5. climate change and disaster dks 5

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;jf{lwsf/ M k|sfzsdf ;'/lIft

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;ª\Vof M @,))) k|lt

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d"No M ?= %)÷–

ISBN : 978-99946-927-5-0

k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ ;fd'bflos Ifdtfclej[l4sf nflu ;r]tg cleofgcGtu{t k|sf]k–1fgdfnf k|sfzgdfcf+lzs ¿kdf cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ lgDg ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx¿k|lt Osf]–g]kfnxflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5 M

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j]e;fO6M www.actionaid.org/nepal

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j]e;fO6M www.oxfam.org.uk


n]vssf] egfOhnjfo' kl/jt{g ljZjJofkL rf;f] / lrGtfsf] ljifo xf] . oBlk g]kfn /g]kfnh:tf ljZjsf w]/} d'n'sdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g, o;sf] sf/0f / k|efjaf/]Hofb} yf]/} dfq hfgsf/L /x]sf] 5 . jftfj/0f cksif{0fsf ljleGg ljifodfljZjfJokL rf;f], ax; / 5nkmn w]/} klxn]b]lv rn]sf] eP klg hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf af/]df 5nkmn ePsf] w]/} ePsf] 5}g . t/ klg hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf] k|efj ljgfzsf/L / z[ª\vnfa4 x'g] ePsfn] of] ljifo Hofb};+j]bgzLn / uDeL/ /x]sf] 5 .

sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, ldy]g, gfO6«f]hg cS;fO8, hnjfik, Xofnf] sfa{g;\h:tfxl/tu[x Uof; / cf]hf]g tx ljgfzs Snf]/f]k\mn'/f] sfa{gh:tf cGo ljiffQmUof;sf] pT;h{g lg/Gt/ a9]sf sf/0f ;"o{af6 k|fKt x'g] tfksf] 7"nf] c+zjfo'd08n / e";txd} /f]lsg] sf/0fn] k[YjLsf] tfkqmd j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .tfkqmd j[l4af6 pTkGg eO/x]sf k|sf]khGo 36gfsf] cfj[lQ, k|j[lQ /Ifdtfdf lg/Gt/ j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . ljZjsf caf}{+ dflg;nfO{ :jR5 kfgLk|jfx ug]{ lxdIf]q cTolws dfqfdf klUnP/ s]xL bzsd} ljZjn] :jR5kfgLsf nflu t8\lkg' kg]{ cj:yf ;d]t pTkGg x'g]] ;Defjgf a9]sf] 5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL cGt;{/sf/L ;d"xn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] qmd clxn]s}:t/df sfod /x]df cfufdL ;g\ @)%) ;Dd ljZsf Ps ca{ dflg;z/0ffyL{ aGg] r]tfjgL lbO;s]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f s'g} If]qdfcltj[li6 eP/ hnpTkGg k|sf]ksf] j[l4 x'g], sltko If]qdf cgfj[li6 eP/v8]/Lsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kg]{, jg:klt / k|f0fLsf] k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtfdf x|f; cfP/k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] sdL x'g], d?e"dLs/0f tLj| x'g] / s[lif pTkfbg x|f;eP/ ef]sd/L a9\g]nufotsf k|efjn] ljZj ;d'bfonfO{ cfqmfGt kfg]{ ;Defjgfb]lvPsf] 5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 pTkGg x'g] k|efjn] k|sf]ksf 36gfdf j[l4 ub}{ To;n]d'n'ssf] cfly{s, k|fljlws, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts ;+/rgfdf g} ljrng k}bf ug]{ePsfn] To:tf k|lts"n k|efjsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;}4flGts ?kd} eP klg ;xof]uldNg] ck]Iff ub}{ k|sf]k 1ffgdfnfsf] of] z[ª\vnf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . jftfj/0fcksif{0fs} Ps kf6f]sf] ?kdf /x]sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;fdu|L ;dfj]zul/Psf] o; k'l:tsfn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ljifodf ;fdfGo hfgsf/L lbg]ck]Iff u/]sf] 5' .

k|sf]k 1fgdfnf k|sflzt ug{ k|]/0ff k|bfg ug]{ PS;gP8 g]kfnsf l;lgo/lydln8/ Zofd;'Gb/ 1fjfnL / cS;kmfd hLaL g]kfnsf sfo{qmd ;+of]hslji0f'k|;fb v/]n tyf o;sf] z'4fz'l4 / ;fh;Hhfdf ;xof]u ug]{Osf]–g]kfndf sfo{/t d]/f ;xsdL{ ldqx?k|lt wGojfb JoQm ub{5' .

– /fdrGb| Gof}kfg]


ljifo;"rL

ljifok|j]z %–!)hnjfo' ^df};d *hnjfo' / df};daLr leGgtf !)

hnfjo' kl/jt{g !!

jfo'd08nsf] ;+/rgf !#–!%jfo'd08nsf] juL{s/0f !$

jfo'sf] ;+/rgf !%

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f !&–!*ljZjJofkL tfkqmddf j[l4 !&

xl/tu[x Uof;– tfkqmd j[l4sf] sf/s !&xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{gsf] sf/0f !*

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj !(–@#:yfgLo df};ddf c;Gt'ng @)

kj{tLo kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf cksif{0f @);d'b| ;txdf j[l4 @!s[lifk|0ffnLdf k|efj @@jg tyf jGohGt'df k|efj @#k'/ftflTjs ;Dkbfsf] ljgfz @#

xfdLn] cfh}b]lv ;ts{tf ckgfpg' k5{ @$

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj Go"gLs/0fsf pkfo @%–#!cf}Bf]lus d'n'snfO{ bafa @%

;fd'bflos tyf JolQmut sfo{ @^

pk;+xf/ #!


hnjfo' kl/jt{g/ k|sf]k

ljifok|j]zk[YjL ;f}o{d08nsf u|xx¿dWo] Ps dfq hLjgof]Uo u|x xf] . pTklQsfnb]lvg} o;sf] ef}ule{s, ef}uf]lns tyf cfGtl/s / afXo jftfj/0fdf lgoldtkl/jt{g cfO/x]sf] 5 . k[YjLnfO{ hLjgof]Uo u|xdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ o;kl/jt{gn] lgs} 7"nf] of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 . kl/jt{gsf] o; k|lqmofdfjftfj/0fsf cGtlg{lxt tŒj jf 36saLr x'g] cGtlqm{ofåf/f jftfj/0fLo;Gt'ng sfod /x]sf] x'G5 .

k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf x'g] o; k|sf/sf] kl/jt{g lgoldt t/ Hofb} ;':tultdf x'G5 . o:tf] kl/jt{gsf] cg'ej dflg;n] g tTsfn} ug{ ;S5 g tb;f}F xhf/ jf nfvf}F jif{kl5 g} ug{ ;S5 . kl/jt{gsf] of] k|lqmofk':tf}Fk':tf ;b}{ hfg] ePsfn] cl3Nnf] lkF9Ln] cg'ej u/]sf] jftfj/0fLocj:yf kl5Nnf] lkF9Ln] cg'ej ug{ ;s]sf] x'Fb}g .

jt{dfg ;dodf k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf tTsfn} k|efj kfg]{ k|ltlqmofTds36sx¿ dfgjLo lqmofsnfksf sf/0f tLj| ¿kdf a9\b} uPsf]n] jftfj/0fsfcjojx¿df cgk]lIft kl/jt{g b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k P]ltxfl;ssfnsf] k':tf}Fk':tf;Dd klg ug{ g;lsPsf] jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{gsf] s'g}klg cg'ej clxn] Ps} k':tfn] k|ToIf cg'ej ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf pTkGgeO;s]sf] 5 .

hg;ª\Vof j[l4 / ljsf;df eO/x]sf] tLj| ultn] k|fs[lts ;|f]t /


kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf rfk a9\b} uPsf] 5 . ;g\ !*)) otf ljZjdfcfly{s ljsf;sf] k|lqmof tLj| ag]kl5 :jR5 jftfj/0fdf qmdzM x|f;cfPsf] 5 . @) cf}F ztfAbLkl5 cem lj:tfl/t ag]sf] cf}Bf]lus/0fn]k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ljgfz ug{ / jfo'k|b"if0f a9fpg cu|ufdL e"ldsf v]n]sf]5 . snsf/vfgfdf k|o'Qm OGwgsf] hngaf6 pT;lh{t xflgsf/s Uof;,/;fogo'Qm kmf]xf]/d}nf / dfgjrfksf sf/0f ePsf] jgljgfz tyf ;|f]tsf]clt pkof]un] jfo' k|b"if0fsf] cj:yf lrGtfhgs aGb} uPsf] 5 . o;jfo'k|b"if0fsf] tLj|t/ j[l4 g} hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|d'v sf/s b]lvPsf] 5 .kmn:j¿k hnjfo'df cgfof; cfO/x]sf] kl/jt{gn] df6f], xfjf,kfgLnufotsf jftfj/0fsf ;d:t tŒj;lxt dfgjLo ultljlwnfO{ g};ª\s6fkGg agfpg yfn]sf] 5 .

ljz]ifu/L sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, sfa{g df]gf]cS;fO8, Snf]/f]km\n'/f] sfa{g,ldy]gh:tf Uof;sf] clgolGqt pT;h{gn] jfo'd08nsf] k|fs[lts ;+/rgfdfkl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . jfo'd08nsf] ;+/rgfdf cfPsf] cgk]lIft kl/jt{gn]jfo'sf] u'0f:t/df x|f; NofPsf] t 5 g}, o;n] ug]{ k|fs[lts sfo{ jfcGtlqm{ofdf klg c;Gt'lnt kl/jt{g cfpg yfn]sf] 5 . hnjfo'sf] oxL]c;Gt'lnt kl/jt{g jt{dfg ljZjsf nflu lgs} uDeL/ / r'gf}tLk"0f{;jfn ag]/ v8f ePsf] 5 .

hnjfo' (Climate)

jftfj/0fdf ljleGg tŒjx¿sf] ld>0f /x]sf] 5 . tL tŒjx¿sf] agf]6ljleGg If]qdf km/s–km/s kfOG5 . lxdfn, kxf8, eL/kfvf, r§fg,pkTosf, efj/ tyf t/fO{ e"agf]6sf ljljwtfsf pbfx/0f x'g\ . oLef}uf]lns ljljwtf;Fu} xfjf, kfgL, jg:klt, k|f0fLsf] cfsf/–k|sf/df klgleGgtf /x]sf] x'G5 . pRr lxdfnL If]q w]/} rL;f] x'G5 eg] xf]rf] pkTosf,a]F;L jf t/fO{df udL{ x'G5 . st} w]/} kfgL k5{, st} lxpF k5{ t st}v8]/L . jftfj/0fdf /x]sf] xfjfkfgLsf] o;} ljljwtfo'Qm cj:yfnfO{ hnfjfo'elgG5 .

