5 Steps to Tactical innovation - Nancy Pearson

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New Tactics “5 Steps to Tactical Innovation”

Featuring:The Tactical Map and Spectrum of Allies Tools

for Building Strategy and Tactics

Nancy L. Pearson, M.S.W., L.I.S.W.New Tactics in Human Rights Project Manager

The Center for Victims of Torture

http://www.newtactics.orgNew Tactics in Human Rights Project

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Foundations forStrategic Thinking and

Tactical Innovation


Strategy without tactics is the slowest

route to victory.

Tactics without strategy is the noise

before defeat.

Sun Tzu (over 2,000 years ago)


THREE sources of knowledge are necessary for good strategic and tactical thinking.

Sun Tzu


KnowYourself

Know YourOpponent

Know theTerrain

From Sun Tzu—the Art of War


Know Yourself

Goals

Allies

Strengths and limits

Which tactics you know

Which tactics you can successfully implement

KnowYourself


Know your opponent

Goals Strategy Tactics

A key component of its strategy Knowledge of such tactics aids us in

counteracting them Strengths and weaknesses

Know YourOpponent


Know the Terrain

• Where the “battle” will be fought…human relationships

• Two tools:

– “Tactical map tool”

– “Spectrum of Allies tool”

Know theTerrain


What is STRATEGY?


Strategy entails many decisions:

An outline of steps and approaches in accomplishing the goal.

Strategy defines what is important to do – including:

Selection of key objectives Appropriate targets Understanding of needed constituencies Resources Decisions on which tactics to use and when


What are Tactics?


Tactic – a specific action…Tactics are the means through which a change is made. Tactics are the levers or mechanisms to carry out a strategy.

– A tactic is a specific action or systematic combination of actions taken to affect a given situation.

– Tactics are one of the key building blocks of strategy.

– Tactics are about “the how,” while strategies are about “the what.”


Goal

The aim or purpose toward which an effort is directed.

A vision becomes a goal when action steps are taken for achieving it.


What is your vision?


Target

The person, group, segment of society or institution where your tactical action is directed.


Hitting your “target”

http://www.newtactics.orgNew Tactics in Human Rights ProjectThe Center for Victims of Torture—New Tactics in Human Rights Project

Why STRATEGY & the need for


When your only tool is a hammer,

New Tactics in Human Rights – www.newtactics.org


every problem looks like

a nail.

New Tactics in Human Rights – www.newtactics.org

http://www.newtactics.orgNew Tactics in Human Rights Project New Tactics in Human Rights – www.newtactics.org


The Need for “new” Tactics

6 reasons for learning aboutmore TACTICS

to expand our thinking


1. What we know how to do influences what we think is possible to do. Tactics help determine strategy.

Amnesty International – The Netherlands: Using new technology (mobile phones)


2. Different tactics are effective against different targets.

Center for Justice and Accountability (CJA) – Northern Ireland: Leveraging international institutions


3. Different tactics appeal to different constituencies.

“Never Again” – Poland: Engaging popular people


4. Tactical flexibility is the source of surprise.

Korean Women Workers Associations United (KWAUU)A variety of “attention drawing” tactics


5. Tactics teach engagement – teaching participants and observers how to engage in the world.

Budgetformulation

Budgetenactment

Budgetexecution

Budgetauditing &

assessment

Cycle of Budget Monitoring

IDASA – South Africa: Teaching communities budget monitoring skills


6. Tactics are the training systems for engaging participants and allies in the organization’s work.

Centre for Victims of Torture (CVICT) – Nepal: Training and engaging community members in mediation


Introducing the New Tactics “5 Steps to Tactical Innovation”

methodology


1. Identify theProblem

5. Develop aplan of action for implementation

New Tactics – 5 Stepsto Tactical Innovation

2. Build a Common Vision

3. Define the TerrainUsing “Tactical Map” &

“Spectrum of Allies” tools

4. Explore & Select Tactics

Using participants’ experiences & New Tactics resources


Questions / Comments

http://www.newtactics.orgNew Tactics in Human Rights ProjectThe Center for Victims of Torture—New Tactics in Human Rights Project

Introducing the

Step Three: Define the Terrain









Using participants’ experiences & NT resources

The Center for Victims of Torture—New Tactics in Human Rights Project


What is tactical mapping?

A method to:

visualize relationships and institutions (the terrain) sustaining human rights abuses and problems

track the nature and effectiveness of tactics

monitor the implementation of strategy



Example from a Mayan Community in Guatemala


Why use Tactical mapping? To find and explore:

Who is involved

How are they connected

Where and from whom we can find help?

