process& requires& only& limited& community& engagement& (i.e.& public&participation&and&disclosure)&when&compared&to&the&requirements&of&the&IFIs&or&the&EU.&This&discrepancy&can&become& an& issue& when& applying& for& finance.& If& finance& is& to& be& sought& from& international& sources& (i.e.&predominantly&from&IFIs&or&IFI&funds&administered&by&local&Turkish&banks)&it&is&advisable&to&ensure&that&an&ESIA¬&only&meets&Turkish&EIA&standards,&but&also&those&of&IFIs&(international&standard&ESIA).&This&will&save&time.&
16 The&range&of&stakeholders&typically&includes&(i)&the&people&(&individuals,&groups&and&communities&)&who&are&affected&by&the&proposal;&the&proponent&and&other&project&beneficiaries;&government&agencies;&NGOs&and&interest&groups&
27
The& Turkish& information& disclosure& procedure& differs& from& the& requirements& of& IFIs& (and& also& of& the& EU)&because&of&its&limited&disclosure&requirement&for&projects&requiring&preparation&of&an&EIA&report,&and&because&of& the& lack&of& public& disclosure& and& consultation& for& projects& requiring& the&preparation&of& a& preliminary& EIA&report.&At& the&end&of& the&EIA&process,& the&Final&EIA& is&disclosed& in& the&website&of& the&Ministry&and& relevant&Governorate&for&10&days.&&&
For&projects&funded&by&IFIs&the&final&ESIA&Report&and&any&associated&documentation&(e.g.&project&management&and& monitoring& conditions)& is& made& available& to& the& public& throughout& the& lifetime& of& the& project& on& the&website& of& the& IFI,& and& often& has& to& available& for& a& long& time& prior& to& the& decision& making& of& the& bank&(depending&of& the& IFI&up& to&120&days).&Because&of& this&difference&between¤t&Turkish&EIA& Law&and& the&requirements&of&IFIs&with®ard&to&public&information&and&consultation&it&is&necessary&to&seek&clarification&on&what&is&required&by&financial&institutions,&to&avoid&un[necessary&delays.&&
Good& international& practice& requires& the& developer& and& his& agents& and& contractors& to& provide& adequate&information& to& the& local& communities& and& to& other& stakeholders,& from& an& early& stage& on& (project&development).& For& that,& a& ’Stakeholder& Engagement& Plan’& will& be& required& and& a& representative& of& the&developer/SHA&staff&will&have&to&be&nominated&and&trained&for&stakeholder&liaison.&Regular&meetings&will&need&to&be&arranged,&information&material&produced&and&distributed,&and&a&project&website&to&be&set&up.&&
There& is& also& the& need& for& a& formal& ‘Grievance& Procedure’,& to& ensure& that& complaints& are& being& dealt&with&timely,&efficiently&and&fairly,&during&both&the&construction&and&operation&phases.&This&is&a&formal&requirement&of&International&Financial&Institutions.&
What&to&consider:&
•! Are"local"communities"aware"of"the"proposed"project?"""•! How"will" local" communities" (and"other"stakeholders)"be"kept" informed"and"consulted?"How"will" their"
views"be"considered"in"the"location,"design,"construction"and"operation"of"the"project?""•! Is" this" consultation" in" compliance"with" Turkish" legal" requirements" (e.g." as" part" of" an" Environmental"
Impact" Assessment)" and" does" it" meet" the" requirements" of" International" Financial" Institutions" (if"financing"is"sought)?"
•! Have"other"stakeholders"(e.g."regional"or"national"environmental"NGOs)"been"consulted?"•! Is" there" (or"are" there"plans" for)" a" formal"grievance"procedure"which"allows" stakeholders" to" log" their"
objections"and"grievances"and"to"receive"a"timely"response?"