k[YjLsf] ;du| hnjfo'nfO{ ljZjJofkL hnjfo' elgG5 . t;y{ k[YjLsfljleGg If]qdf x'g] hnjfo'sf] ;du| cf};t kl/jt{g g} ljZj hnjfo'


kl/jt{g xf] . v08ljz]ifsf] ¿kdf x]bf{ dxfb]zLo hnjfo'nfO{ If]qLohnjfo' eg]/ lrlgG5 eg] / s'g} d'n's jf To;sf] lglZrt If]qsf]hnjfo'nfO{ :yfgLo hnjfo' elgG5 . dfgj a;f]af;sf If]qdf s'g jif{slt jiff{ eof] < pRr tyf dWo lxdfnL If]qdf slt lxpF k¥of] <x'/Latf;sf] cj:yf s:tf] /Xof] < s'g jif{ slt tftf] a9\of] jf 36\of] <h:tf ljifo g} :yfgLo hnjfo'df cfpg] kl/jt{gsf ;"rs x'g\ .hnjfo'lj1x¿n] oLg} ;"rsx¿sf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;du| hnjfo'sf] cj:yfatfpg] u/]sf 5g\ .

hnjfo'sf] ljt/0f k[YjLsf] ef}uf]lns ljt/0fcg';f/ leGg x'G5 . e"dWo/]vfdfcTolws udL{ x'G5 eg] To;sf] pQ/ / blIf0fL w|'jtkm{ rL;f] a9\b} hfG5 .hlt xf]rf] If]qdf uof] ;"o{sf] tfk TolQ g} a9L x'G5 / udL{ x'G5 . of]xfdLn] cg'ej ul//x]sf] jf:tljstf klg xf] . hldgsf] prfO ;d'b|;txb]lvhlt a9\b} hfG5 tfkqmd klg To;} cg'kftdf Go"g x'Fb} hfG5 . o;k|lqmofdf e"ldsf] agf]6n] klg sfd ul//x]sf] x'G5 . ;"o{sf] k|sfz ;f]em}kg]{ kxf8sf] Ps kf6f]df hlt tftf] jf udL{ x'G5, csf]{ kf6f]df To;sf]t'ngfdf sd tftf] cyf{t rL;f] x'G5 . k[YjLsf] ef}uf]lns agf]6 /tfkqmdsf] ljt/0fdf b]lvPsf] oxL ljljwtfn] jiff{sf] ljt/0fdf klg k|efjkf/]sf] x'G5 . o;af6 k[YjLsf ;a} If]qdf hnjfo'sf] ljt/0f c;dfg /x]sf]tYo :ki6 x'G5 .

;"o{af6 k[YjLdf cfPsf] tfkqmdsf] 7"nf] c+z k/fjt{g eP/ k[YjLsf]jfo'd08naf6 aflxl/P/ cGt/LIfdf hfG5 . ;"o{af6 k[YjLdf cfPsf] tfk;f]l;g] / k/fjt{g eP/ jfo'd08naf6 aflxl/g] dfqfn] klg ljZjJofkLhnjfo'sf] cj:yfsf] klxrfg ;xh x'G5 . ;"o{af6 k[YjLdf cfpg] tfktyf k|sfzsf] k/fjt{gsf] kl/0ffd ef}uf]lns agf]6 / jfo'd08nsf] u'0f:t/cg';f/ km/s–km/s x'G5 . k|sfzsf] k/fjt{g sd ePsf e"v08df tfkqmda9\5 eg] k/fjt{g w]/} x'g] e"v08df tfkqmd sd x'G5 . sf7df8f}+pkTosfdf tLg bzs otf udL{ lgs} a9\g'df ;"o{af6 cfPsf] tfksf]k/fjt{g Go"g x'Fb} hfg' g} xf] . o;sf] k|d'v sf/0f jfo'k|b"if0fsf] j[l4nfO{dflgPsf] 5 . pkTosfsf] jfo'd08ndf xl/tu[x Uof;sf] dfqf a9\b} uPsfsf/0f k/fjt{g x'g] k|sfz tyf tfk jfo'd08ndf ;f]l;t eP/ ;~rox'gfn] udL{ a9]sf] lj1x¿sf] egfO /x]sf] 5 . sf7df8f}Fsf] jfo'k|b"if0fsf]


o; cj:yfdf ;'wf/ cfPg eg] oxfFsf] tfkqmd cem a9\b} hfg]5 .ljZjsf cGo If]qdf klg oxL l:ylt b]lvPsfn] k[YjLsf] tfkqmd lg/Gt/a9]/ hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ljs/fn ¿k wf/0f ug]{ ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5 .

xfd|f] ;dfhdf df};dnfO{ g} hnjfo' klg eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n]clwsf+z If]qdf df};d kl/jt{g eg]s} hnjfo' kl/jt{g xf] eg]/ a'‰g]ul/Psf] 5 . t/ df};d / hnjfo' Ps}h:tf] nfu] klg oL b'O{df lgs}leGgtf /x]sf] 5 . k[YjLsf] tfkqmd j[l4sf] k|lqmof / hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{/fd|/L a'‰g df};d / hnjfo'aLrsf] leGgtfnfO{ a'‰g' cfjZos x'G5 .

df};d (Weather)

xfdL v'nf cfsfzd'lg hGdG5f}F, x's{G5f}F / hLjg latfpF5f}F . xfd|f] hLjglbg / /ftsf] ¿kdf rNg] ;dosf] rqm;Fu} rln/x]sf] x'G5 . lbg / /ft;Fu}hf8f], udL{, ;'Vvf jf v8]/L / jiff{sf] qmd rln/x]sf] 5 . slxn] afSnf]x':;' nfU5, slxn] cfsfz ;kmf eP/ 3fd nfUb5 . jfl/sf] ufpFdf 3g3f]/jiff{ x'Fb}ubf{ kfl/k6Lsf] ufpFdf 606nfk'/ 3fd nfu]sf] x'g ;S5 . o;k|sf/s'g} lglZrt 7fpFdf lglZrt ;dodf x'g] o:tf] ultljlwnfO{ g} df};delgG5 eg] To;df b]lvg] lgoldt kl/jt{gnfO{ df};d kl/jt{g elgG5 .o;/L df};dL ultljlwn] 5f]6f] ;dodf lglZrt If]qdf dfq cfˆgf] k|efjb]vfPsf] x'G5 .

df};dL ultljlwdf k|efj kfg]{ ljleGg tŒjx¿ 5g\ . tL tŒjdf cfpg]kl/jt{gnfO{ g} df};d kl/jt{gsf] ;"rs dfGg ;lsG5 . oL ljleGgtŒjx¿nfO{ tn ;+lIfKt¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

;"o{ M ;"o{ k[YjLaf6 sl/a ( ca{ #) s/f]8 dfOn 6f9f cfsfzdfaln/x]sf] Uof;Lo lk08 xf] . ;"o{af6 k[YjLn] k|z:t k|sfz / tfk kfO/x]sf]x'G5 . ;"o{sf] tfks} sf/0f k[YjLsf] df};ddf lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf]5 . ;"o{af6 k|fKt tftf]n] kfgLnfO{ jfikLs/0f u/fpF5 / Tof] cfsfzdfk'u]/ afbndf ¿kfGt/0f x'G5 . afbn rL;f] ePkl5 jiff{sf ¿kdf k'gMk[YjLdf emb{5 . k[YjL ;"o{sf] sIfdf 3'Dg] cfwf/df slxn] o;sf] blIf0fLefudf udL{ x'G5 eg] slxn] pQ/L efudf udL{ x'G5 . To;}u/L ;"o{sf]k|sfz k/]sf] If]qdf lbg / 5fofF k/]sf] If]qdf /ft x'G5 . o; k|lqmofaf6


g} k[YjLdf af]6la¿jf x's{G5g\, hLjhGt'sf nflu vfBfGgsf] pTkfbg x'G5/ hLjd08nsf ofjt lqmofsnfk ;~rfng x'G5g\ . To;}n] ;"o{nfO{df};dsf] dxŒjk"0f{ cª\usf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 .

jiff{ M ;"o{sf] tfksf sf/0f ;d'b|, gbL, tfntn}ofsf] kfgL tyf dfgjLopkof]udf cfPsf] kfgL afkm ag]/ cfsfzdf k'U5 / afbndf kl/0ft x'G5 .afbn lgs} dfly k'u]kl5 lrl;g yfN5 / kfgLsf s0fdf kl/0ft x'G5 . oLkfgLsf s0fx¿ PsLs[t eP/ 3gTj a9]kl5 jiff{sf ¿kdf k'gM k[YjLdfemb{5 . o;/L k[YjLaf6 afikLs/0fsf dfWodåf/f cfsfzdf k'u]/ ag]sf]afbn kfgLsf] s0fx¿df kl/0ft eP/ k'gM k[YjLdf emg'{ g} jiff{ xf] . of]hnrqmsf] lgoldt k|lqmof klg xf] .

afbn M afbn jfo'd08ndf /x]sf] jiff{sf] k|d'v ;|f]t xf] . of] c;ª\VokfgLsf s0fx¿n] ag]sf] x'G5 . hnjfiksf] ¿kdf /x]sf oL s0fx¿ lr;f]x'Fb} hfFbf kfgLsf yf]kfdf ¿kfGt/0f x'G5 . c/af}F yf]kfsf ¿kdf of] kfgLk[YjLdf embf{ 3g3f]/ jiff{ x'G5 . o:tf] jiff{ s]xL ldg]6b]lv s]xL lbg;Ddlg/Gt/ x'g ;S5 .

ljB'tLo cf“wL M cfsfzdf nfu]sf] sfnf] afbnleq ljB'tLo ultdfu8\ofªu'8'ª ub}{ rNg] cfFwL klg df};dsf tŒjdWo] Ps xf] . o:tf] cfFwLn]xhf/f}F d]ufjf6 zlQm a/fa/sf] ljB'tLo pmhf{ pTkGg ub}{ 3g3f]/ jiff{u/fpF5 .

x'/Latf; M k[YjLsf s'g} 7fpFdf udL{ / s'g} 7fpFdf rL;f] x'G5 . tftf]If]qsf] jfo' xn'sf eP/ dfly p7\g] / rL;f] jfo' To;tkm{ hfg] k|lqmoflgoldt ¿kdf rln/xG5 . of] g} xfjf rNg] k|d'v sf/0f xf] . w]/} udL{ePsf] If]qsf] jfo' tft]/ PsfPs dfly p7\bf csf]{ If]qsf] xfjf 7"nf] j]usf;fy To;tkm{ x'lQG5 / ljzfn x'/Latf;sf] ¿k wf/0f u5{ . To;}u/L;fd'lb|s If]qdf x'g] lqmofk|ltlqmofsf sf/0f ljleGg k|sf/sf cfFwLt'kmfgpTkGg x'G5 .

lxdkft M pRr lxdfnL If]qdf tfkqmd Go"g x'g] x'Fbf cfsfzaf6 /x]sf]kfgLsf] s0f hd]/ a/km aG5 / k[YjLdf v:5 . o:tf] a/kmsf] jiff{nfO{ g}lxdkft elgG5 . :yfgLo df};ddf lxpFsf] lgs} 7"nf] dxŒj /x]sf] x'G5 . lxpFn]:yfgLo df};dsf] cNksfnLg kl/jt{gsf] :j¿knfO{ lgwf{l/t u/]sf] x'G5 .


