47% - University of Wales Trinity Saint David · 2020-02-18 · University of Wales Trinity Saint...

University of Wales Trinity Saint David: Research

47% of UWTSD’s research is world leading or internationally excellent, with the remainder internationally or nationally recognised.

SwanseaLampeter Carmarthen

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IntroductionResearch at the University of Wales Trinity Saint David - by Professor Mike Phillips, Pro-Vice Chancellor of Research, Innovation, Enterprise and Commercialisation

Research at the University of Wales Trinity Saint David always involves some form of innovation and some form of enterprise. The University is home to many excellent researchers and their expertise in discipline areas is due to love of subject. The new knowledge they generate is transformed into improved teaching and knowledge transfer, with our students benefiting from world leading and internationally excellent research. Indeed, results of the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) showed that 47% of UWTSD’s research was world leading or internationally excellent, with the remainder internationally or nationally recognised. This research expertise informs student learning and enhances their University experience.

By utilising our expertise and working in partnership with companies, we are able to commercialise our applied research and generate additional income sources for the University. We continuously look for new and innovative ways to develop and transfer our knowledge, educational expertise and research. This is highlighted by the University working with S4C to relocate the television channel’s headquarters, the television channel to our Carmarthen campus and the Construction Industry Training Board (CITB) investing and collocating on our new Swansea Waterfront Innovation Quarter.

Our interdisciplinary research expertise is being used to produce new ways of delivering education and training to meet twenty-first century needs. Our special areas of teaching have commercial value and we exploit these by working with companies, government and third sector organisations. The University’s International Institute of Creative Entrepreneurial Development (IICED) is leading the development of enterprise education. Research carried out by IICED is being used by the UN, EC, OECD, UK government, HEA and QAA, while funded research led to the development of an enterprise education curriculum that has been adopted by both primary and secondary education sectors in Macedonia. With the Wales Institute of Work based

Learning (WIBL) we are changing the way we train and educate within the workplace, providing innovative and bespoke training for organisations, including police forces, local government and major companies.

The Wales Institute Physical Literacy (WIPL) is developing new knowledge and changing the way we engage society with the wellbeing agenda. From school children to the elderly, WIPL engages people in physical activities tailored to their circumstances, thereby enhancing the life and wellbeing of all. With a major article in ‘The Times’ on WIPL’s high intensity interval training for veteran athletes, it provides yet another example of how research at UWTSD is changing the way we think.

With regards to health care and service delivery, our multidisciplinary approach has enabled a health offer that integrates expertise from across the University to improve health and wellbeing, especially for rural communities where UWTSD is uniquely placed to deliver such initiatives. Health research initiatives include assisted technologies where in collaboration with organisations such as Cerebra, we produce one off solutions to improve the lives of brain injured children. Therefore, by integrating our centres of excellence, the University along with its partners, offers innovative research and commercial opportunities.

Working with industry underpins much of UWTSD’s applied research in all Faculties. University expertise in applied computing has led to colocation with NHS Wales Informatics in our new Swansea Waterfront Innovation Quarter to provide mutually beneficial training, research and commercial opportunities. Similarly, joint research and commercial work with STENOR Environmental will lead to improved aggregate testing and recycling, while engineering expertise in Non Destructive Testing (NDT) has led to research collaborations with Oceaneering, Silverwing and The Welding Institute (TWI). The Power & Water Institute of Applied Research, the first of its kind in the UK, brings together students, researchers and commercial

experts to create, design and improve products in the Power & Water portfolio.

Many of the University’s world leading Faculty of Art and Design academics have been supported through research grants from AHRC, Leverhulme Trust, British Council, Wellcome Trust, the Arts Council Wales and Wales Arts International. A multidisciplinary approach enabled a successful collaborative R&D project between the University’s Centre for Applied Glass Arts Research and HOS Civils Ltd, a specialist civil engineering formwork contractor.