6.13& Community&benefits&Acceptance&of&renewable&energy&projects&by&the&local&communities&directly&affected&by&such&projects&(notably&those& that& are& highly& visible;& significantly& change& the& local& environment;& impact& on& how& locals& can& use& this&environment&–&e.g.&availability&of&water)&will&reduce&project&risks&(delays&in&permitting&and&construction&due&do&local&protests)&and&will&ensure&a&pleasant&working&environment&the&SHP&staff&and&contractors.&&Experience&has&
28
shown&that&this&depends,&to&a&large&extent,&on&the&direct&benefits&that&local&populations&will&get&from&the&new&development.&&
This& can&be& in& the& form&of& temporary& and&permanent& jobs;& support& for& infrastructure& such& as& roads,&water&supply,&waste&water&collection&and&treatment;&better&access&to&medical&services,&e.g.&through&a&local&medical&station;& support& for& education& (e.g.& particularly& education& of& girls& in& rural& areas);& support& for& cultural&institutions&etc.&These&benefits& can&be& in& the& form&of&one[off& schemes&or& in& the& form&of& formal,&permanent&profit&sharing,&where&the&community&(or&a&community&trust)&receives&part&of&the&income&or&profit&generated&by&the&new&facility.&&&
A& good& example& of& a& joint& initiative& of& the& government& and& the& renewable& energy& industry& is& the& Shared&Ownership& Taskforce& in& the&UK17.& This&was& set& up& to& boost& the& implementation& of& energy& schemes,&with& a&target& that& ‘from&2015& it&will& be& the&norm& for& communities& to&be&offered& the&opportunity& of& some& level& of&ownership&of&new&commercially&developed&onshore&renewable&projects’.&There&are&three&community& shared& ownership& models& (split& ownership,& shared& revenue& and& joint& venture)& under& which&developers&would&offer&communities&the&chance&to&buy&a&share&of&a&project,&through&a&community&group;&as&well&as&to&offer&loan&or&debt&structures&to&individuals.&The&renewable&energy&projects&falling&within&the&scope&of& the& Taskforce’s& Framework& and&which& should& therefore& offer& interested& communities& shared& ownership&opportunities&are&those&that&are&i)&taken&forward&by&a&commercial&project&developer,&ii)&exceed&£2.5&million&in&project& costs,& and& iii)& are& for& the& primary& purpose& of& exporting& energy& into& a& public& network.& This& joint&UK&government&and&UK&Renewable&Energy&Industry&initiative&is&based&on&the&good&experience&with&such&schemes&for& individual& projects& in& the&wind& power& sector,&where& developers& and& local& communities& affected& by& the&project&have&worked&together&for&joint&benefit&(this&avoiding&complaints,&court&cases,&demonstrations&and&high&profile&media& attention,&project&delays& and& costs&which&are& so&widely&occurring&on&projects& throughout& the&renewable§or).&&
What&to&consider:&
•! What" are" the" benefits" of" the" project" to" local" communities" (e.g." permanent" jobs;" support" for"infrastructure"projects;"support"for"education"etc.)?""
•! Is" there" a" system" in" place" to" ensure" equal" benefit" for" residents?" Can/should" this" be" done" via" a"Community"Trust?"
•! Is"there"a"firm"commitment"to"providing"benefits"to"the"local"communities"throughout"the"life`"span"of"the"project?"Is"this"set`up"in"a"fair"way,"avoiding"any"preferential"treatment?"
17&See&&&https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/shared[ownership[taskforce&&and&&&https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/government[response[to[the[shared[ownership[taskforce&
29
6.14& Cumulative&Impacts&It& is&possible,&that&the&proposed&SHP&is¬&the&only&new&or&potential&development&in&the&broader&landscape&area.&There&may&be&plans&for&additional&hydropower&facilities&up[or&downstream&(cascades);&for&infrastructure&such&as&roads&and&overhead&electricity&lines;&for&additional&residential&areas&(permanent&residences&or&summer&houses& and& hotels).& The& combined& impacts& of& any& such& developments& (whether& firmly& planned& or& only&possible)&can&be&significant,&which&is&why&a&project&Environmental&Impact&Assessment&according&to&the&EU&EIA&Directive& and& the& EU& Birds& and& EU& Habitat& Directives& would& include& a& Cumulative& Impact& Assessment.&&Cumulative& impacts,& according& to& European& Commission& (EC)& guidelines& (May& 1999),& means& ‘impacts" that"result"from"incremental"changes"caused"by"other"past,"present"or"reasonably"foreseeable"actions"together"with"the"project’.&&&&Hydropower& developments& are& often& parts& of& cascades,& where& a& sequence& of& dams& and& associated& power&generation&facilities&often&leads&to&massive&disruption&of&the&natural&environment.&If&individual&projects&are¬&co[ordinated&with®ard&to&overall&environmental&impact&of&a&cascade&(e.g.&to®ulate&water&flow&so&that&an&agreed&minimum&flow&is&always&guaranteed)&then&this&can&lead&to&the&total&destruction&of&a&natural&habitat&and&its&aquatic/fish&population.&&As&part&of&project&development&it&is&therefore&recommended&to&check&for&other&potential&developments&in&the&area&and&to&include&their&single&and&interactive&impacts&(with&the&proposed&project)&in&the&Environmental&and&Social&Impact&Assessment.&This&will&identify&areas&of&risk&to&the&project&(e.g.&additional&significant&destruction&of& habitat;& increased& impact& on& local& communities)& and& help& to& check& whether& there& is& scope& for& impact&reduction&(e.g.&construction&and&use&of&common&infrastructure&such&as&roads)&or&need&for&mitigation&measures.&Such&a&cumulative&impact&assessment&is&also&a&requirement&of&IFIs.&&What&to&consider:&&
•! Are" there" plans" for" (or" is" it" at" all" possible)" that" there" will" be" further" hydro" power" facilities/dams"upstream"and"downstream?"