zLtnx/ / tftf] nx/ M lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]qdf lr;f] / tftf] xfjfsf]nx/ rNb5 . g]kfnsf] r'/] z[ª\vnfeGbf blIf0ftkm{sf] t/fO{df dª\l;/sf]clGtdb]lv df3sf] klxnf] ;ftf;Dd zLtnx/ rNb5 eg] j}zfv, h]7sf]udL{ dlxgfdf tftf] nx/ -n"_ rN5 .

df};ddf b]lvg] o;k|sf/sf] rqmLo k|0ffnL Ps jif{sf] x'G5 . hf8f], udL{,jiff{ cflb Ct'cg';f/ rNg] x'Fbf o;nfO{ df};dL ultljlw elgG5 . t;y{s'g} lglZrt :yfgdf jiff{, afbn, x'/Latf;, lxdkfth:tf lgoldt ¿kdfx'g] k|fs[lts ultljlw df};dsf pbfx/0f x'g\ .

hnjfo' / df};daLr leGgtf

;fdfGo a'emfODff hnjfo' / df};dnfO{ Ps} ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . xfjf,kfgL, rL;f], tftf] cflb cj:yfnfO{ df};d / hnjfo'sf ¿kdf lng] ul/Pklg oL b'O{ cj:yfaLr lgs} leGgtf kfOG5 . hnjfo' / df};daLrsf]leGgtf nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M

df};d hnjfo'

s]xL 306f jf lbgdf kl/jt{gx'G5 .

jfo'd08nLo ultljlwdf s]xL;dod} kl/jt{g x'G5 .

clxn] s] x'Fb}5 / ef]nL s]x'G5 eGg' df};d xf] .

df};d kl/jt{gn] hnjfo'kl/jt{gdf k|efj kfb}{g .

Ps bzseGbf nfdf] ;dodfdfq kl/jt{gsf] cg'ej x'G5 .

hnjfo'sf] ultdf tTsfn}kl/jt{g x'Fb}g .

%) jif{cl3, clxn] / %)jif{kl5 b]vf kg]{ df};dLkl/jt{gsf] ;du| cj:yfn]hnjfo'nfO{ hgfpF5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ljZjsf];du| df};dL cj:yfdfkl/jt{g NofpF5 .

o;k|sf/ :ki6 x'G5, df};d s'g} :yfg ljz]ifdf t'¿Gt} kl/jt{g x'g]jfo'd08nLo cj:yf xf] eg] df};ddf c;/ kfg]{ nfdf] ;do;Dd rNg]k|lqmof hnjfo' xf] .


hnjfo' kl/jt{ghnjfo' nfdf] ;dosf] cGt/fndf kl/jt{g x'g] df};dsf] cf};t cj:yfxf] . s'g} :yfgsf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ToxfFsf] k|fs[lts tyf dfgjLoultljlwaf6 pTkGg x'g] k|efjsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] x'G5 . jfo'd08n,hLjd08n, hnd08nh:tf k|fs[lts tŒjaf6 ag]sf e"ld, hn, jg:kltjf cGo h}ljs j:t' jf pmhf{h:tf k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pkof]u ug]{k|lqmofaf6 k|s[ltsf] s'g} tŒjdf k|lts"n k|efj k5{ / kl/0ffd:j¿khnjfo'sf] :yfgLo, If]qLo / ljZjJofkL cj:yfdf kl/jt{g cfpF5 .

k[YjLsf] pTklQ sfnb]lv g} hnjfo'df lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf] 5 . s'g}:yfgsf] nfdf] ;dokl5 cf};t df};dL cj:yfdf ePsf] kl/jt{gsf]cg'e"lt jf cg'ejn] g} hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;ª\s]t u5{ . kfgL kg]{;dodf kl/jt{g x'g', lg/Gt/ cltj[li6 x'g' jf v08j[li6 x'g', nfdf];do;Dd v8]/L kg'{, jfo'sf] cfb{|tfdf Go"gtf cfpg' jf j[l4 x'g', lg/Gt/tfkqmd a9\b} hfg' / df};ddf cgk]lIft ljrng b]lvg'nfO{ g} j}1flgsx¿n]hnjfo' kl/jt{g dfg]sf 5g\ .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] P]ltxfl;s / jt{dfg cj:yfaLr ePsf cWoog–cg';Gwfg / ljZn]if0fn] w]/} klxn]b]lv g} hnjfo' kl/jt{g eO/x]sf]k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 . o;}sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k k[YjLn] s}of}F k6s lxd o'u /udL{] o'usf] cg'ej ul/;s]sf] 5 . k[YjLdf kl5Nnf] lxdo'u sl/a !*xhf/ jif{ klxn] ;dfKt ePsf] dflgG5 . k[YjLdf ePsf k|frLg hnjfo'kl/jt{g k|fs[lts ¿kd} ePsf] tyf of] kl/jt{g ;':t ePsf] x'Fbf hLjn]To;nfO{ ;xg u/]/ cfk"mnfO{ kl/jlt{t hnjfo'df ;dfof]hg u/]sf] tYoj}1flgsx¿n] cWoog cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ .

ljut !%) b]lv @)) jif{ klxn]sf] t'ngfdf clxn] hnjfo'df tLj|kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . k[YjLsf] jfo'd08nsf] tfkqmddf cgk]lIft ¿kn]j[l4 ePsf] x'Fbf k|f0fL tyf jg:kltsf s]xL k|hflt ablnFbf] jftfj/0f ;xgug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf 5g\ . sltko hLj t k[YjLaf6 ;bfsf nflunf]k klg eO;s]sf 5g\ . k[YjLsf] pi0fLs/0fsf sf/0f hnjfo'df ck|Tofl;tkl/jt{gsf ;ª\s]t b]vf kl/;s]sf 5g\ . o;sf nflu dfgjLo lqmofsnfk


g} a9L lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] / o; k|lqmofnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ g;lsP hLjd08nn]lgs6 eljiod} 7"nf] ;ª\s6sf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ j}1flgsx¿n] r]tfjgLlbO;s]sf 5g\ .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«ª\3Lo sfo{bnsf cg';f/ ædflg;sfk|ToIf jf ck|ToIf lqmofsnfksf sf/0f ljZj–jfo'd08nsf] ;+/rgfdfcfO/x]sf] kl/jt{gnfO{ s'g} Ps ;dofjlwdf ePsf] k|fs[lts hnjfo'kl/jt{g;Fu t'ngf ubf{ b]lvg] leGgtf g} ljZj hnjfo' kl/jt{g xf] .Æo;af6 :ki6 x'G5 dflg;sf lqmofsnfksf sf/0f pT;lh{t k|b"ifsåf/fjfo'd08ndf kg]{ k|efjaf6 x'g] hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ g} sfo{bnn] hnjfo'kl/jt{g dfg]sf] 5 .

cyf{t\

kl/jt{gsf] dfgjLo sf/0f – k|fs[lts kl/jt{g = hnjfo' kl/jt{g

ljZjJofkL hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f w]/} /x]sf] x'G5 . o;df k|fs[lts /dfgjLo b'j} kIf lhDd]jf/ /x]sf x'G5g\ . e"d08n, hnd08n / jfo'd08ndfkm}lnP/ /x]sf hLj / ltgLx¿sf] Jojxf/df cfO/x]sf] kl/jt{gn] hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf] oyfy{nfO{ k'li6 u5{ . oL ljleGg hLjnufot jfo'd08nsf]k|fs[lts ;+/rgfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g g} hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|d'v ;"rsxf] . To;}n] jfo'd08nsf] ;+/rgf / To;df cfpg] kl/jt{g tyf k|efj kfg]{tŒŒŒŒŒjsf af/]df hfGg' cfjZos x'G5 .


jfo'd08nsf] ;+/rgfk[YjLsf] afXo ;txdf jfo' cyf{t xfjf /x]sf] x'G5 . of] cb[io, uGw/lxtx'G5 . dflg; nufot ;Dk"0f{ hLjd08nsf] hLjg /Iffsf] of] cfjZostŒŒŒŒŒj xf] . ;du| jfo'åf/f 3]l/Psf] cfsfznfO{ g} jfo'd08n elgG5 . oxLjfo'd08ndf dflg;sf] hLjg /Ifs clS;hg klg /x]sf] x'G5 . jfo'd08nk[YjLsf] ;txaf6 ^)) b]lv ! xhf/ lsnf]ld6/;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 .jfo'd08n ljleGg k|sf/sf Uof; / tŒjx¿ ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 .

jfo'd08nsf] sfo{k|0ffnL ;f}o{zlQmdf lge{/ /x]sf] x'G5 . ;"o{af6 k|fKt x'g]zlQm–;~ro, cGtlqm{of tyf /f;folgs–of}lus k|ltlqmofåf/f jfo'd08nsf];Gt'ng sfod /x]sf] x'G5 . xfjf, x'/Latf;, cfFwLa]x/L, rqmjft, v8]/L,jiff{, cltj[li6 tyf cgfj[li6 x'g' jfo'd08nleq x'g] cGtlqm{ofs} kl/0ffdxf] . o; lqmofdf hnd08n, hLjd08n / :ynd08nsf] klg e"ldsf/x]sf] x'G5 . jfo'd08ndf x'g] o:tf ultljlwsf] k|efjaf6 g} df};dLcj:yf lgwf{/0f x'G5 . df};dL cj:yfsf] lgdf{0fdf hnjfo'sf] ;du| ult/ kl/jt{gzLntfn]] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 .

jfo'd08nnfO{ ;Gt'lnt tyf lgoldt ug]{ sfo{df jftfj/0fsf ;Dk"0f{tŒŒŒŒŒj plQs} lqmofzLn /x]sf x'G5g\ . dflg; tyf cGo k|f0fLn] Zjf;k|Zjf;lqmofåf/f sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8sf] lj;h{g ug]{ tyf jg:kltn] k|sfz;+Zn]if0fk|lqmofåf/f sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8sf] pkef]u u/L clS;hg 5f]8\g] k|fs[ltslgod jfo'd08nsf] ;Gt'ng k|lqmofsf] cleGg efu xf] . k[YjLdf ePsfh}ljs ;|f]t, kfgL, df6f], kxf8kj{t, jghª\un, hgfj/ cflbaLrsf]cGt;{DaGw / cfk;L ;xcl:tTjn] jfo'd08nsf] cl:tTj rln/x]sf] 5 .o; sfo{df ;"o{sf] klg 7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . ;"o{af6 k[YjLtkm{ cfpg]k|sfz / ljleGg tŒjx¿ ldl>t ljls/0faf6 jfo'd08ndf k|fs[ltsk|ltlqmof pTkGg x'G5 / To;sf] k|efj ;f]em} k[YjLsf k|f0fL, jg:klt tyfcGo ch}ljs j:t'df k5{ . o;qmddf jfo'd08nn] ;"o{af6 cfpg] cltzlQmzfnL k/fj}hgL ljls/0fnfO{ lgoGq0f u/L To;n] k'¥ofpg] xflgaf6jftfj/0fsf hLjsf] ;'/Iff k|bfg ul//x]sf] x'G5 .