World leading Archaeology research includes the discovery of the oldest footprints outside Africa and a Bronze Age year old red deer skull. University archaeologists are leading excavations in Qatar and maritime archaeology projects in the Caribbean and Iberian Peninsula, while more local projects include the Newport Ship and Strata Florida.

Research expertise in Classics, Archaeology, Environmental Studies, Geography, Engineering, Art and Design, the Welsh language, Celtic Studies, and Theology and Religious Studies, is focused on issues important to society. Added to this, sustainability is at the heart of the University’s research, knowledge transfer and commercial activities. The University’s award winning Institute of Sustainable Practice, Innovation and Resource Effectiveness (INSPIRE) and the Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015 will inform future research and commercialisation directions.

In conclusion, within this University, everybody is important. We don’t necessarily look at a mass market, we look at individuals. We are now looking at how we can take the next step. Our interdisciplinary approach leads to enterprise and innovation, a new way of doing things, the UWTSD way.

Contents

4Trees, shipwrecks and foreign lands- all in a day’s work

6Uncovering the secrets of healthcare in the ancient world

8Soils and sediments informing archaeological knowledge

10Cetaceans, sharks and seabirds

12High intensity interval training (HIIT) has positive impact on older people’s fitness

14Ecotherapy and virtual reality counselling

16the cognitive effectsof bilingualism

18Winds, waves, currents and sea-level changes

20When art meets medicine

22Transforming earlyyears education

24Islam and the internet

26Coastal zone monitoring

28Interpreting current migration issues

30Non-destructive testing

32Cerebra Innovation Centre

34Creative entrepreneurial development

36Reveling the secretsof Qatar’s past

38Contacts and useful websites

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Trees, Shipwrecks and Foreign lands – all in a day’s work!

Professor Nigel Nayling, Chair in Archaeology at UWTSD Lampeter, has had a keen interest in the field of Archaeology since he was a teenager. As a Nautical Archaeologist, his specialised area is dendrochronological archaeology, a scientific method of dating based on the analysis of patterns of tree rings. Dendrochronology can date the time at which tree rings were formed to the exact calendar year and sometimes even the season. Nigel has spent years applying this method to shipwrecks all over the world to determine their age and origin.

Europe, Bermuda, Trinidad and Tobago, Isle of Wight, Borth, Newport, Cornwall, South America …the list reads like a holiday brochure but in fact, these are just some of the places that Professor Nigel Nayling has travelled to research trees and shipwrecks across the world.

“Trees are wondrous creatures; they contain within them a witness to past years over not only decades but centuries. Taking a slice sample from a tree reveals annual tree rings, every year a tree adds on another ring, the width of that ring relates to how happy the tree was that year. If it was a bad year- cold and very dry- then it would be a narrow ring; if it was lovely and warm with plenty of rain it puts on a wide ring. This is common to all trees of the same species, growing in the same climatic zone. This means that if I took a sample from a tree and I didn’t know what it was at all, I could compare its tree ring pattern with a tree ring pattern from a known tree, a tree that has been dated with a known location. I would be able to cross reference the unknown sample, for example an unknown sample from a shipwreck, with a known reference, and discover when and where the timber from a shipwreck is from.

“We can also look at the chemistry within the tree, we can look at the individual isotopes within carbon and oxygen in individual rings. By looking at periods where we know what the climate was doing, where we have records over the last couple of hundred years, by using tree rings we can then reconstruct what the climate was doing over hundreds and even thousands of years ago. This in immensely important when trying to understand the big questions about climate change, and our impact on it.”

One of the many projects Nigel is part of is the Rockley Bay Research Project (RBRP),that aims to scientifically recover, evaluate, catalogue and complete conservation of 17th century shipwrecks associated with the Franco-Dutch naval battle of 1677 which took place in Rockley Bay, Scarborough Harbour, Tobago. Scarborough Harbour potentially holds one of the world’s most important sources of material concerning 17th century seafaring, ships and maritime culture. Based on the material observed,

the RBRP team believes it has discovered a coherent and potentially historically significant 17th century Dutch wreck, possibly the Huis de Kruiningen.