•! What"are"the"proposed"or"likely"other"developments"(e.g."infrastructure"such"as"roads"and"power"lines;"industry"and"commerce;"residential)?"
•! Is" there" a" regional" or" local" development" plan?" If" such" a" plan" exists," does" it" consider" and" quantify"cumulative"environmental"impacts"and"identify"remedial"measures?"
•! Are"there"unresolved"disputes/outstanding"court"cases?"
6.15& Construction&Impacts&Construction& of& a& SHP& includes& building& of& access& roads;& impact& of& heavy& traffic& (e.g.& heavy& vehicles& for&transport&of&generation&equipment)&through&villages&and&on&country&roads;&construction&of&the&dam,&penstock&and& powerhouse& (this&may& require& disposal& of& excavation& spoil);& construction& of& service,&maintenance& and&
30
storage&buildings;&the&grid&connection&(transformer&sites;&overhead&lines&to&connect&the&site&to&the&grid;&on[site&underground&cabling).&&&
During& construction,& sedimentation& of& the& river& needs& to& be& prevented.& There& is& also& the& need& to& prevent&accidental&discharge&of&hydrocarbons&into&the&river&(e.g.&from&engine&oils),&and&to&carefully&collect;&store;&and&dispose&of&waste&materials.&&
The&social&impacts&of&construction&include&housing&of&workers;&their&working&conditions&(an&important&issue&for&International& Financial& Institutions);& occupational& health& and& safety;& health,& safety& and& security& of& the& local&communities;&impact&on&the&resources&of&small&local&communities&(food;&services;&housing&etc.).&&
What&to&consider:&&
•! Has"a"construction"management"plan"been"developed?" Is" there"a"clear"management"structure"which"sets" out" who" is" in" charge" of" construction" management;" environmental" issues;" community" liaison;"occupational"health"and"safety;"and"community"health"and"safety"(traffic)?"
•! Have"local"communities"been"informed"and"involved"(e.g."traffic"impact;"construction"noise;"impact"on"local"services"–"housing,"food"etc.)?"
•! Have" clear" guidelines/management" instructions" been" put" in" place" for" environmental" protection;"heritage" protection" (chance" finds" procedures);" health" and" safety" of" workers" inclusive" of" sub`contractors?"
6.16& Post\construction&(operation&phase)&maintenance,&monitoring&and&control&After& completion&of& construction& it& needs& to&be& checked&whether& construction&has& complied&with& any& legal&requirements& or& voluntary& agreements& regarding& environmental& protection& and& mitigation& (e.g.& site&reconstruction;&re[planting;&habitat&creation;&minimum&flow;&effectiveness&of&fish&passages).&&
During&the&operations&phase&additional&site&investigations/monitoring&might&need&to&be&carried&out.&This&may&include&water&quality&analysis&and&assessment&of&impact&on&fish&communities&vs.&predicted&impacts).&&&
Site&erosion&(e.g.&of&unpaved&roads&needs&to&be&controlled&and&mitigated.&&&&
Any& floating&waste&and&debris& in& the& reservoir&needs& to&be&properly& collected,& recorded,&and&disposed&of& in&compliance&with®ulations.&
Minimum& flow&needs& to&be& continually& recorded;& records&need& to&be& sent& to& the&authorities&and& should&be&made&available&to&all&interested&parties&real[time&via&a&project&website.&
Liaison&with& local& communities& and& all& other& users& of& the& river& needs& to& be& insured& by& an& effective& liaison&arrangement.&
31
These&measures&can&best&be&carried&out&as&part&of&a&formal&environmental&management&system&based&on&ISO&14001.&
What&to&consider:&&
•! What" are" the" legal" requirements" and" voluntary" commitments" after" project" completion" and" during"project"operation?"