jfo'd08nsf] cl:tTj g} hLjd08nsf] cl:tTj xf] . slxn]sfxLF jfo'd08ndf


k|fs[lts ¿kn] kl/jt{g cfpg] u5{ . o; cj:yfdf k[YjLsf sltkok|f0fLsf] cl:tTj ;ª\s6df klg kg]{ u5{ . obfsbf ;f}o{ kl/jf/sf]u'¿TTTTTjfsif{0fdf cfpg] kl/jt{g tyf ;f}o{ Hjf/ef6fh:tf lqmofsnfkn]jfo'd08ndf ;fdfGo / c;fdfGo b'a} ¿kdf kl/jt{g cfpg ;S5 .

k|fs[lts sf/0f h] eP klg jfo'd08nsf] tLj| cksif{0f tyf k|b"if0fa9fpg] sfo{df dflg;sf] g} cxd\ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . of] cj:yfsf] l;h{gfuPsf] ztfAbLaf6 k|f/De ePsf] xf] . dflg;n] k|of]u ug]{ ljleGg h}ljsj:t' tyf cjz]ifLo OGwgsf] hngaf6 an]/ lg:sg] w"jfF, w"nf] / Uof;n]jfo'sf] u'0f:t/df x|f; cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;n] :jod\ dflg;n] ljleGg /f]usf]lzsf/ aGg'k/]sf] t 5Fb}5, cGo hLj tyf jg:kltsf] cl:tTjdfly klgcf3ft k'¥ofPsf] 5 . o;}sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k cgfj[li6, cltj[li6, v8]/L,x'/Latf;h:tf ljleGg k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf 36gfdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . aL;f}FztfAbLdf jfo'k|b"if0fsf sf/0f jfo'd08nsf] tfk ;f]:g] zlQm a9\b}uPsf]n] k[YjLsf] tfkqmd )=^ l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8sf b/n] a9\b} uPsf] 5 .o;n] w|'jLo If]qsf] lxpF klUng] qmddf tLj|tf NofPsf] 5 . k|To]s jif{h;f]jfo'd08ndf t'jfFnf] nfu]h:tf] wldnf] eP/ ;"of]{bo / ;"of{:tsf] ;'Gb/b[iodf klg kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm dflg;sf] 6f9f;Ddb]Vg;Sg] Ifdtfdf klg x|f; cfO/x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

jfo'd08nsf] km}nfj6 slt 5 eg]/ 7ofSs} ls6fg ug{ ;lsFb}g . tyflkjfo'd08nsf] prfO hlt a9\b} hfG5 jfo'sf] 3gTj klg TolQ g} sd x'Fb}hfG5 . t/ Ps lglZrt prfOkl5 jfo'sf] 3gTj km]l/ a9\g yfNb5 /cuf8L uPkl5 k'gM x|f; x'g yfNb5 . jfo'd08nsf] ljt/0fsf] o; ljljwtf;Fu} jfo'd08nsf] prfO a9\b} hfFbf tfkqmddf Go"gtf cfpFb} hfG5 .jfo'd08nsf] ;+/rgf / 3gTjsf] ljljwtf;Fu} To;sf] sfo{z}nLdf ;d]tleGgtf /x]sf] x'G5 . sfo{ / o;sf] ljljwtfsf cfwf/df jfo'd08nnfO{ljleGg txdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

jfo'd08nsf] juL{s/0fjfo'd08nnfO{ lgDg kfFr efudf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 M

!= cwf]d08n (Troposphere) : e";txaf6 sl/a * b]lv !%lsnf]ld6/ dfly;Dd km}lnPsf] jfo'd08nsf] 3gf txnfO{ cwf]d08n jf


Iff]ed08n elgG5 . jfo'd08ndf x'g] *) k|ltzteGbf w]/} lqmofsnfko;} txaf6 ;DkGg x'G5g\ . df};d aGg], kl/jt{g x'g], cfFwL, t'kmfg rNg],afbn uh{g]h:tf lqmofsnfksf ;fy} jiff{sf] jftfj/0f o;} txdf tof/x'G5g\ . o; efudf prfO a9b} hfFbf tfkqmd klg 36\b} hfG5 . To;sf/0fjfo'08nsf] of] tx k[YjLsf nflu ;jf{lws dxŒŒŒŒŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 .

@= ;dtfkd08n (Stratosphere) : cwf]d08nb]lv #% lsnf]ld6/aflx/;Dd km}lnPsf] t'ngfTds ¿kdf jfo'sf] 3gTj sd ePsf] jfo'd08nsf]v08nfO{ ;dtfkd08n elgG5 . oxfFsf] tfkqmd ;fdfGotof dfOg; #l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8eGbf sd x'G5 tfklg prfOsf] j[l4;Fu} tfkqmd klg a9\b}hfg] s'/f atfOPsf] 5 . jfo'd08nsf] o; efudf k[YjLsf] vf; ;'/Iffsjr dflgg] cf]hf]g (O3) /x]sf] 5 . o;n] ;"o{af6 cfpg] xflgsf/sk/fa}hgL ljls/0fnfO{ /f]Sg] sfd u5{ .

#= dWod08n (Meshophere) : ;dtfkd08nb]lv aflx/ *%lsnf]ld6/;Dd k}mlnPsf] jfo'd08nnfO{ dWod08n elgG5 . oxfFsf] tfkqmddfOg; (# l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8eGbf sd x'G5 . oxfF ;"o{af6 cfpg] pmhf{ /cf]hf]g txaLr åGåfTds k|ltlqmof x'G5 .

$= cfogd08n (Thermosphere) : dWod08naf6 k|f/De ePsf]cfogd08nn] k[YjLaf6 sl/a ^ ;o lsnf]ld6/;Ddsf] If]qnfO{ 9fs]sf]5 . ;f}o{ zlQmsf] k|ToIf k|efj kg]{ / jfo'sf] 3gTj Hofb} Go"g x'g] sf/0fn]o; txsf] tfkqmd a9]/ ! xhf/ & ;o @& l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8;Dd k'U5 . o;If]qn] cGt/LIf If]qdf ljls/0fsf] lgoGq0f tyf /]l8of]t/ª\usf] k/fjt{gu/]/ hLjd08nsf] /Iff u5{ . o;sf cltl/Qm oxfFsf] jfo'df /f;folgsk|ltlqmof ug]{ Ifdtf / ult Hofb} pRr x'G5 .

$= afXod08n (Exosphere) : of] If]q jfo'd08nsf] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf]jf jfo'd08nsf] aflx/L v08 xf] . jfo'd08n;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} Uof; tyftŒŒŒŒŒjsf] clGtd v08 / cGt/LIfsf] tNnf]] efunfO{ afXod08n elgG5 .

jfo'sf] ;+/rgf

clS;hg, gfO6«f]hg, xfO8«f]hg, cfu{g, sfa{g8fOcS;fO8, lgcf]g, lxlnod,


lqmK6f]g, cf]hf]g, h]gf]g / kfgLsf] afkm;d]tsf] ;lDd>0faf6 jfo'd08nsf]ag]sf] 5 . jfo'd08nsf] sl/a #)) lsnf]ld6/sf] prfO;Dd clS;hgsfc0f' kfOPtfklg %)) b]lv ̂ )) lsnf]ld6/eGbf dfly lxlnod / xfO8«f]hgsf]dfqf w]/} x'G5 . To;sf/0f jfo'd08nsf] sl/a %) lsnf]ld6/;Ddsf] efudfq hLjd08nsf nflu hLjgf]kof]uL x'G5 . k[YjLsf] ;'/Iff sjr dflgPsf]cf]hf]g txb]lv tNnf] efudf k[YjLsf] kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf nflu cfjZoskg]{ lqmof–k|ltlqmof x'g] x'Fbf oxfFsf] gfO6«f]hg, clS;hg, sfa{g8fOcS;fO8h:tf Uof;Lo tŒjsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] x'G5 . To;f] ePklg jfo'd08nsf] afXo txsf] dxŒjnfO{ xfdLn] la;{g x'Fb}g . jfo'd08nsf]dflyNnf] txb]lv tNnf txx¿n] ug]{ sfo{ k|fs[lts ¿kd} lglZrt ePsf]x'G5 .

j}1flgs cWoogcg';f/ jfo'd08nsf] ;Gt'lnt cj:yfdf tnsf lgDgUof;Lo tŒjx¿sf] ld>0f /x]sf] x'G5 M

gfO6«f]hg &*=)) k|ltzt

clS;hg @)=(% k|ltzt

cfu{g )=(# k|ltzt

sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 )=)$ k|ltzt

ljljw -lgcf]g, lxlnod, xfO8«f]hg, cf]hf]g, cflb_ )=)* k|ltzt

cfw'lgs ljsf;sf] o'u k|f/De ePsf] !* cf}F ztfAbLb]lv tLj| ult lnPsf]cf}Bf]lus ljsf;n] jfo'k|b"ifs Uof;df j[l4 u/fPsf] 5 . vf;u/L sfa{g8fOcS;fO8, gfO6«; cS;fO8, ldy]g, Xofnf]sfa{G;, ldy]gnufotsfUof;sf] pTkfbg a9]/ oL Uof;n] ;"o{sf] bL3{t/ª\uL tfksf] 7"nf] dfqf;f];]/ cGt/LIfdf hfgaf6 /f]S5 / kl/0ffd:j¿k k[YjLsf] tfkqmddf j[l4x'G5 .


hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f

ljZjJofkL tfkqmd j[l4k[YjLsf] tfkqmd lg/Gt/ a9\g' g} hnjfo'' kl/jt{gsf] k|d'v sf/0f xf] .ljZjJofkL tfkqmd j[l4sf sf/0f jfo'd08ndf c:jefljs kl/jt{g ePsf]dflgPsf] 5 . jfo'd08ndf b]lvPsf] ToxL kl/jt{gn] ljZjJofkL ¿kdfhnjfo' kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] j}1flgsx¿n] lgrf]8 lgsfn]sf 5g\ .

xl/tu[x Uof;sf] jfo'd08nLo txn] ;"o{af6 k[YjLtkm{ cfpg] k|sfz /tfknfO{ e";tx;Dd cfpg lbG5 t/ k[YjLaf6 k/fjt{g eP/ aflxl/g]qmddf /x]sf] tfknfO{ /f]s]/ cfkm"df ;~ro u5{ eg] tfksf] s]xL c+znfO{k'gM k[YjLlt/} kmsf{OlbG5 . o;/L kmls{Psf] tfkn] k[YjLsf] ;fdfGo tfkdfgdfj[l4 u5{, h;nfO{ ljZjJofkL pi0fLs/0f elgG5 . tfkqmd j[l4sf] lgDgdfGotfn] ljZjJofkL pi0fLs/0fnfO{ ;xh ¿kdf a'‰g ;lsG5 M

ljZjJofkL tfkqmd j[l4sf] cy{ k[YjLsf] ;txsf] tfkqmd a9\g' xf] .

ljZjJofkL tfkqmd j[l4 eg]sf] ;d'b|;txsf] tfkqmd klg a9\g' xf] .