“My key interests are in underwater archaeology, looking at ancient shipwrecks, partly because of my expertise in looking at tree ring data. Over the last decade or so I’ve been involved in diving on shipwrecks that other archaeologists have found. I recover samples from the shipwrecks so that we can date when the timber was cut down and locate where it came from.

“For an archaeologist, these are immensely important questions for when they find a shipwreck, where and when was it built, so dendrochronology is a very useful technique. We applied this method to the work in Trinidad and Tobago on the island of Tobago where the 1677 battle resulted on Dutch and French ships sinking. It will also be used on Trinidad where we are about to go looking for a group of 4 Spanish ships that a Spanish Admiral sank on purpose when he saw the British arriving in 1797 when Tobago became a British possession.”

“My research also takes me to Bermuda, working on a ship called the HMS Warwick which sank in 1619 having delivered the Governor for Bermuda, it was due to then sail on to the Virginia Coast but it sank in a hurricane. The shipwreck was excavated over several years and I was asked to go out and set up a tree-ring dating laboratory. We took lots of samples and proved that the ship was British, made from British trees that fell in 1617.

“Another project will begin in Bermuda this year which will study vessels involved in the early colonisation of the Caribbean and the eastern coast of America. Ships dating back to the early seventeenth century and late sixteenth century, including the Sea Venture which was the inspiration for Shakespeare’s play The Tempest.”

Nigel is also part of a multidisciplinary research training program called ForSEAdiscovery, a Marie-Curie ITN project which is an attempt to improve the understanding of our historical past, our

cultural heritage, and our knowledge of the use of resources for shipbuilding. The project studies the ships that helped map the world as we know it, and the forests that made those ships.

Nigel is a training coordinator for this project and will supervise the programme of Reconstruction Timber in Spanish-Atlantic Shipbuilding. The main objective of the project is to increase the background and experience of trainees in different research areas, and to develop their transferable skills for future careers in academia or the private sector.

There are currently two Marie Curie fellows researching full time at UWTSD Lampeter with a third joining the team soon. There are 9 out of 14 Marie Curie fellows taking their secondments at UWTSD for the ForSEAdiscovery training programme.

“Marie Curie projects are European funded research projects which are designed to develop post graduate researching. This is achieved by undertaking a big piece of multidisciplinary research. The ForSEAdiscovery project is a 4 year project , it acquired its name because it looks at forests and the sea during what we call the Age of Discovery. What we’re looking at is how the great Iberian empires of Spain and Portugal, which developed during the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, were the big fleets associated with these maritime empires built, how did they supply all the relevant timbers they needed to make the increasing numbers of ships.”

With his work taking him all over the world, diving in locations ranging from the murky waters of the English Channel to the crystal blue waters of Bermuda, diving with the likes of the Spanish Ambassador, and working on historically significant shipwrecks, it’s fair to say Nigel’s job is envied by many. The next generation of Nautical Archaeologists will have the opportunity to begin their careers at UWTSD Lampeter under the direction of Nigel as the University launches the UK’s first BA Nautical Archaeology Undergraduate Degree with Nigel as Programme Director.




How did people maintain their health and wellbeing in antiquity? How did people cope with the loss of a limb before a modern healthcare service? Can contemporary skin conditions be treated with ancient remedies? How have the Egyptian queens Nefertiti and Cleopatra been used to market modern day skincare remedies?

These are just some of the questions that Dr Jane Draycott, Classics lecturer at UWTSD Lampeter, is attempting to answer.

With funding from the AHRC Science in Culture Initiative, Dr Draycott, along with Dr Thibaut Deviese, a Biochemist form the University of Oxford and Dr Szu Shen Wong, a Pharmacist form the University of Nottingham, is also working on a project investigating ancient skincare remedies. She says: “There is certainly an increase in interest in health and wellbeing; people are interested in eating well and exercising. With contemporary pressures on the NHS for example, people are being encouraged to take better care of themselves. I think there are lessons to be learned from looking at how people in the past managed without a health service like the NHS, how they maintained their health and wellbeing under very difficult circumstances.”