What tactics are currently being used?


Tactical Map Benefits

Every relationship (or point of contact) – is a possible place to begin an intervention

Shows the need for a wider array of tactics to engage these potential actors


Creating a Tactical Map

• There are SIX steps in creating a tactical map – AFTER you have clearly defined the problem.


STEP ONE: Determine the center relationship

Center Relationship

1 Person 1 Person

Choose TWO people who have a FACE-TO-FACE relationship and clearly represent the problem you

are seeking to change.


STEP TWO: Add those that have DIRECT CONTACT with the center relationship

Center Relationship

1 Person 1 Person

People, organizations,institutions at the community level that connect to or have an interest in

the two people at the center.


Center Relationship

1 Person 1 Person



People, organizations,institutions at the community &

national level.

STEP THREE: Add those that have INDIRECT CONTACT with the center relationship (local/national)


Center Relationship

1 Person 1 Person



People, organizations,institutions at the national level.

People, organizations,institutions at the international level.

STEP FOUR: Additional INDIRECT CONTACTS (international)


Center Relationship

1 Person 1 Person



People, organizations,institutions at the national level.

People, organizations,institutions at the international level.

STEP FIVE: Where are YOU on the map?


Adding Connecting Lines: Determine the NATURE of relationships between the

different “points of contact”


STEP SIX: What are the NATURE of the relationships?


RED line Power relationshipBLUE line Mutual benefitsGREEN line Exploitive relationshipYellow line Conflict relationshipGREY line Potential tactic target OR

more information needed (research)

Adding Connecting Lines: Determine the NATURE of relationships between the

different “points of contact” by color-coding lines and arrows.




YOU!

TARGET

NEXT: Identify a TARGET for potential tactical interventions

1 Person 1 Person


Case Study: For illustrating the Tactical Map

& Spectrum of Allies Tools

• Small Groups: 3 to 4 people

• Read individually and silently the case example: “Age 10 and Divorced: Nujood Ali and the Fight Against Child Brides in Yemen”


What is the identified problem?

STEP ONE: Determine the center relationship


Identified problem: CHILD BRIDES



Who is at the CENTER of our map?


Who is This? Nujood



1) Nujood Ali (child bride)2) Who else?


HER FATHER NUJOOD

What is the identified problem? CHILD BRIDES


1) Nujood Ali (child bride)2) Father


HER FATHER NUJOOD

Problem: CHILD BRIDES

STEP TWO: Those with DIRECT CONTACT (face-to-face)


HER FATHER NUJOOD

Judge’sFamily

Husband

Brothers

Judge

Shada NasserHR Lawyer

Arresting Officer

TaxiDriver

Sister


STEP TWO: DIRECT CONTACT (face-to-face)


HER FATHER NUJOOD

Judge’sFamily

Husband

Brothers

Judge


Arresting Officer

TaxiDriver

Sister



HER FATHER NUJOOD

Judge’sFamily

Husband

Brothers

Judge


Arresting Officer

TaxiDriver

Sister

STEP THREE: Those with INDIRECT CONTACT (local / national)



HER FATHER NUJOOD

Judge’sFamily

Husband

Brothers

Judge


Arresting Officer

YemeniWomen’s

Union

Sister

STEP THREE: INDIRECT CONTACTS (local and national)


CourtHouse

PoliceStation

Journalists

Yemen TimesNewspaper

ShariaCommittee

TribalJudge

Private school

TaxiDriver

Seyaj / Child Protection

Girls ForumFor HR

Sisters’ Arab Forum

Governorates

Parliament

VillageCommunity

Conservative Liberal


HER FATHER NUJOOD

Judge’sFamily

Husband

Brothers

Judge


Arresting Officer

YemeniWomen’s

Union

Sister

STEP FOUR: Identify INDIRECT CONTACTS (INTERNATIONAL)Problem: CHILD BRIDES

CourtHouse

PoliceStation

Journalists


ShariaCommittee

TribalJudge

Private school

TaxiDriver


Girls ForumFor HR


Governorates

VillageCommunity

Parliament



HER FATHER NUJOOD

Judge’sFamily

Husband

Brothers

Judge


Arresting Officer

YemeniWomen’s

Union

Sister


CourtHouse

PoliceStation

Journalists


TribalJudge

Private school

TaxiDriver


Girls ForumFor HR

GWCC / YYDF

GlamourMagazine

Governorates

VillageCommunity

IRIN News

STEP FOUR: Those with INDIRECT CONTACT (international)

CondoleezzaRice,

US State Dept


ShariaCommittee

Parliament


http://www.newtactics.orgNew Tactics in Human Rights Project The Center for Victims of Torture—New Tactics in Human Rights Project

STEP FIVE: Where are YOU?