;d'b|sf] t'ngfdf e"ldsf] tfkqmd a9\g' ljZjJofkL tfkqmd j[l4sf] xf] .

ljZjJofkL tfkqmd j[l4sf] ;"rsfª\ssf ¿kdf pQ/L / blIf0fL uf]nf4{,lxd–;d'b| / lxdfnL v08sf] lxpF klUng] qmddf ePsf] j[l4 xf] .

;d'b|;txsf] j[l4 / ;d'b|sf] kfgL cgk]lIft ¿kdf jfikLs/0f x'g'klg ljZjJofkL tfkqmd j[l4sf] ;"rs xf] .

c;fdfGo ¿kdf kfgL kg'{, af9L cfpg' jf v8]/L kg'{ klg ljZjJofkLtfkqmd j[l4sf] ;"rs xf] .

xl/t u[x Uof;– tfkqmd j[l4sf] sf/sdfgjLo ultljlwsf sf/0f pT;h{g ePsf xl/tu[x Uof;sf] ;~rojfo'd08ndf lg/Gt/ j[l4 eO/x]sf] sf/0f ljZjJofkL tfkqmddf j[l4ePsf] tYo j}1flgsx¿n] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf 5g\ . xl/tu[x Uof;n] ;"o{sf]tfk / k|sfznfO{ k[YjLdf cfpg lbG5 t/ k[YjLaf6 k/fjt{g eP/ hfg]tfk / k|sfznfO{ jfo'd08naf6 aflxl/gaf6 /f]sL cfkm}Fn] ;f];]/ ;~ro


u5{ / s]xL tfknfO{ k'gM e";txtkm{ kmsf{OlbG5 . o;k|sf/ k[YjLsf]tfkqmd j[l4 x'Fb} hfG5, kl/0ffd:j¿k hnjfo'df ljrng pTkGg eP/k|lts"n kl/jt{gsf t/ª\u km}lng yfN5g\ .

xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{gsf] sf/0fjfo'd0n ljleGg Uof;sf] ;+of]hgaf6 ag]sf] 5 h;df sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8,ldy]g, Xofnf] sfa{g, gfO6«; cS;fO8, hnjfik cflb xl/tu[x Uof; x'g\ .oL Uof;sf] dfqf a9\g' eg]sf] e";txaf6 k/fjt{g x'g] tfk jfo'd08ndf;~ro x'g] cj:yf pTkGg x'g' xf] . cfly{s ljsf;sf qmddf :yflkt pBf]u/ oftfoftsf ;fwg rnfpg k|of]u x'g] vlgh t]n / sf]Onf, bfp/f,uf]a/sf u'OF7fh:tf h}ljslk08sf] hngaf6 pTkGg x'g] sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8,gfO6«f]hg cS;fO8, kz'sf] dnd"q / wfgv]taf6 pT;h{g x'g] ldy]g,kfgLsf] cTolws pkof]usf sf/0f a9]sf] jfikLs/0f cflb xl/t u[x Uof;pT;h{gsf ;|f]t x'g\ . xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{gsf sf/0f o:tf 5g\M

k|d'v sf/0f M sf]Onf, k]6«f]n, l8h]n, d§Lt]nh:tf vlgh t]n /k|fs[lts Uof;sf] hng, cf}Bf]lus tyf k|fljlws ljsf; / k|ljlwsf]k|of]uaf6 xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{g x'g' . o;/L pT;h{g x'g] k|d'v Uof;sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 xf], h;nfO{ k|d'v xl/tu[x Uof; dflgPsf] 5, hnjfo'kl/jt{gdf sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8sf] ̂ ) k|ltzt e"ldsf /x]sf] tYo j}1flgsn]lgsfn]sf 5g\ .

dfWolds sf/0f M jgkmF8fgL u/]/ bfp/f afNgfn] sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8pT;h{g x'G5 . To;}u/L bnbn] e"lddf x's{g] ¿vsf h/fn] ldy]g pT;h{gu5{ . wfgv]tL, kz'kfng, sf]Onf vfgL, Uof; ljt/0f kfOk / kmf]xf]/yGSofpg] sfo{n] ldy]gsf] pT;h{g x'G5 . ldy]gsf] sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8sf]t'ngfdf tfkqmd j[l4df #) k|ltzt sd of]ubfg /x]sf] atfOPsf] 5 .

;fdfGo sf/0f M /f;folgs dn / cGo /;fogsf] pkof]u, kfgLsf]cTolws k|of]u xl/tu[x Uof; pT;hg{sf ;fdfGo sf/0f x'g\ . o:tfultljlwaf6 gfO6«; cS;fO8sf] pTkfbg a9\5 . kfgLsf] cTolws k|of]usfsf/0f jfikLs/0f a9]/ jfo'd08ndf hnjfiksf] dfqf j[l4 x'G5 . k[YjLsf]pi0fLs/0fdf hnjfik / cGo Uof;sf] of]ubfg !) k|ltzt /x]sf]j}1flgsx¿sf] syg 5 .


hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjjftfj/0f ljgfz tyf cksif{0fsf sf/0fdWo] ;jf{lws rf;f]sf] ¿kdf/x]sf] jfo'k|b"if0fsf] j[l4df cx+ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{gg} hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|d'v sf/s /x]sf] 5 . jfo'k|b"if0fsf] k|efj l;w}hg:jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] x'G5 . t/ oxfF jfo'k|b"if0fsf sf/sdWo]sfxl/tu[x Uof;sf] cTolws pT;h{gaf6 x'g] ljZjJofkL hnjfo' kl/jt{g /To;sf k|efjdf dfq ;Lldt /x]/ ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 kg]{ k|efjsf af/]df cflwsfl/s cWoog /cg';Gwfg x'g ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . clxn];Dd o; ljifodf s]xL k|fljlwsljZn]if0f eP klg o;n]g]kfnL ;dfh, ef}uf]lnsj:t'l:yltcg'¿k g]kfnL;d'bfo, hLljsf]kfh{g,k|fs[lts ;|f ]t, h}ljsljljwtfh:tf ljifodf kg]{k|efjsf af/]df cWoogtyf cg';Gwfg x'g ;s]sf]5}g . ljZjJofkL ¿kdfcWoog / cg ';GwfgeO/x]sf] eP klg o;n];a } If ]qnfO { ;d ]6 \gg;s]sf] egfO klg ljleGgIf]qaf6 cfO/x]sf] 5 .g ]kfnsf ] ;Gbe {dfcGt/f { l i6 «o PsLs [tkj{tLo ljsf; s]Gb| -O;Ldf]8_ n] lxdtfn /lxdgbLsf ;DaGwdf s]xLcWoog u/]sf] eP klghnjfo' kl/jt{gn] kfg]{

s] eO/x]sf] 5 <

uPsf] Ps ;o jif{df ;d'b|x¿sf];tx !@=% ;]lG6ld6/ a9]sf] 5 .

;g\ @!)) ;Dddf k[YjLsf] tfkqmd!=* b]lv ̂ l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 a9\g]/ ;d'b|;tx %) ;]lG6ld6/b]lv! ld6/;Dd a9\g] j}1fflgsx?sf]cg'dfg 5 .

cf}Bf]lus qmflGtkl5 dflg;n] pkof]uub}{ cfPsf h}ljs OGwgsf] hngaf6xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{g pRrultdfa9]sf] 5 . sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8n]xl/tu[x Uof;sf] g]t[Tj u/]sf] 5 .

xl/tu[x Uof;sf] j[l4sf] k|d'vsf/0f pBf]uaf6 pT;h{g x'g]xflgsf/s Uof; jfo'd08ndf ldl;g'/ sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf Hofb}a9\g' b]lvPsf] 5 .


;du| k|efj, t6Lo If]qsf] hghLjgdf kg]{ k|efj / k|efj Go"gLs/0faf/]lj:t[t cWoog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf] jf:tljs k|efj / To;sf] Go"gLs/0faf/] ul/g] cWoog k|fljlws¿kdf k|dfl0ft ul/Psf] geP/ o;sf] ljZjJofkL k|efjsf] ljZn]if0fsfcfwf/df ;}4flGts 1fg k|fKt ug]{ k|of;df ;Lldt /x]sf] 5 . xfn;Ddb]lvPsf ljZjJofkL k|efj, j}1flgsx¿sf] cWoogsf] lgrf]8sf] ljZn]if0fcg';f/ g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj lgDg cg';f/ kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .

:yfgLo df};ddf c;Gt'ngljZjJofkL tfkqmd j[l4n] :yfgLo jiff{sf] k|j[lQdf kl/jt{g NofpF5 .ck|Tofl;t ¿kdf 3gf jiff{ x'g], v08j[li6 x'g], Ps}l5gdf cl;gf kg]{, x'/LrNg]h:tf c:jfefljs df};dL ultljlw b]vf k5{ . udL{df tftf] xfjf -n"_/ hf8f]df zLtnx/ rNg] ;dofjlw nlDag]h:tf 36gfdf klg j[l4 x'G5 .

tfkqmd j[l4sf sf/0f jg:kltsf] k|sfz ;+Zn]if0f k|lqmofdf kl/jt{gcfpg], kfgLsf] pkof]u a9\gfn] kfgLsf] jfikLs/0f tLj| x'G5 . kl/0ffd:j¿ke"ldut kfgLsf] tx tn em5{ / hldgsf] kfgL ;f]:g] Ifdtfdf j[l4 x'G5 .o:tf] cj:yfn] kfgLsf ;|f]tdf k|lts"n k|efj k5{ / kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL,hg:jf:Yo, vfBfGg pTkfbgnufotsf ;du| kIfdf z[ª\vnfa4 k|efjk5{ . o;n] :yfgLo df};ddf ljgfzsf/L kl/jt{g Nofpg ;Sg] ePsfn]hghLjg kL8fbfoL x'g] oyfy{nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsFb}g .

kj{tLo kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf cksif{0fg]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns agf]6 / hnjfo'sf] ljt/0f lgs} ;+j]bgzLn /x]sf]dflgG5 . yf]/} If]qkmndf ljljwtfo'Qm e"agf]6 / xfjfkfgL ePsfn] o;If]qnfO{ pi0f / w|'jLo hnjfo'sf] ;ª\ud:yn klg dflgG5 . pQ/ blIf0fsf]sl/a !%) lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf ;d'b| ;txaf6 %) ld6/b]lv ljZjs};jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf /xg'n] klg o; tYonfO{ k'li6 u5{ .

k[YjLsf] tfkqmd j[l4 x'Fbf t/fO{ / lxdfnL If]qdf t k|lts"n k|efj k5{ g},pRr lxdfnL If]qdf cem a9L k|lts"n k|efj kg]{ lj1x¿n] atfPsf 5g\ .lxdfnL If]qsf] tfkqmd a9\g] qmd tNnf] If]qsf] t'ngfdf a9L ePsf sf/0flxpF, lxdgbL klUng] qmd tLj| aGb} uPsf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k pRr lxdfnLIf]qdf lxdtfnsf] ;ª\Vof a9]/ ljikmf]6 x'g] vt/fdf /x]sf 5g\ .