•! Is" an" environmental" monitoring" system" in" place?" Is" there" a" clear" management" structure/defined"responsibilities" to" address" environmental" and" social" performance" of" the" project" (against" legal"requirements;"other"commitments;"community"requests)?"
•! Is"liaison"with"the"local"community"working?"•! What"are"the"reporting"requirements"to"local"authorities?"Have"appropriate"arrangement"been"made"to"
meet"these"requirements?""•! Are"additional"surveys"to"be"carried"out"(e.g."fish"surveys)?"Are"they"scheduled"and"arranged"with"the"
right"experts"?"""•! Have"these"studies"been"evaluated"together"with"regulatory"authorities"and"stakeholders?""•! Are"mitigation"measures"necessary"(e.g."in"case"of"erosion;"deterioration"of"riverbanks"etc.;""in"case"of"
complaints"from"local"residents)?"&
6.17& Environmental&and&Social&Management&The& previous& sections& 6.1& to& 6.16& have& identified& some& management& tasks& to& be& carried& out& during&construction& and& operations& in& order& to& ensure& compliance& with& legal& requirements& and& conditions& set& by&lenders& in& the&project& loan& agreements.& This& includes& action&plans& (and& a& related&management& function)& to&cover& occupational& health& and& safety;& a& plan& for& stakeholder& communications& inclusive& of& a& grievance&procedure;&an&archaeological&chance&finds&procedure&etc.,&plus&any&necessary&mitigation&measures&identified&to&manage&and&minimize&negative&environmental&and&social&impacts.&All&this&issues&would&(should)&have&been&identified& in& an& EIA/ESIA,& and& included& in& the& EIA& Report& as& a& necessary& action& with& a& list& of& objectives,&necessary&actions,&and&a&monitoring&plan.&&&
It&is&good&practice&to&summarize&these&actions&in&an&Environmental&and&Social&Management&Plan&(ESMP)&which&should&include&‘mitigation,"monitoring"and"institutional"measures"to"be"taken"during"the"implementation"and"operation"of"the"project"to"prevent"adverse"environmental"and"social" impacts,"or"reduce"them"to"acceptable"levels’18.&An&ESMP&clearly&defines&objectives&and&tasks&and&helps&to&establish&defined&areas&of&responsibilities&[&e.g.&an&Environmental,&Health&and&Safety&Manager&to&be&responsible&for&occupational&health&and&safety&during&construction&and&operations;&&a&Community&Relations&Manager&to&be&responsible&for&stakeholder&engagement&etc.&This&sounds&more&complicated&and&costly&as&it&is&in&reality&[&such&roles&can&frequently&be&combined&as&long&as&the&appointed&manager&has&the&necessary&knowledge&and&skills.&
18 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/556921468101983554/pdf/SFG2012-EA-P128605-Box394881B-PUBLIC-Disclosed-3-29-2016.pdf
32
An& ESMP& is& frequently& requested& by& lending& banks.&WB&publications& such& as& the& ‘Environmental& and& Social&Management& Framework& for& the& Turkey& Geothermal& Development& Project’& provide& information& of& what&should&be&covered&and&also&includes&suggested&formats&for&ESMPs,&plus&information&on&some&of&the&tasks&such&as&a&grievance&mechanism&and&procedure.&
&
What&to&consider:&
•! Is" there" sufficient" information" (in" the" EIA/ESIA" or" any" other" project" documentation)" to" identify" all"necessary"environmental"and"social"mitigation"and"management"actions?"
•! Is"this"formalized"in"a"management"plan?"•! Has"the"project"lender"requested"an"ESMP?"•! Is"there"a"formal"environmental"management"system"(based"on"ISO"14001)"which"can"be"for"the"ESMP?"