RED line Power relationship

BLUE line Mutual benefits

GREEN line Exploitive relationship

Yellow line Conflict relationship

GREY line Potential tactic target OR more information is needed




HER FATHER NUJOOD

Judge’sFamily

Husband

Brothers

Judge


Arresting Officer

TaxiDriver

Sister




YemeniWomen’s

Union

CourtHouse

PoliceStation

Journalists


TribalJudge


Girls ForumFor HR

GWCC / YYDF

GlamourMagazine

Governorates

VillageCommunity

IRIN News

CondoleezzaRice,

US State Dept


HER FATHER NUJOOD

Judge’sFamily

Husband

Brothers

Judge


Arresting Officer

TaxiDriver

Sister Private school

STEP SIX: NATURE of the relationships

ShariaCommittee

Parliament



NEXT:

Discuss and identify TARGETS where tactical interventions took place


YemeniWomen’s

Union

CourtHouse

PoliceStation

Journalists


TribalJudge


Girls ForumFor HR

GWCC / YYDF

GlamourMagazine

Governorates

VillageCommunity

IRIN News

CondoleezzaRice,

US State Dept


HER FATHER NUJOOD

Judge’sFamily

Husband

Brothers

Judge


Arresting Officer

TaxiDriver


ShariaCommittee

Parliament


NEXT: TARGETS of tactical action


YemeniWomen’s

Union

CourtHouse

PoliceStation

Journalists


TribalJudge


Girls ForumFor HR

GWCC / YYDF

GlamourMagazine

Governorates

Parliament

VillageCommunity

IRIN News


HER FATHER NUJOOD

Judge’sFamily

Husband

Brothers

Judge


Arresting Officer

TaxiDriver


ShariaCommittee

CondoleezzaRice,

US State Dept



YemeniWomen’s

Union

CourtHouse

PoliceStation

Journalists


TribalJudge


Girls ForumFor HR

GWCC / YYDF

GlamourMagazine

Governorates

Parliament

VillageCommunity

IRIN News


HER FATHER NUJOOD

Judge’sFamily

Husband

Brothers

Judge


Arresting Officer

TaxiDriver


ShariaCommittee


CondoleezzaRice,

US State Dept


YemeniWomen’s

Union

CourtHouse

PoliceStation

Journalists


TribalJudge


Girls ForumFor HR

GWCC / YYDF

GlamourMagazine

Governorates

Parliament

VillageCommunity

IRIN News


HER FATHER NUJOOD

Judge’sFamily

Husband

Brothers

Judge


Arresting Officer

TaxiDriver


ShariaCommittee

CondoleezzaRice,

US State Dept



Questions / Discussion









Using participants’ experiences & NT resources



• Tactical Map Tool - To better understand the human relationships and institutions involved in our problem.

• Spectrum of Allies Tool – To help us analyze these human relationships within our terrain based on additional criteria

Know theTerrain


The Spectrum of Allies tool - to better understand ourselves (including allies) and our opponents.

KnowYourself

Know YourOpponent



YemeniWomen’s

Union

CourtHouse

PoliceStation

Journalists


TribalJudge


Girls ForumFor HR

GWCC / YYDF

GlamourMagazine

Governorates

Parliament

VillageCommunity

IRIN News


HER FATHER NUJOOD

Judge’sFamily

Husband

Brothers

Judge


Arresting Officer

TaxiDriver


Using our tactical map

ShariaCommittee

CondoleezzaRice,

US State Dept


The Spectrum of Allies Tool

A tool that provides a way to view people, groups, and institutions.

Those who are the most active supporters

Those who are the most dedicated opponents.



Supporters/Allies Opponents


Spectrum of Allies “Role Play” Exercise

Supporters/Allies OpponentsNeutrals

100% 100%50% 50%0%


Questions / Discussion


51

23 4

YourObjective

Active Opponents

NEUTRAL

Active Allies

Passive Allies

PassiveOpponents

ايجابي :حليف

الحلفاءنشيطبن الغير

المحايدين المعارضين

نشطين الغير

المعارضين/الخصوم االيجابيين

Original Source for Spectrum of Allies – www.trainingforchange.org and adapted by New Tactics in Human Rights – www.newtactics.org

http://www.trainingforchange.org/

http://www.newtactics.org/


Why use the Spectrum of Allies tool?

To identify potential allies and potential opponents.

To help realize that tactics need to be planned in relation to how much they do or don't attract key allies.