cGt/f{li6«o PsLs[t kj{tLo ljsf; s]Gb|n] xfn} ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] Psk|ltj]bg cg';f/ g]kfnsf] % xhf/ # ;o @$ ju{lsnf]ld6 If]qkmndfkm}lnPsf % xhf/ @ ;o %@ lxdIf]q /x]sf 5g\ . o; lxdIf]qsf] lxpF k|ltjif{ )=@ k|ltztsf b/n] 36\b} uPsf] 5 . To;}u/L lxdfnL If]qdf xfn;Dd&%=& ju{lsnf]ld6/ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf @ xhf/ # ;o @# j6f lxdtfne]l6Psf 5g\, h;dWo] @) j6f tfn ljikmf]6 x'g] vt/fdf /x]sf] 5 .

lxdfnL If]qdf lxpF kg]{ / klUnP/ gbLsf ¿kdf tNnf] t6Lo If]qdfkfgLsf] k|jfx x'g' k|fs[lts lgod xf] . g]kfnsf] lxdfnL If]qsf lxdgbLn]kxf8 / t/fO{ x'Fb} ef/t / aª\unfb]z ;Dd :jR5 kfgLsf] k|jfx ul//x]sf]5 . ljZjJofkL pi0fLs/0fn] lxdIf]q l56f] l56f] 36\g], lxdtfn a9\g] /ljikmf]6 x'g] cj:yf pTkGg x'Fbf tNnf] t6Lo If]qdf crfgs af9L cfpg],gbLsf] hnk|jfxdf PsfPs kl/jt{g cfpg], hnpkof]usf] lg/Gt/tfdfljrng cfpg] h:tf ljgfzsf/L hf]lvd pTkGg x'g]5g\ . lxdIf]q lg/Gt/36\b} uPdf lxdfnL kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf cksif{0f cfpF5 / ToxfFsfhLj nf]k x'g] vt/fdf k5{g\ .

;d'b| ;txdf j[l4

;fdfGotof ;d'b|sf] ;tx a9]/ s] g} x'G5 / eGg] k|Zg xfdLdf p7\g;S5 . t/ To;f] geP/ ;d'b| / e"ldaLrsf] ;DaGw cGof]Gofl>t /x]sf]x'G5 . To;sf cltl/Qm ;d'b|Llsgf/ g} ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf a9L a;f]af;ePsf] If]q klg xf] .

k[YjLsf] tfkqmd j[l4sf sf/0f cG6f6L{sf, cfs{6Ls, w|'jLo If]q / lxdfnLIf]qsf] lxpF klUng] qmd tLj| ePsf] 5 . o;/L klUnPsf] lxpF kfgLsf]¿kdf aUb} ;d'b|df ldl;G5 / ;d'b|df kfgLsf] ;tx a9\5 .

;d'b|t6Lo If]q cf}Bf]lus / Jofkfl/s gu/sf ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf 5g\ .To;}u/L ;d'b|df xhf/f}F 6fk' d'n's /x]sf 5g\ . ;d'b|sf] ;tx cfwf ld6/dfq a9] klg ;of}F 6fk'sf] cl:tTj ;dfKt x'G5 eg] Ps ca{eGbf a9Ldflg; lj:yflkt / k|efljt x'g] lj1x¿n] cg'dfg u/]sf 5g\ . ;d'b|sf];tx j[l4 x'Fbf t6Lo If]qsf] xhf/f}F ju{lsnf]ld6/ e"ld ;d'b|df ljlng x'g]x'Fbf af9L, klx/f], e"Ifoh:tf ;d:of pTkGg x'g]5g\ . ljZjdf nf]slk|o/x]sf] ;d'b|L vfBfGg df5f / g"gsf] pTkfbg klg k|efljt x'g]5 .


;d'b|sf] ;tx %) ;]lG6ld6/ dfq a9]df ld>, aª\unfb]z, rLg, gfOh]l/of,ef/t, xNof08h:tf d'n'ssf s/f]8f}F dflg; hf]lvddf kg]{ atfOPsf] 5 .Ps cWoog cg';f/ ;d'b|sf] kfgL ! ld6/ a9]df dflNbE; k"0f{ ¿kdf8'Ag'sf ;fy} aª\unfb]zsf] !* k|ltzt e"ld ;lxt ljZj k|lz4 ;'Gb/ jg;bfsf nflu ;d'b|df ljno x'g]5 .

;d'b|sf] ;txdf j[l4 x'Fbf xhf/f}F hnLo hLj nf]k x'g] / ;ª\s6fkGg x'g]klg atfOPsf] 5 . o;sf] k|efj :ynLo kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf klg:ki6 ¿kdf kg]{5 .

s[lifk|0ffnLdf k|efj

al9/x]sf] hg;ª\Vofsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ vfBfGg cfk"lt{sf nflu vfBfGgsf]pTkfbg a9fpg' kg]{ x'G5 . To;f] x'Fbf jg, r/g / k|fs[lts ¿kdf /x]sf]clwsf+z jg v]tLof]Uo e"lddf ¿kfGt/0f x'G5 / k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly ykbafa a9\5 . o;n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/snfO{ cem zlQm k|bfg u5{eg] hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] v]tLof]Uo e"ldsf] pa{/sTjdf x|f; NofpF5 . jiff{sf]k|j[lQ / cfj[lQ ;dodf cfpg] kl/jt{g tyf k|b"lift jiff{sf sf/0f df6f]sf]pa{/sTj / vfBfGg pTkfbgdf x|f; cfpF5 .

tfkqmd j[l4sf sf/0f xflgsf/s sL/fkm6\ofª\u|fsf] k|hflt / ;ª\Vofdfklg j[l4 x'g] j}1flgsx¿n] atfPsf 5g\ . o:tf sL/f / km6\ofª\u|fn]clk|msf, ef/t, dWok"jL{ d'n'sdf Iflt k'¥ofpg yfn]sf] / vfBfGg afnLsf]k'g¿Tkfbg Ifdtf g} gi6 ug{ yfn]sf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . tfkqmdj[l4n] vfBfGg pTkfbgdf ;sf/fTds e"ldsf v]Ng] eP klg jf:tjdftfkqmdsf] a9\bf] k|lqmofn] k|fs[lts kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL g} ljvl08t x'g];Defjgf a9]sf] 5 . pRr If]qsf] tfkqmd a9]kl5 tNnf] If]qsf hLj klgdflyNnf] If]qdf :yfgfGt/0f x'g] ePsfn] klg jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngdfvnn pTkGg eP/ ljZjdf vfBfGgsf] ;ª\s6 kg]{ ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5 .o;sf cltl/Qm cTolws jiff{ eP/ af9L cfpg], lxdtfndf kfgLsf] dfqfa9]/ ljikmf]6 x'g] / cfsl:ds af9L cfpg], klx/f] uP/ v]tLof]Uo e"ldd¿e"dLs/0f x'g] tyf sltko If]qdf v8]/L k/]/ vfBfGg pTkfbg Go"g x'g]eP/ hf]lvd pTkGg x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] j}1flgs cWoogn] k'li6u/]sf] 5 .


cd]l/sfsf] kof{j/0f ;'/Iff Ph]G;Låf/f ul/Psf] cWoog cg';f/ hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf sf/0f ;g\ @)^) ;Ddf ljsl;t d'n'sx¿df ux'F, wfg / cGovfBfGgsf] pTkfbgdf !=@ b]lv &=^ k|ltzt;Dd x|f; cfpg]5 eg] ljsf;zLnd'n'ssf] pTkfbgdf ( b]lv !! k|ltzt;Dd x|f; cfpg] cg'dfg 5 . o;/LvfBfGg pTkfbg 36]df ljZjsf sl/a ^) s/f]8 dflg; ef]sd/Lsf] yk;ª\s6df kg]{5g\ .

jg tyf jGohGt'df k|efj

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ljleGg k|efjdWo] jGo kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL / jGohGt'dfkg]{ k|lts"n k|efj klg Ps xf] . jgljgfz eP/ jf k|lts"n hnjfo'sfsf/0f jg:kltsf] k'g¿Tkfbg Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpFbf d¿e"dLs/0f k|f/Dex'G5 . cTolws jiff{ eP/ cfpg] klx/f] / af9Lsf sf/0f dfq jgljgfzx'Fb}g, v8]/L kbf{ klg jg:kltsf] j[l4b/ k|efljt x'G5 . jftfj/0fLo;d:of lbgfg'lbg a9\b} cfpFbf jg:klt / jGohGt'sf xhf/f}F k|hflt nf]kx'Fb} uPsf 5g\ / sltko k|hflt nf]k x'g] vt/fsf] ;"rLdf /x]sf 5g\ .

g]kfndf ;fd'bflos jgsf] ljsf;n] :yfgLo ¿kdf xl/tu[x Uof;sf]pT;h{gnfO{ ;f];g u/]/ w]/} xb;Dd k|efj Go"gLs/0f ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf] 5 .t/ klg hnjfo' kl/jt{g ljZjJofkL ;d:of ePsfn] o;sf] k|efjaf6xfdL 6f9f /xg ;Sg] cj:yf /xFb}g . ljZjJofkL k|efjs} sf/0f k|fs[ltsjftfj/0fdf c:jfefljs kl/jt{g cfpgfn] jfg:klts / k|f0fLhGo h}ljsljljwtf x|f;f]Gd'v x'G5 . udL{ If]qdf cem udL{ a9\g] / ;dzLtf]i0f /zLtf]i0f If]qsf] tfkqmd a9\g] x'Fbf jg:kltsf] k|sfz;+Zn]if0f k|lqmofdfklg kl/jt{g x'g hfG5 . o;af6 k|f0fLsf] vfBrqm k|efljt eP/ jg,jGohGt';Fu} dfgjLo ultljlwdf ;d]t c;Gt'ng k}bf x'G5 .

k'/ftflTjs ;Dkbfsf] ljgfzk[YjLsf] tfkqmd a9\g] k|lqmofn] k'/ftflTjs ;Dkbfsf] jf:tljs :j¿kdfkl/jt{g cfpg] / lj:tf/} ;Dk"0f{ ;Dkbf gi6 x'g] qmd rNg] j}1flgscWoogn] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|lts"n k|efjaf6 ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyfklg c5'tf] /xg ;Sb}g . g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s / k'/ftflTjs ;Dkbfsf


w/f]x/sf ¿kdf lrlgPsf j;Gtk'/, kf6g / eQmk'/ b/af/ If]qsf ;of}Fjif{ k'/fgf 3/ hf]lvddf k/]sf 5g\ . jfo' / jiff{sf] u'0f:t/df x|f; cfpg]cj:yfsf] k|b"if0fn] oL k'/ftflŒŒŒŒŒjs ;Dkbfdf k|ToIf k|efj kg]{5 .

xfdLn] cfh}b]lv ;ts{tf ckgfpg' k5{ljZjJofkL ¿kdf al9/x]sf] tfkqmd lgoGq0f ug{ g;s]df @! cf}F ztfAbLsf]clGtd;Dddf ljZjsf ;a} d'n'ssn] lgs} 7"nf] jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofsf];fdgf ug'{ kg]{5 . j}1flgs cWoogaf6 k|fKt kl/0ffd cg';f/ k[YjLaf;Ln]lgDg ;d:ofaf6 u'h|g' kg]{5 M

cf}Bf]lus ljsf; / k|b"if0f j[l4sf cfwf/df k[YjLsf] tfkqmd !=*b]lv % l8u|L ;]lN;o;;Dd j[l4 x'g]5 .lxdIf]qsf] lxpF klUng] qmd tLj| x'g]5 .;d'b| ;txdf !% b]lv () ;]lG6ld6/ j[l4 eP/ ;d'b|t6Lo If]q /6fk' d'n's 8'Ag]5g\ .sl/a ( s/f]8 @) nfveGbf a9L dflg; af9Lsf] ;ª\qmd0faf6kLl8t x'g]5g\ .jiff{df sdL, cltj[li6, cgfj[li6, v08j[li6h:tf ;d:ofn] vfBfGgpTkfbgdf ef/L x|f; cfpg]5 .