“The project will research the way that natural ingredient like plants and minerals were utilized in antiquity. It will look at how

eighteenth and nineteenth century skincare remedies looked back to ancient practices and made use of them, or used them in marketing strategies. We’ll be looking at ancient figures like Cleopatra and Nefertiti and how these figures were used to market products.

“Ancient literature will be studied to find the actual recipes that were recorded, we’ll also be looking at the ancient archaeological remains of these remedies. We will be looking to see if any of these ancient remedies could be utilized today to help contemporary skin conditions. Hopefully, we will rediscover some useful remedies and be able to develop those further.”

This project also involves looking at collections from the Boots Archive and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society Library and Museum. There will be an exhibition open to the public at the end of the project that will take place at the Royal Pharmaceutical Society Museum.

In a separate project, Dr Draycott is also looking at the use of prosthetics in ancient Greece and Rome,

“With regard to prostheses, in the contemporary world, a prosthesis is an artificial device that replaces a missing body part, generally designed and assembled according to the individual’s appearance and functional needs, with a view to being both as unobtrusive and as useful as possible.

“There has been a big increase in the use of prostheses since the start of the War on Terror and the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. With huge developments in battlefield medicine, soldiers are now surviving the loss of not just one limb, but potentially three. Again, it’s interesting to learn how people in antiquity dealt with the loss of limbs, they didn’t have modern surgery or any of the rehabilitation programmes we have today, they had to look after themselves.”

With the possibility of discovering new approaches to maintaining health and wellbeing, new attitudes with regard to prostheses along with rediscovering ancient skincare regimes, the lessons are there to be learned from our ancestors. With Dr Draycott’s research a new discovery may be just around the corner.

Dr Jane Draycott researches the history and archaeology of medicine in Graeco-Roman antiquity. She teaches modules relating to Roman history and culture, the history of health and wellbeing as well as the history and archaeology of medicine. She is currently researching Roman domestic medical practice by looking at the diet, exercise and medical treatment of ordinary people and how they maintained their own health and wellbeing without the knowledge and aid of modern health practices and pharmaceuticals.

Uncovering thesecrets of healthcare in the ancient world “There are lessons to be learned from looking at how

people in the past managed without a health service like the NHS, how they maintained their health and wellbeing under very difficult circumstances.”


Soils and sediments -the big story of humans in their landscape

A Bronze Age boat, red deer antlers dated between 1200 and 1000 BC, the lost landscapes of the Norfolk Coastline and the oldest human footprints outside of Africa; these are just a few of the archaeological discoveries that Dr Martin Bates has been a part of.

Dr Martin Bates, a geoarchaeologist based at UWTSD Lampeter has a research focus in soils and sediments from archaeological sites.

Recently, the Royal Commission in Aberystwyth alerted Martin, who has been conducting research work in Borth for many years, to a set of magnificent red deer antlers that had been spotted on the beach at Borth. The find came from a large channel cut through the well-known fossil forest preserved. Martin has had confirmation of the first radiocarbon date from the remains of the skull attached to the antlers. The deer is now known to have lived and died somewhere between 1200 and 1000 BC - the middle part of the Bronze Age.

“This is a far more exciting date than we were expecting, I had thought that it would be in excess of 4000, or even 6000, years old but this is considerably younger than any of us anticipated. What this date tells us is that dryland persisted in this place at least until the Bronze Age, which means that the flooding here was therefore more recent than previously thought. The antlers have therefore totally changed our understanding of what happened to this landscape in the past.”

The sands and silts in which the antlers were found have also been subject to initial examination and it is now clear that the environment in which they were found was one of saltmarsh and tidal channels. However, one of the issues that still puzzles the team is how and why the deer died. “Human activity in the Bronze Age is well attested to in the surrounding area and human footprints in the peat, alongside burnt stone, indicate activity in the local vicinity. There are no tell-tale marks on the remains to suggest the animal had been hunted though, or even perished in a rutt, so it will probably continue to be a mystery.”