To understand that it is not necessary to win over your opponents to our point of view.

To encourage more optimistic and realistic efforts.



Putting the tactical map and spectrum of allies tools together to identify:

Key relationships that need to be affected in order to make changes occur.

Key relationships or social groups that are currently unaffected by current tactics.

Allies (new and old) that could be engaged for a more comprehensive and effective strategy.

Tactics that are currently at play and how they

affect the relationships you are targeting.


Using our Tactical Map(Sample Exercise – Case of Nujood)

1. We look at ALL the people and institutions on our map and place them into the “spectrum.”

2. Keep in mind the VISION (the goal) When we think about tactics – we look at what objective we would have for that target to help us END the practice of Child Brides.

3. Examine and discuss each person, group and institution on the map – place them on your spectrum.

4. Write a NEW “post-it” to keep your tactical map as it is. Place the new “post-it” on the SPECTRUM.



YemeniWomen’s

Union

CourtHouse

PoliceStation

Journalists


ShariaCommittee

TribalJudge


Girls ForumFor HR

GWCC / YYDF

GlamourMagazine

Governorates

Parliament

VillageCommunity

IRIN News

CondoleezzaRice,

US State Dept


HER FATHER NUJOOD

Judge’sFamily

Husband

Brothers

Judge


Arresting Officer

TaxiDriver


Use our tactical map to create our Spectrum


IRIN News



51

23

4

NeutralPassiveAllies

ActiveAllies

ActiveOpponents

PassiveOpponents


51

23

4

NUJOOD HER FATHER

GOAL: END the practice of Child Brides


51

23

4

Active Allies


51

23

4

NUJOOD


Judge

Shada NasserHR Lawyer Glamour

Magazine


Girls ForumFor HR


YemeniWomen’s

Union


GWCC / YYDF

HER FATHER


51

23

4

Active Opponents


51

23

4

NUJOOD HER FATHER


Judge


Magazine


Girls ForumFor HR


YemeniWomen’s

Union


GWCC / YYDF

TribalJudge

Brothers

ShariaCommittee

Husband


51

23

4

Passive Allies


51

23

4

NUJOOD HER FATHER


Judge


Magazine


Girls ForumFor HR


YemeniWomen’s

Union


GWCC / YYDF

TribalJudge

Brothers

ShariaCommittee

Husband

CondoleezzaRice,

US State Dept

Judge’sFamily

IRIN News

Sister

51

23

4

PassiveOpponents


51

2

3

4

NUJOOD HER FATHER


Judge


Magazine


Girls ForumFor HR


YemeniWomen’s

Union


GWCC / YYDF

TribalJudge

Brothers

ShariaCommittee

Husband

CondoleezzaRice,

US State Dept

Judge’sFamily

IRIN News

Governorates

Parliament

Conservative Parliamentarians

Liberal Parliamentarians

Sister

51

23

4

Neutral


51

2

3

4

NUJOOD HER FATHER


Judge


Magazine


Girls ForumFor HR


YemeniWomen’s

Union


GWCC / YYDF

TribalJudge

Brothers

ShariaCommittee

Husband

CondoleezzaRice,

US State Dept

Judge’sFamily

IRIN News

Governorates

Parliament



Sister

VillageCommunity

CourtHouse

Private school

PoliceStation

Arresting Officer

TaxiDriver

Journalists


Putting the tactical map and spectrum of allies tools together to identify:

Key relationships that need to be affected in order to make changes occur.

Key relationships or social groups that are currently unaffected by current tactics.

Allies (new and old) that could be engaged for a more comprehensive and effective strategy.

Tactics that are currently at play and how they affect the relationships you are targeting.


READ your case study Discuss possible applications to the Child

Brides case study

How might your tactic idea contribute to ENDING the practice of Child Brides?


51

2

3

4

NUJOOD HER FATHER


Judge


Magazine


Girls ForumFor HR


YemeniWomen’s

Union


GWCC / YYDF

TribalJudge

Brothers

ShariaCommittee

Husband

CondoleezzaRice,

US State Dept

Judge’sFamily

IRIN News

Governorates

Parliament



Sister

VillageCommunity

CourtHouse

Private school

PoliceStation

Arresting Officer

TaxiDriver

Journalists


What important considerationsare needed in making

tactical choices?


Tactical influences:

The context in which the tactics will be used.



What considerations do you think belong in “context”?

Selling condoms to a truck driverin Bangladesh to prevent AIDS



A group’s capacities



Tolerance for risk



Analysis of the opponent


Discussion&

Evaluation

5 Steps to Tactical innovation - Nancy Pearson

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