To;}n] xfdL;Fu ljZjJofkL ¿kdf r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ ;do Hofb} yf]/} 5 .cfh}b]lv xfdLn] ;d:of ;dfwfgtkm{ nfUg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

@) cf}F ztfAbLsf] k|f/Deb]lv g} xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{gdf dflg;sf] 7"nf]e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus ljsf;, pmhf{pTkfbg s]Gb| / ;jf/L;fwgaf6xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{g a9fpg] sfo{df dflg;s} xft /x]sf] 5 . xl/tu[xUof;sf] pT;h{gsf sf/0f jfo'd08n k|b"lift ePsf] 5 . o;n] ;"o{af6k[YjLtkm{ cfpg] tfknfO{ lgoGq0f gug]{ t/ k[YjLaf6 k/fjt{g x'g] tfknfO{cfk"mn] ;f];]/ ;~ro ug]{ xF'bf k[YjLsf] tfkqmd a9\g yfn]sf] 5 . jgdflysf] cltqmd0f / jgkmF8fgLn] ubf{ sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 u|x0f u/]/k|b"if0f lgoGq0f ug]{ k|fs[lts Ifdtfdf ;d]t x|f; cfPsf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j¿kk|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ;Dkbfsf] k'g¿Tkfbg Ifdtfdf x|f; cfPsf] 5 t/Go"gLs/0fdf dfgjLo kx'Fr lgs} ;Lldt ePsf] 5 .


hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjGo"gLs/0fsf pkfo

hnjfo' kl/jt{g s;/L x'G5 < To;sf sf/0f s] x'g\ / ;Dk"0f{ hLjd08ndfs:tf] k|efj k5{ eGg] ljifodf xfdLn] hfgsf/L k|fKt u¥of}F . o;sfk|efjsf] lj:t[t cWoog ug]{ qmddf xfdLdf of] lgs} 7"nf] ;d:of xf] eGg]nfUg' c:jefljs xf]Og . cf}Bf]lus / wgL d'n'sn] u/]sf] ck/fwsf]efuLbf/ ljZjsf ljsf;zLn d'n'ssf gful/sn] aGg' k/]sf] oyfy{ klgljZj ;dIf phfu/ eO;s]sf] 5 . To;}n] o; ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug{cyf{t hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjnfO{ Go"g ug{ ljZjsf ;a} dflg;n]rgfvf] x'g' h¿/L 5 / o;sf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf ;sf/fTds sfo{qmdnfO{k|fyldstfdf /fVg' kg]{ x'G5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjsf] ;fdgf ug{tyf o;af6 kg]{ k|efjnfO{ Go"g ug{ b'O{ k|sf/n] kxn ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

cf}Bf]lus d'n'snfO{ bafa

xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{gdf cd]l/sf ;a}eGbf cufl8 /x]sf] 5 . p;n]pT;h{g ug]{ sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8sf] jflif{s dfqf k|lt JolQm !^@ d]l6«s6g /x]sf] 5 eg] g]kfnsf] pT;h{g b/ )=)! d]l6«s 6g /x]sf] 5 . sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf] pT;h{gsf] o; leGgtfaf6 :ki6 x'G5 cd]l/sf / cGocf}Bf]lus d'n's g} xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{g ug]{ cu|kª\ltdf /x]sf /fi6«x'g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{g lgoGq0fsf nflu cufl8 ;fl/Psf] Sof]6f] cle;lGwdfcd]l/sfn] x:tfIf/ gug]{ lg0f{o u/]/ ljZjsf dflg;sf] ;'/Iffk|ltsf]ljZjJofkL dfGotfnfO{ cf3ft k'¥ofPsf] 5 . xl/tu[x Uof; s6f}tL ubf{p;sf] cy{tGqdf k|lts"n k|efj kg]{ t/ c/af}F dflg;;lxt k[YjLsf]ef}lts tyf cef}lts jftfj/0f ckslif{t eP/ hLjd08n ;ª\s6fkGgx'g] ljifo p;sf nflu ;fdfGo aGg' cfZro{hgs b]lvPsf] 5 . Sof]6f]cle;lGwn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] xl/tu[x Uof;sf] s6f}tL ug]{ k|fjwfgnfO{


c:jLsf/ ug]{ cd]l/sf / p;sf ;xof]uL d'n'snfO{ cle;lGwdf tTsfnx:tfIf/ ug{ / sfof{Gjog ug{ ljZj ;d'bfon] bafa lbg' cfjZosb]lvPsf] 5 . olb ljsf;zLn d'n's / Sof]6f] cle;lGwk|lt k|lta4d'n'sx¿aLr Pstf, ;dGjo / ;b\efj a9fP/ bafa l;h{gf ug]{ xf] eg]s]xL ;do ;d:of ef]Ug' k/] klg l:yltdf lj:tf/} ;'wf/ x'Fb} hfg] ;Defjgf/xG5 . o;sf nflu bafasf lgDg cj:yf l;h{gf ug{ ;lsG5 M

Sof]6f] cle;lGwsf] kIf /fi6« gaGg] d'n'sdf pTkflbt b}lgs pkef]Uoj:t'sf] pkef]u gug]{,

Sof]6f] cle;lGw c:jLsf/ ug]{ d'n'ssf ;/sf/åf/f ;~rflntjftfj/0f;DaGwL sfo{qmd jf cg'bfg c:jLsf/ ug]{,

ljsf;zLn d'n'ssf ;a} gful/s ;dfhn] pgLx¿af6 k|fKt x'g];/sf/L ;xof]u c:jLsf/ ug]{,

ljsf;zLn d'n'ssf] Pstf alnof] agfP/ cf}Bf]lus d'nsdf pTkflbtj:t'sf] cfoft /f]Sg],

cfcfˆgf d'n'ssf s'6gLlts lgof]u / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lolgsfox¿dfkm{t Sof]6f] cle;lGw :jLsf/ ug{ bafa lbg] .

o;/L lbOg] bafanfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsPdf cf}Bf]lus d'n'sx¿n]Sof]6f] cle;lGwcg'¿k xl/tu[x Uof;sf] s6f}tLdf cfk"mnfO{ cu|;/ u/fpg]5g\ . To;f] ePdf ;fd'bfosf tkm{af6 ljZje/sf dflg;n] k|efj Go"gLs/0fsfnflu ug]{ sfo{n] klg hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] hf]lvdaf6 ljZjnfO{ arfpg;xof]u ldNg]5 .

;fd'bflos tyf JolQmut sfo{

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjaf6 cfˆgf] hLjgk4ltnfO{ ;/n, ;'/lIft /;'vdo agfpg tyf efjL ;Gtltsf nflu ;'/lIft / :jR5 jftfj/0fx:tfGt/0f ug{ x/]s JolQmn] k|of; ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 jftfj/0fLo ljgfz x'g] / k|sf]khGo 36gfdf j[l4


eP/ ;Dk"0f{ dfgj;dfh ;ª\s6fkGg aGg] j}1flgsx¿sf] r]tfjgLk|lt;+j]bgzLn eP/ x/]s JolQmn] sfd ug'{ h¿/L b]lvPsf] 5 .

gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] k|of]u

ljsf;zLn d'n'sdf vfgf agfpg], tfk k|fKt ug]{, pHofnf] k|fKt ug]{sfo{df bfp/f, uf]a/sf u'OF7f / cGo h}ljslk08sf] k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] 5,h;sf] hngaf6 k|d'v xl/tu[x Uof; sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8sf] pT;h{gx'G5 . o;/L pT;h{g x'g] sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 sd ug{ n3'hnljB't\,;f}o{pmhf{, jfo'pmhf{, uf]a/Uof; cflbsf] k|of]unfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' k5{ .To;f] ePdf sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8sf] pT;h{g s6f}tLdf of]ubfg ldNg]5 .

j:t'sf] k'gMk|of]u

Ps k6s pkof]u jf pkef]u u/]sf] j:t'sf] k'gM pkof]u x'g] cj:yf;DdTo;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg' k5{ . sk8f k'gMdd{t u/]/ nufpg ;lsG5,sfuh k'gM k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 jf cGo s'g} klg j:t'sf] pkof]u bf]xf]¥ofP/ug{ ;lsG5 eg] To;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] . To;f] ePdf cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgdfs6f}tL eP/ OGwg / cGo k|b"if0f pT;h{s j:t'sf] vkt sd eP/xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{gdf s6f}tL x'g]5 .

lbuf] e"pkof]u / e";+/If0f

g]kfndf] lbuf] e"pkof]usf] cjwf/0ff cem} klg ljsl;t x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .e"ldsf] k|of]u dfgjLo rfknfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . ;x/L If]qsfcfjf;Lo tyf Joj;flos ejg, ;8s, c:ktfn, ljBfnoh:tf ;fj{hlgs;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0fdf dfq xf]Og, gofF ;x/Ls/0f / s[lif If]qdf ;d]t lbuf]e"pkof]usf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cjnDag ul/Psf] kfOFb}g . kl/0ffd:j¿k hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf sf/s tŒj ;lqmo x'G5g\ . To;}n] e"ldsf] pkof]u ubf{ ToxfF/x]sf cGo k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{ x'G5 .v]taf/Lsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ubf{ jg, h8La'6L / kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0fnfO{ljz]if k|fyldstf lbFb} e"Ifo lgoGq0f ug]{ :yfgLo 1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlwsf]pkof]u ug'{ x'G5 .


k|sf]k Joj:yfkg tyf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fk|sf]k 1fgdfnfsf ljleGg z[ª\vnfdf k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf ljifodf ;+lIfKtljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf k|d'v ljifoj:t'nfO{ sfof{Gjogug{ ;s]sf] v08df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g], lj:tf/ x'g]k|sf]ksf 36gfaf6 hgwgsf] Iflt Go"g ug{ ;xof]u ldN5 . To;}n] k"j{tof/L,p4f/ tyf /fxt, k'gM:yfkg / k'glg{df0fh:tf k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf sfo{nfO{;ts{tfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ug'{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] hf]lvd Go"g ug]{ pQdpkfo xf] .