The remains have now become part of another UWTSD project, entitled Layers in the Landscape. This project is funded by the Independent Social Research Foundation and brings together science, humanities and the arts in response to thousands of years’ worth of flooding in Cardigan Bay with the antlers being a central part of this new story.

Martin’s other projects and discoveries include a wide range of archaeological finds.

In the early 90’s Martin worked on a project that was re-routing the A20 into the centre of Dover. As part of that project 20 boreholes were drilled which allowed the team to create a model of what was beneath the ground. One particular area was identified as a peat deposit, likely to be of late pre-historic date. When the team dug they discovered not only the peat, but a large Bronze Age boat, which is now on display in Dover.

With a whole range of research projects currently ongoing, Martin’s research includes work in Orkney, Scotland, where he is trying to understand how the islands have changed after the last glacial period. He is researching how changes to the climate

affected the landscape and how that in turn may have affected the humans that were there. The project involves drilling the seabed in order to locate some of the submerged landscapes that are present beneath the sea.

Martin is also working in Jersey, on a site that spans the last quarter of a million years with the focus of attention being a Neanderthal cave site called La Cotte de St Brelade, which was occupied for at least 200,000 years. The aim of the project is to understand the site within the broader landscape of Jersey and north western France.

“One of the things about the time period I’m dealing with - and I’m interested in the last 1 million years - is that behind human activity and evolution, is a climate story. The cycle of the last 100,000 years, of warm to cold and back to warm again, can be read from the different geological deposits we find in places like ‘La Cotte de St Brelade, Jersey.

“It’s important for us as archaeologists to see what the climate cycle was doing and link the presence and absence of humans and the different types of humans to the climate cycle.

“So it’s as important for us to know what the climate was doing as it is to know when humans were there, what tools they were using and when they were using them. This all links in to a big story of humans in their landscapes and their environment, moving around and doing things differently at different times.”

Martin is also involved in exploring the lost landscapes of the Norfolk coastline. With an ongoing project, the aim is to research the earliest human occupation of Britain. Along with a team of scientists from the British Museum, Natural History Museum, Queen Mary University of London and Liverpool John Moores University, Martin discovered a series of footprints left by early humans in ancient estuary muds over 800,000 years ago at the Happisburgh site in Norfolk. The footprints, discovered in May 2013, are direct evidence of the earliest

known humans in northern Europe. The footprint surface was exposed at low tide as heavy seas removed the beach sands to reveal a series of elongated hollows cut into compacted silts.

The surface was recorded using photogrammetry, a technique that can stitch together digital photographs to create a permanent record and 3D images of the surface. It was the analysis of these images that confirmed that the elongated hollows were indeed ancient human footprints, perhaps of five individuals.

“The importance of the footprints discovery is twofold. These are the oldest recorded footprints outside of Africa. We can assume that perhaps they were Homoerectus but we don’t have any skeletal remains for these people. We know that the footprints were made by a number of individuals, this is the sort of information we rarely get in archaeology. We can see that they moved around this landscape, they stopped and milled around and then moved on again. This brings an immediacy to the presence of people from the past that we don’t get from any other archaeological evidence. The footprints are the actual imprints of people that were there, creating a link between ourselves and the past. It’s a far more powerful link than just seeing fragments of stone tools.

“It also gives us a scientific perspective of human behaviour- a snap shot of what may have been going on during that time. Here’s a group of children to adolescence who are moving around the landscape, there aren’t any big footprints, we don’t think that there were any adult males there. It gives an indication of a group’s daily, weekly or monthly cycle, something that big adults were not doing. It helps us to understand a snapshot of human behaviour and where there is one set of footprints there is almost certainly going to be more.”

Geoarchaeology is a multi-disciplinary approach which uses the techniques of geography, geology and other sciences to examine topics which inform archaeological knowledge.