&
7.& Step\by\step&Approach&to&Site&Selection&for&a&New&Development&
The& listed& 16& environmental& and& social& issues& are& important& for& project& development,& and& can& be& used& as&criteria&for&site&selection.&Addressing&these&issues&at&an&early&project&development&stage&will&help&to&minimize&risks&and&save&time.&To&make&best&use&of&these&criteria&it&is&suggested&that&developers&use&a&4[step&approach&for&the&environmental&and&social&assessment&of&potential&project&locations;&this&suggested&approach&is&based&on&recommendations&made&in&the&US&(US&Fish&and&Wildlife&Services;&see&the&reference&in&Section&6,&footnote&5).& &The&formal&site& investigation&(i.e.&the&EIA/ESIA)&mentioned&in&Step&3&of&this&approach& is&part&of&the& legal&requirement&under&Turkish&law&(for&GPP&facilities&where&an&EIA&is&deemed&to&be&necessary).&&
This& step[by[step& approach& is& an& iterative& process& which& collects& and& generates& information& in& increasing&detail,&quantifying&the&possible&risks&of&proposed&projects&to&landscape,&wildlife&and&habitats,&and&on&the&local&communities&and&other&stakeholders.&It&evaluates&risks&to&allow&fact[based&selection&of&sites.&There&are&3&pre[construction&steps,&to&avoid&and&minimize&risks,&followed&by&a&post[construction&step&to&assess&whether&actions&taken& in& earlier& are& successful& or&whether& further& action& is& required.& This& approach& allows& the& efficient& use&resources&(of&the&developer&and&his&contractors).&
Step&1:&High\level&evaluation&or&screening&of&sites&(landscape\level&screening&of&possible&project&sites)&
The&initial&step&will&be&to&gather&all&formal&and&legal&information&on&the&site&and&its&wider®ion.&This&includes&map&data;&list&of&authorities&responsible;&land&ownership;&site&access&and&availability&of&services&etc.&&These&are&the&basis&before&you&assess&a&site’s&potential&environmental&sensitivity,&and&this&information&should&include:"&
•! Physical&data&related&to&the&area;&•! Detailed&location&of&the&site,&further&in&detail&city&province&town&location;&&•! Surface&area&of&the&site;&•! Altitude&of&the&site&above&sea&level;&•! Gradient&of&the&site;&
33
•! Administrative&boundaries;&•! Demographic&and&socio[economic&information;&•! Distance&from&the&closest&residential&areas&(and&their&size&and&structure;&•! Planning&boundaries;&•! 1/100.000&scale&and&1/25.000&scale&landscaping&plans&and&explanatory;&any&other&subscale&plans;&•! Location&of&protected&or&vulnerable&areas;&•! Location&of&distribution&system&lines,&road&connection;&&•! Location&of&telecommunication&systems;&aeronautical&systems;&radar&systems&etc.&
&This& is&basic&site& information.& It&defines&the&area&(physically&and& in& its&administrative&boundaries)&and&shows&whether&a&potential&site&is&broadly&suitable&for&a&development;&&whether&there&are&very&obvious&reasons&which&would&exclude&a&site&from&development&(e.g.&close&proximity&to&residential&areas&or&planning&restrictions);&or&whether&more&detailed&studies&are&required.&It&will&also&identify&which&authorities&and&stakeholders&to&contact&for& further& information& or& assistance& (e.g.& local& universities& or& NGOs& which& have& knowledge& on& the&environmental,&social,&heritage&aspects&of&the®ion).&&&
Step&2:&Site&characterization&(broad&characterization&of&one&or&more&potential&project&sites)&&
Whereas&Step&1&focused&on&the&broader& landscape,&Step&2&focuses&on&the&details&of&a&site&which&has&passed&Step& 1.& It& will& identify& the& environmental& sensitivity& of& the& site& within& its& larger& landscape& context.& This& is&essentially&an&assessment&of&habitats& for&protected&and& rare&animal&and&plant& species&and&can&be&based&on&existing&information,&thus¬&requiring&any&field&studies.&&In&this&step&the&developer&should&&
•! identify&protected&areas&where&a&the&new&project&(inclusive&of&all&associated&structures&or&operations)&would¬&be&allowed&or&could&be&very&difficult&and&potentially&costly&to&implement;&&
•! identify& important& and& fragile& habitats& and& their& species& (which& could& be& disturbed,& destroyed& or&fragmented)& and& where& any& development& (power& plant& and& any& associated& structure& or& operation)&could&therefore&be&an&environmental&risk&and&might&require&significant&mitigation&measures;&&