jgsf] lj:tf/ / ;+/If0f

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|d'v sf/ssf] ¿kdf /x]sf] sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8sf]pT;h{g / jfo'd08ndf ldl;g] dfqfdf lgoGq0f ug'{ kg]{df j}1flgsx¿n]hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8nfO{ jfo'd08naf6 ;f];]/ o;sf]k|efj sdug{ jgn] 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng] x'Fbf j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ / jgljgfznfO{lgoGq0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfndf ljgfz x'Fb} uPsf] jg ;fd'bflos jgJoj:yfkg k|f/De ePkl5 ljZjd} gd'gf ag]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df jgdflyal9/x]sf] cltqmd0f / rfknfO{ sd ug{ yk sfd ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .o;sf ;fy} ljZjsf cGo d'n'sdf klg ;fd'bflos jgsf] cjwf/0ffljsf; ug]{ / Sof]6f] cle;lGwn] Joj:yf u/]sf] sfa{g Jofkf/df ;fd'bflosjgnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;Da4 lgsfoaf6 kxn ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu;fd'bflos txaf6 bafa l;h{gf ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

kfgLsf d'xfgsf] ;+/If0f

hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 cltj[li6, v08j[li6, cgfj[li6 jf v8]/Lh:tf ;d:ofk|d'v¿kdf b]vf k5{g\ . To;f] ePdf kfgLsf ;|f]tdf k|lts"n c;/ k5{ /:jR5 kfgLsf nflu dfgj ;d'bfon] cem t8\lkg' kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflukfgLsf] d"xfg ;kmf /fVg], d"xfgsf] j/k/ af]6la¿jf x'sf{pg] jf jgnufpg] sfo{ u/]df kfgLsf ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f x'G5 . kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0fug{ ;lsPdf dflg;n] :jR5 vfg] kfgL / cGo cfjZos sfo{sf nflucfjZos kfgLsf] cefjaf6 kLl8t x'g' kg]{ 5}g .


kfgLsf] pkof]udf s6f}tL

kfgLsf] pkof]u hg;ª\Vof j[l4;Fu} cem a9\b} hfG5 . cfw'lgs k|ljlwaf6v]tL ubf{, xftd'v w'Fbf, vfgf ksfpFbf / ;/;kmfOsf qmddf kfgLsf]pkof]u a9\b} hfG5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f Pstkm{ kfgLsf ;|f]t ;'Sb}hfg] / csf]{tkm{ a9]sf] hg;ª\Vofsf sf/0f kfgLsf] k|ltJolQm pkef]usf]dfqf klg ylkFb} hfg] x'G5 . o;af6 kfgLsf] jfikLs/0f k|lqmof tLj| x'g] /cefj a9\b} hfg] x'Fbf kfgLsf] pkef]udf s6f}tL ug'{ a'l4dfgL x'G5 .cfjZos dfqfdf kfgLsf] pkef]u ug]{, 3/sf] lghL wf/f, ;fj{hlgs wf/f,Ogf/ jf s'jf / gbLsf] kfgLsf] pkef]udf ;s];Dd s6f}tL ug{ ;lsof] eg]k|ltJolQm kfgLsf] pkef]u b/ Go"g x'G5 / kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0fdf;xof]u k'U5 . o;f] ePdf kl/jlt{t cj:yfdf pTkGg x'g] hf]lvdaf6dflg;n] /fxt kfpg]5 .

s[lif tyf hLljsf]kfh{gsf] If]qdf ljljlws/0f

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj z[ª\vnfa4 ¿kdf x/]s If]qdf kg]{ oyfy{ o;k'l:tsfsf] w]/} :yfgdf ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6dflg;sf] cfocfh{gsf ljljw If]qdf k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ tYonfO{ c:jLsf/ug{ ;lsFb}g .

a9\bf] hg;ª\Vofsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ vfBfGgsf] cefj x'g glbg s[lifh}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f ub}{ a9L pTkfbg lbg] vfBfGg afnLsf] v]tLdfhf]8 lbg' k5{ . 5f]6f] ;dodf pTkfbg lbg] t/sf/L, tf]/L, ux'F, ds}h:tfafnL nufpg] / sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 ;f];g ug]{ 7"nf ¿v x'g] kmnkm"nv]tL ug'{ nfebfoL x'G5 . kmnkm"nsf] v]tL ubf{ Ps k6s /f]k]kl5 nfdf];do;Dd pTkfbg lbg] k|hfltsf] 5gf]6 klg hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjaf6aRg] cfwf/ aGg ;S5 .

o;sf ;fy} s[lifdf /f;folgs dn, sL6gfzs cf}iflwsf] ;§f h}ljs dn/ h}ljs cf}iflw jf zq'hLjsf] lgoGq0fsf nflu ldqhLjsf] ;+/If0fsf:yfgLo ljljwnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{ cfjZos 5 .


/f]u / sL/fsf] lgoGq0f

k[YjLsf] tfkqmd a9\g] qmd;Fu} /f]usf hLjf0f' / sL/fsf gofF k|hfltsf]pTklQ / ljsf; x'g] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] dflg;sf] hLjgk4ltdflgs} k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ ePsfn] /f]u / sL/fsf] /f]syfdsf nflu dflg;n]ljz]if ;ts{tf ckgfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu /f;folgs cf}iflwsf]pkof]unfO{ 36fP/ h}ljs ljlw jf h8La'6Lsf] k|of]u u/]/ /f]u / sL/fsf]/f]syfd ug]{ :yfgLo 1fg / ;Lksf] pkof]u ub}{ To:tf 1fg, ljlw /;LknfO{ cGo ;d'bfo;Dd lj:tf/ ug'{ k5{ .

jftfj/0fd}qL k|ljlwsf] pkof]u

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ o;sf sf/sdfly g} nufdnufpg' h¿/L ePsfn] ;fgf tyf n3'hnljB't\sf] ljsf;, jfo'pmhf{sf]ljsf;, ;f}o{pmhf{ / afof]Uof;h:tf k|ljlwsf] k|of]udf ljsf; u/L xl/tu[xUof;sf] :yfgLo pT;h{gnfO{ Go"g ug{' k5{ . o;sf cltl/Qm pmhf{sfj}slNks ;|f]tsf] klxrfg u/L ltgLx¿sf] ljsf; ug'{ k5{ . oltv]/h]6«f]kmf hftsf] jg:kltaf6 l8h]nh:t} k|efjsf/L OGwgsf] pTkfbg ug{;lsg] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5 . To:tf ljlw / k|ljlwnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{JolQmut tj/af6 g} kxn ug'{ ;fGble{s x'G5 .

;|f]tsf] a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]u

k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly lg/Gt/ a9]sf] bafasf sf/0f tL ;|f]tsf] k'g¿TkfbgIfdtfdf klg lg/Gt/ x|f; cfO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] t/fO{ / r'/] z[ª\vnfdfkfOg] ;v'jf cyf{t ;fn hftsf] jg:kltsf k|hfltsf] k'g¿Tkfbg Ifdtfdfx|f; cfPsf sf/0f jgsf] leqL efudf ;fnsf la¿jf Hofb} yf]/} dfq b]lvg'o;sf] pbfx/0f xf] . g]kfnL sfuh agfpg k|of]u x'g] nf]Stfsf] k'g¿TkfbgGo"g ePsf sf/0f clxn] k/fn, 5\jfnL, s]/fsf kftaf6 3/]n' sfuhagfpg' k/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L lr/fOFtf], kfvgj]t, kfFrcf}Fn], ofzf{u'Dafh:tfh8La'6Lsf] pTkfbg x/]s jif{ Go"g x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . vf]nf jf gbL / kf]v/LdfljB't\ s/]G6 nufP/ / ljif xfn]/ df5f dfg]{ k|rng a9]sf sf/0f df5fsfk|hfltdfq ;lsFb} uPsf 5}gg\, hnk|b"if0f klg a9\b} uPsf] 5 .


o;/L ;|f]tsf] k'g¿Tkfbg Ifdtfdf x|f; x'Fb} hfg] k|lqmofnfO{ hnjfo'kl/jt{gn] cem tLj| kfg]{ x'Fbf dfgjLo lqmofsnfknfO{ lgoGq0f u/L;|f]tsf] a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]udf Wofg lbg' k5{ . o;sf nflu jgaf6sRrfkbfy{, h8La'6L / cGo j:t' k'gM pTkfbg x'g lbg] lsl;dn] lgsfNg'k5{ . jo:s eO;s]sf] ¿vaf6 dfq nf]Stf lgsfn]/ ;fgf la¿jfnfO{x's{g lbg], h8La'6Lsf ;fgf la¿jf gpv]nL a9\g lbg], gbL tyf kf]v/Ldfljif / ljB'tLo k|jfx gu/L k/Dk/fut ljlwaf6 df5f dfg]{ xf] eg] tLj:t'sf] k'g¿Tkfbg Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpFb}g . xfdLn] :yfgLo 1fg, ;Lk /ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ ;|f]tsf] k'g¿Tkfbg Ifdtfdf cf3ft gk'¥ofO{ pkof]uug{ ;SofF}F eg] To;nfO{ g} a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]u elgG5 . o:tf ljlwn] g}efjL hf]lvdaf6 dfgj ;d'bfonfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg ;xof]u ldN5 .

pk;+xf/hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj ;du| k[YjLaf;L k|f0fL / jg:kltdf ;dfg¿kdf kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;sf] hf]lvd s:tf] ¿kdf cufl8 cfO/x]sf] 5 /o;n] eljiodf slt ljs/fn ¿k wf/0f ug{ ;S5 eGg] 1fg o; ;fdfGoljj]rgfn] g} k|i6 kf5{ . oBlk o;sf k|efjnfO{ Go"g ug{ ef}uflns l:ylt,;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / :yfgLo 1fgsf cfwf/df pko'Qm ljlwsf] 5gf]6 /pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljZjJofkL lrGtfsf] ljifo ag]sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf af/]df g]kfndf vf;}cWoog ePsf] kfOFb}g . o; ljifodf cWoog ug]{ cflwsfl/s lgsfosf]¿kdf /x]sf] hnjfo' tyf df};d lj1fg ljefun] ;d]t hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]k|j[lQ / o;n] g]kfndf kfl//x]sf] k|efjaf/] s'g} cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . cGt/f{li6«o PsLs[t kj{tLo ljsf; s]Gb| -O;Ldf]8_,ljZjGohGt' sf]if g]kfn sfo{qmd, PS;g P8 g]kfn, cS;kmfd hLaLg]kfn / k|flS6sn PS;gh:tf s]xL ;+:yfn] sfd k|f/De u/]sf eP klgo;af/] ;d'bfo;Dd k|efjsf/L ¿kdf 1fgsf] k|jfx x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

;d'bfon] hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o;af6 kg]{ k|efjnfO{ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf


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Dipak gyawali, Water in Nepal, Himal Books and Panos south Asia with NepalWater conservation foundation

S N Chary and Vinod Vyasulu (Editors), Environmental Management An IndianPerspective, Published by Rajiv Beri for Macmillan India Limited,2000.

UNEP, Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001

William Chandler, Climate Change Mitigation in Developing countries,BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE

Wikipedia Encyclopedia, Global Warming and Greenhouse gas, WikimediaFoundation, Inc

www.gcrio.org/gwcc/booklet1.html

5. climate change and disaster dks 5

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