Dr Martin Bates uses methods that records geotechnical information, which is the information a construction company needs to build a bridges and roads in order to know where to build, where to avoid and where archaeology may be buried. By combining this geotechnical method with geophysical survey and taking samples from boreholes in the ground, models of the deposits and sediments beneath the ground can be produced, whether they are three, five or thirty meters beneath the ground’s surface.



Cetaceans, sharks and seabirds

Dr Rhian Jenkins is a marine conservation scientist based at UWTSD Swansea, with a particular interest in marine mammals. She is a University Reader and currently Head of the School of Architecture, Built & Natural Environments.

Rhian’s background and principal interest is the natural environment with a biological focus. Having spent her childhood and student days around fishing and sailing boats, the marine environment was always a magnet to Rhian. The experience of being airlifted to the Falklands, bringing Rhian into close contact with Magellan penguins and a close encounter with a Great White shark off Cape Town cemented that interest.

By the age of 28, Rhian Jenkins had sailed around the world in a yacht race and had developed a keen interest in cetaceans and sharks. One of her roles on the boat was as an Ocean Vigil Officer for the Marine Conservation Society, collecting both observational and meteorological data. On returning to the UK this data was collated and compared to baselines for 51 species of cetacean, shark and seabird. The changes in distributional data established proved to be a catalyst for not only her undergraduate dissertation but several conference papers and presentations.

“There are many scientists who disregard opportunistic wildlife records, opting to only consider standardised transect or constant effort methodologies. When trying to collect information on a marine mammal that spends up to 90% of its time underwater and offshore, there is little available data to work with. However, when you spend 11 months on board a yacht that is circumnavigating the globe, there are times when it is possible to spot wildlife and record positional data. This data is valuable as there are few who get the chance to venture so deep into the Southern Ocean. “Concurrently, there was much concern in the UK about the paucity of available marine data and the relevance of this data in environmental impact assessments. If you can’t measure it, you can’t manage it. From a local perspective, with emerging renewable energy projects in the pipeline and a developing marine tourism industry, it was impossible to measure or record any associated development impacts without a baseline of biological data against which to measure change.

“Back in 2002, there were very few reliable records of cetacean populations around South Wales, much of the focus having been further west towards Pembrokeshire. This was therefore the justification needed for a focused study around Swansea, which eventually became my PhD.”

Rhian’s PhD established distributional and behavioural data for Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena populations around Swansea and Gower.

“Harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena are protected under the Habitats and Species Directive (92/43/EEC) and listed as a priority species in the City and County of Swansea’s Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP). Increased coastal pressures demand better governance, this study adopted a dimensional analysis to produce a local management framework for harbour porpoise populations.

“Having established basic behavioural dynamics and identified critical habitats, a coastal zone use model was developed. This highlighted porpoise and coastal user interaction from a species perspective. Evidence was determined from observations and published research, and an Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) was undertaken. An estimation of consequence probability was determined and revealed that continued coastal use, without mitigation, is likely to have significant local impacts on porpoise populations.”

Leading on from this a collaborative project with Swansea, Bangor, Aberystwyth, and Cardiff Universities, together with Pembrokeshire College, (the LCRI group), recognised the cetacean work as an essential component in the assessment and development process of marine renewables.

Several local renewable energy projects such as offshore windfarms had stalled as a result of local concerns and insufficient scrutiny of the ecological baseline. As Principal Investigator, Rhian was tasked with co-ordinating further porpoise research, resulting in a reaffirmed baseline of cetacean population trends for Swansea Bay and Gower.

“The UK Government was recently criticised for failing to fulfil its obligations under the Habitats Directive in respect of designating protected areas for Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena. At the centre of the discussion lay the stringent nature of the qualifying criteria for site selection. Concurrently, there is a growing support for marine renewable energy technologies; however the planning process is often hampered by inadequate marine data to enable appropriate siting or mitigation against potential ecological impacts.