•! identify&areas&of&archaeological&and&cultural&heritage&importance.&&&
This&will&help&to&avoid&sites&with&a&high&habitat&value;&with&risks&to&important&species;&and&with&the&potential&of&the&developer&encountering&environmental&problems&during&project&development,&permitting&and&operation&–&all&of&which&can&result& in&delays&and&additional&costs.&This&step&should&also&clearly& identify&sites&which&are&of&agricultural&value,&hence&should&be&avoided.&&Step&2&should&establish&&
•! protected&species&and&critical&habitats&and&danger&of&habitat&fragmentation&by&the&proposed&project;&•! any& site& designation& (nature& reserve;& heritage& site& etc.& –& legal& designation& or& other& designation,&
inclusive&of&potential&to&become&a&Natura&2000&site);&&•! animal&and&plant&species&known&to&be&at&high&risk;&
34
•! other& rare& or& protected& plant& and& animal& species& and& habitats& that& require& protection& or& re[instatement& after& project& implementation& or& that&would& exclude& site& use& (power& plant& and& biomass&production);&
•! the&proximity&of&any&installation&and&associated&infrastructure&to&local&residents&(e.g.&access&roads);&&the&impacts/nuisances& this& might& bring& (e.g.& visual& intrusion;& noise;& smells),& and& the& response& of& the&affected&people&(e.g.&acceptance;&request&for&compensation;&strong&opposition).&
&This&assessment&requires,&in&addition&to&document&review,&specialist&environmental&knowledge&(e.g.&on&birds;&bats;&rare&plants&and&terrestrial&animals)&as&well&as&technical&knowledge&to&assess&the&existing&‘baseline’&and&to&credibly& predict& potential& impacts& of& the& project.& This& assessment& process& includes& site& visits,& preferably& at&various& times&of& the&year& to&check&annual&or&diurnal&variations&or&cycles& (e.g.&cycle&of&bird&migration).&Good&contact&points&for&local&biological,&geological,&social,&archaeology/heritage&knowledge&are&local&universities.&It&should&also&involve&contacting&local&NGOs&and&local&stakeholders/communities&with&specific&site&knowledge.&&&&&The& results&of&Step&2& indicate&whether&a& selected&site& is& suitable& (with&or&without&mitigation&measures)&and&whether& it& should& be& pursued.& An& EIA/ESIA& as& required& for& most& projects& under& Turkish& law& and& as& a&requirement&for&IFI&loans&can&be&costly&and&takes&time!&Step&2&could&also&lead&to&the&conclusion&that&it&is&best&to&abandon&a&site&because&of&too&many&problems&or&risks&that&might&delay&the&project;&may&delay&or&jeopardize&permits;&necessitate&changes&to&the&original&project&design;&jeopardize&project&support&by&banks.&&&&&&Step&3:&&Field&studies&to&document&site&wildlife&and&habitat&and&to&predict&impact&(site\specific&assessments&at&the&project&site&selected&in&Step&2)&
This&is&the&detailed&site&investigation&phase,&normally&with&a&detailed&Environmental&Impact&Assessment&(to&the&required&Turkish& law;& and&preferably& also& to& international& standards&as& required&by& IFIs)& and& the&associated&formal&public&information&and&consultation.&This&includes&•! biological&baseline&studies&on[site&and&off[site&(e.g.&birds&and&bats;&plants&and&terrestrial&animals);&&•! assessment&of&the&impact&on&these&species&and&habitats;&&•! assessment&of&the&project&impact&on&the&landscape;&&•! assessment&of&impacts&of&the&project&on&other&services&in&the&area&(radar;&telecommunications&etc.);&•! an&assessment&of&the&impact&of&construction&and&operation&on&local&communities&(noise;&dust;&traffic&risks;&
shadow&flicker&of&&turbines;&glare&from&solar&panels);&&&•! assessment&of&the&impact&of&all&associated&infrastructure&(roads&to&the&site;&any&services&such&as&water,&to&
the&site;&on[site&roads;&any&buildings;&grid&connection;&on[site&electrical&connections);&&•! assessment&of&cumulative&impacts;&&•! assessment&of&construction& impacts& (e.g.&noise;&dust;& traffic;&pressure&on& local&services& in&case&of&a& large&
temporary&workforce);&•! identification&of&necessary&environmental&mitigation&measures&during&project&construction&and&operation;&&
35
•! identification& of& any& necessary& post[construction& investigations& (e.g.& repeated& bird& and& bat& surveys& to&check&the&validity&of&impact&predictions);&&
