Co-producing inclusive city-wide sanitation strategies: lessons from ...
5. Social trends and the inclusive city
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Transcript of 5. Social trends and the inclusive city
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5. Social trends and the inclusive city
City population growth and social development are also closely linked. The NSDP shows that when unemployment is as serious everywhere, migration becomes more sensitive to non-economic factors
Economic development and social development are also linked. It is not a waste of valuable resources to focus on the social, when it helps build the middle class consumer and entrepreneur of tomorrow
Key issues examined in report:• Infrastructure development• Distribution of wealth and
opportunity, and burden of costs
• Human development• Spatial disadvantage• Security against risk• Quality of life
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5. Social trends and the inclusive city
City municipalities have made good progress in infrastructure development. Across 9 cities, numbers of people served have increased dramatically in 96-01
However population trends mean some proportions served remain same or have declined, ie the backlogs persist
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5. Social trends and the inclusive city
There are obviously differences between municipalities
And differences within service levels
• Although the number of households with water on site (ie in yard or in dwelling) increased between 96-01, this was mostly made up of new yard connections
• The number of households with water in-dwelling decreased by 121 565
• Partly due to movement of 478 922 households out of backyard accommodation in 1996-2001
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5. Social trends and the inclusive cityThere are key differences between municipalities in the
allocation of resources to social facilities
City of Joburg
Cape Town EkurhuleniNelson
MandelaMsunduzi
Total rates per capita 2002/03 R 653.97 R 640.24 R 444.60 R 367.56 R 405.55
% CapX on comm. projects 02/03 7.83% 3.72% 2.79% 8.28% 11.41%
CapX / p on comm. projects 02/03 R 29.10 R 24.01 R 7.86 R 35.78 R 37.61
Establishment Of Parks And Gardens R 7.74 R 3.21 R 0.15 R 8.29 R 5.19
Sports Fields R 8.92 R 6.58 R 2.94 R 10.96 R 5.63
Community Halls R 5.87 R 0.75 R 2.09 R 0.49 R 4.76
Libraries R 1.65 R 0.54 R 0.24 R 0.39 R 11.35
Recreation Facilities R 0.60 R 3.83 R 0.92 R 2.52 R 1.84
Clinics R 2.23 R 4.02 R 0.55 R 2.17 R 0.58
Museums and Art Galleries R 0.91 R 2.36 R 0.97 R 7.50 R 0.00
Other R 1.19 R 2.73 R 0.00 R 3.45 R 8.25
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5. Social trends and the inclusive cityThere are still large differences in access to services
across racial groups
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5. Social trends and the inclusive cityAverage household income in cities grew from R48 291 to
R71 835 per annum 1996-2001. But …• 179,6% increase in households reporting no income• Declines in percentage of households at middle income levels• Increase in dependency ratio from 3.13 to 3.41 (in some cities > 5)
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5. Social trends and the inclusive cityLiving in the city has become more ‘costly’ over time
Joburg eThekwini Ekurhleni Nel Mand
Average mnthly account for small hshlds R 313.24 R 455.70 R 399.73 R 396.96
Annual hsh income R 1–R 4 800 (median = R267/m) 117.47% 170.89% 149.90% 148.86%
Annual hsh income R 4 801–R 9 600 (median = R600/m) 52.21% 75.95% 66.62% 66.16%
Annual hsh income R 9 601–R 19 200 (median = R1131/m) 27.69% 40.28% 35.33% 35.09%
Annual hsh income R 19 201–R 38 400 (median = R2263/m) 13.84% 20.14% 17.67% 17.54%
Annual hsh income R 38 401–R 76 800 (median = R4526/m) 6.92% 10.07% 8.83% 8.77%
Annual hsh income R 76 801–R 153 600 (median = R9051/m) 3.46% 5.03% 4.42% 4.39%
• Urban living costs include actual costs, transaction costs, and the opportunity costs of vulnerability. These costs bear heavily on those trying to move out of poverty. Need for a ‘social package’ very NB
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5. Social trends and the inclusive citySpatial exclusion is worsening as people without employment
and opportunities are pushed to edges of cities
• A picture of locational disadvantage in Ekurhuleni
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5. Social trends and the inclusive cityWith spatial exclusion comes higher costs in terms of
both time and resources
Average travel time (work in minutes)
50
Average travel time (education in minutes)
28
Average travel cost (work R/month)
R 186
Average travel cost (education R/month)
R 151
Commuters spending +10% of income on work trip
48%
% of all trips
Average travel time
in mins
Average cost
One taxi all the way 24.36% 48.7 R 3.11
Taxi - taxi 8.88% 77.5 R 6.06
One train all the way 3.76% 73.1 R 2.23
One bus all the way 3.70% 55.5 R 4.06
Taxi - train 1.63% 83.8 R 4.40
Train - taxi 0.66% 98.7 R 5.04
Taxi - taxi - taxi 0.57% 98.8 R 8.33
Train - train 0.47% 101.2 R 2.81
Taxi - bus 0.36% 84.9 R 6.48
Bus - bus 0.30% 85.4 R 6.45
Taxi - train - taxi 0.28% 114.9 R 8.24
• Times and costs from the Johannesburg ITP
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5. Social trends and the inclusive city
Key indicators of levels of human development
• Approx 55 infant deaths per 1000 live births in a number of cities
• Most cities have HIV prevalence rates of 29% - 32%, rising to 36% in one city
• TB incidence rates range from 251/100 000 population to 1470/100 000 in one city
• Life expectancy estimates range from 54yrs to as low as 43yrs
• But very good news on education!
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5. Social trends and the inclusive city
Most residents in the cities do not have any formal security against risk
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Member of medical aid scheme
• 67,75% are not covered for any risk
• Only 26,05% are members of medical aid
• Also, 43,13% have no access to banking facilities of any kind
• Only 5,45% have a home loan
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5. Social trends and the inclusive cityQuality of life is a subjective measure of sense of well-
being in the city. It refers to a number of things, not just whether residents have access to services.
• Sense of personal dignity esp regard access to socio-economic rights
• Convenience, relative to costs, of living in the city. And perceived value for money of where living
• Sense of belonging in the city & connectedness to a neighbourhood
• Voice & degree of influence over social processes that impact on life
• General satisfaction with standard of living, and capacity to realistically aspire to a better standard
Chart 2: Workforce Employment and Life Satisfaction Trends
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Years
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Life Satisfaction
Do you think your children’s lives will be better or worse than your own life?
Their lives will be better 73,2%
Their lives will be the same 6,4%
Their lives will be worse 10,6%
Don’t know / refused answer
9,8%