“The Bristol Channel region’s physical environment is a suitable source for the generation of marine renewable energy, and the world’s first tidal lagoon will be sited in Swansea Bay. A 10 year dataset was collected, analysed and compared against the qualifying criteria for a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). Results revealed that a resident population of porpoise existed and density values of 0.58 hp km2 were comparable with other UK regions. While an insignificant calf adult ratio of 1:13 was recorded, breeding and nursery areas were identified.

“Analysis highlighted a number of hotspots of porpoise activity, suggesting that these areas are critical habitats, particularly for feeding and foraging. Such information will enable future marine renewable energy developers to select the most appropriate sites. It is argued that existing SAC qualifying criteria prevents recognition of critical habitats for the harbour porpoise and a case is made for an eastward extension of a proposed harbour SAC to include Swansea Bay and the south Gower coast.

“My research demonstrates that cetacean data is sparse and even though this study has filled important knowledge gaps, there is still a need for further research. This research would enable both developers and planners to adequately and appropriately consider future marine renewable energy projects.

“As a marine scientist it is important to see the application of your work. There was a time when spotting and recording a dolphin was seen as a nice but unimportant activity. Today that information is keenly sought after by developers so that their planning application is not stalled by failure to establish what wildlife are present and whether they are resident or seasonal visitors.

“Both the PhD work and LCRI project work have led to consultation activities with Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon and we are about to submit a response to the Welsh Government on their consultation on proposed special areas of conservation for harbour porpoise and special protection areas for seabirds.”



High intensity interval training (HIIT) has positive impact on older people’s fitness

The traditional guideline for older people – and the recommendation of both the NHS and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) - is that over 50s partake in 150 minutes of low to moderate intensity training per week yet Peter Herbert’s research has found that there is an alternative way of training that can offer significant benefits for older people.

A highly experienced physiologist and a former Strength and Conditioning coach with the Scarlets and the Wales national rugby team, Dr Peter Herbert has a wealth of knowledge and experience of working with sportspeople of all ages from a wide range of disciplines. Peter is also an extremely successful cyclist, recently winning a bronze medal at the World Masters Track Cycling Championship in the 500m sprint at 70 years of age.

Having trained intensively throughout his career, by the time Peter reached his mid-50s he realised that his fitness levels weren’t increasing, even though he was training harder than ever. Peter also realised that it was taking longer for him to recover after each session so decided to change the way he trained, doing fewer sessions of higher intensity.

Noticing an improvement in his fitness levels, strength and performance, Peter decided to look scientifically at the changes he’d made to his own training regime by undertaking a study that would help us understand whether older males could tolerate high intensity training.

“In a unique study that started in 2012, we looked at two groups of male participants with very different fitness levels, all aged between 56 and 74,” says Peter.

“The first group was sedentary and hadn’t exercised for thirty years so we firstly asked them partake in moderate training for six weeks, following the NHS’s guideline of 150 minutes per week. This improved their overall fitness and prepared them to take part in the study.

“The second group comprised of athletes who had trained throughout their lives and who were still training intensively and competing in a range of sports. These Masters athletes continued to train in their usual way for the first six weeks of the study.”

Having monitored and measured the participants, Peter then set about working with both groups on a programme of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) over a period of six weeks.

Participants would train once every 5 days doing 6 x 30s sprints on the bike interspersed by 3 minute recovery periods.Each session lasted 18 minutes, comprising of 3 minutes of high intensity work and 15 minutes of recovery. Over a period of 6 weeks, this meant that each participant was exercising for 27 minutes.

Between each session, the men could take part in some low intensity exercise such as walking but were stopped from exercising at higher levels.

“The results at the end of the research period were overwhelming,” says Peter. “The HIIT training caused significant increases in the oxygen capacity (VO2max) of the Masters athletes – all of whom were previously exercising at high intensity at least 3 times a week.

“There were also increases in leg power, a positive effect not only for the masters athletes but also for the more sedentary as this improved strength and power could be beneficial in later life helping with everyday tasks such as climbing stairs, getting up, lifting and carrying.