•! identification& and& structuring& of& environmental& monitoring& and& reporting& (as& may& be& required& by&environmental&authorities&and&also&by&International&Financial&Institutions).&
&The&result&of&Step&3&would&be&a&comprehensive&environmental&and&social&assessment&of&the&proposed&project&site,&in&compliance&with&good&international&practice&and&Turkish&legal&(permitting)&requirements.&&&
Step&4:&Additional&studies&and&provisions&for&construction&and&operation&
The&results&of&Step&3&will&also&identify&what&additional&studies,&plans,&provisions&have&to&be&made&for&the&life[span&of&the&project&–&from&design&to&construction&and&operation.&&&&The&site&design&stage&would&require&development&of&Environmental,&Health&and&Safety&Management&Plans;&a&Chance&Finds&Procedure&(for&archaeological&finds);&a&Stakeholder&Engagement&Plan;&a&Grievance&Procedure.&&&&The&site&construction&phase&would&require&implementing&management&plans&and&monitoring&the&effectiveness&of& these&management& plans.& It& will& also& require& training& and& control& of& contractors& and& subcontractors,& to&ensure& compliance& with& legal& requirements& and& with& commitments,& and& to& ensure& that& the& behavior& of&temporary&staff&meets&local&patterns&and&honours&local&customs.&&The&operation&phase&will&require&a&site&Environmental&Management&Plan;&public&and&occupational&Health&and&Safety& Plans;& an& Emergency& Response& Plan;& additional& environmental& studies& if& necessary& and& agreed&with&authorities;&liaison&with&stakeholders&(primarily&local&communities,&but&also&other&stakeholders&and&media).&&&&The& decommissioning& phase,& which& is& probably& 25[30& years& ahead,& includes& the& de[construction& and& re[instatement&of& the& site& to& acceptable& environmental& conditions& as& agreed&with& the& authorities.& Target& is& to&come&as&close&to&the&pre[construction&conditions&as&possible.&This&can&be&costly.& It& is& therefore&necessary&to&make& financial& provisions& during& the& productive& live[time& of& the& project& (e.g.& to& set& up& a& separate&decommissioning&fund).&&
8.& What&are&the&characteristics&of&a&good&project?&
There& is& no& readily& available& blueprint& for& an& ideal& project& that& can& be& used& at& all& potential& locations&throughout&the&country,&and&there&is&no&reference&project&which&could&be&used&as&a&good&example.&Each®ion&and& each& potential& project& location& has& its& own& topographical,& environmental,& social& and& socio[economic&characteristics.& & This& is& why& site& specific& investigations& are& necessary,& and& why& an& iterative& approach& as&described&in&Section&7&of&this&Guidance&Note&has&been&suggested.&&
A&good&project&is&based&on&
36
•! Extensive" assessment" of" the" impact" of" the" proposed"project" and"all" its" infrastructure" and"associated"parts"on"the"local"area"and"the"catchment"area"–"this" includes"topography;" landscape"characteristics;"ecology"and"biodiversity;"local/regional"social"and"socio`economic"conditions;""
•! Detailed"assessments"of"all"identified"impacts"(of"the"project"and"all"associated"structures/components)"on"all"users"of"the"area;"this"includes"local"residents"as"well"as"others"using"the"area"intermittently"(e.g."owners"of"holiday"homes;"tourists);"""
•! Detailed"and"early"information"of"the"public"on"the"project"(size,"design,"associated"features/structures"such"as"access"roads"and"connection"to"the"electricity"grid);""
•! Early" and" comprehensive" consultation"with" local" residents" and"all" other" interested" stakeholders" (e.g."nature"conservancy"groups;"NGOs"etc.);"
•! Continuing" consultation/liaison" with" the" local" population" and" other" stakeholders" (to" include" a"Grievance"Procedure;"a"website"providing"project"information);"
•! Clear"benefits"for"the"local"communities"(e.g."jobs"and"training"for"jobs"for"local"residents;"agreed,"long`term"contributions"into"a"Community"Trust;"contributions"to"local"medical"or"educational"facilities"etc.);""
•! Regular" monitoring" of" all" significant" environmental" and" social" impacts" as" identified" at" project"planning/EIA"stage"and"measures"to"mitigate"negative"impacts;"
•! A"comprehensive"ESMP"and"a"clear"management"structure"to"ensure"its"full"compliance"(can"be"part"of"an"environmental"management"system"based"on"ISO"14001)."
&
&
&
&