“Participants also experienced fat loss, increase in muscle size, improved performance as well as greater general health benefits. Testosterone levels of the participants increased resulting in yet another health benefit by reducing the need for hormone supplements,” adds Peter.

The staggering results of this research has attracted significant attention across the globe and has thus far had numerous peer reviewed publications and presentations on aspects of muscle power, recovery, quality of life and motivation to exercise, peak power; body composition and testosterone levels.

If anyone is interested in taking part in high intensity training, it’s vital that you talk to your GP before starting.

Research by Dr Peter Herbert, a physiologist from the University of Wales Trinity Saint David, has proved that shorter, harder training sessions followed by longer recovery periods can have positive results on an older person’s fitness levels.




Ecotherapy and virtual reality counselling

Dr Ceri Phelps was part of a team of academics from UWTSD’s School of Psychology who conducted research exploring whether the known benefits of nature-based activities can be replicated in a low-cost, low-impact way.

The research project, funded by cancer charity Tenovus Cancer Care, looked at the psychological benefits of an ecotherapy based intervention. It involved working with colleagues from UWTSD counselling programmes (Carol Hughes) and a local horticulturalist (Mrs Julie Bowen)

Ecotherapy refers to the practice of encouraging individuals to engage in nature-based activities as a therapeutic method in order to gain physical and psychological benefits. These benefits are well documented, however, active outdoor activities are not always possible for people who are undergoing treatment for cancer or who are recovering from surgery.

Ceri said: “Our aim was to find out whether it was possible to bring the benefits of nature indoors, in the form of an indoor garden bowl, as many cancer patients can’t take part in outdoor nature-based activities due to treatment or surgery.”

During the study, seven women with a breast cancer diagnosis were encouraged to cultivate and care for their own indoor garden bowl for a period of three months. They were also asked to record their daily experience of nurturing the bowl in a diary and to capture significant moments in photographs.

“This was a very small project but produced some quite fascinating results. The ladies came together in a focus group 3 months after beginning the project and spoke

about their experiences. We discovered that the ladies had found it a very therapeutic intervention that was easy to engage with. They talked about how the garden bowl was a source of positivity and how it gave them hope.

“They enjoyed looking after the bowl, tending to the flowers and watering the plants on a daily basis. They also spoke about how the bowl and flowers almost reflected their own cancer journey. One lady talked about how she woke up one morning and saw the flowers in the bowl were wilting, this reflected how she was feeling in herself that day, she then watered the plants and saw them get brighter, and from that she felt brighter and more positive in herself.

“This project is an example of a cost effective intervention. In the context of NHS service provision, it is very difficult to give people individualised psychological, psycho-social support. We found that people want something that is easy to implement, doesn’t cost much, and can be used with their own volition, where they have control over it how often and in what ways they can make use of it”

“We know that people with cancer can continue to struggle through the cancer journey for many years past diagnosis. This project showed a way that people could make use of an intervention to help them cope with worries or distress at any point in that journey. There’s a huge amount of evidence that tells us that engagement with nature, as a patient, really does have physical as well as psychological benefits. This is a project that allows us to offer these benefits to people who would otherwise struggle to have those benefits.

“We’re currently doing some work with a local dementia support organisation in the Swansea area. We’re interested to see if this ecotherapy approach is something that individuals suffering from dementia or carers of loved ones with dementia would benefit from as a coping mechanism.”

By pooling the different expertise in the School of Psychology ycology at UWTSD, Ceri, in collaboration with Dr Paul Hutchings, Senior lecturer and Programme director at UWTSD’s School of Psychology, has also been involved with exploring the potential acceptability of a virtual reality counselling world for young people affected by cancer.With the help of a group of school children and UWTSD students, the project team which included games development experts at the School of Applied Computing at UWTSD created an avatar based virtual reality world.

“It was an incredible project and we learned a huge amount about the technical side and about working with young people. We wanted to see if it’s possible to recreate some of nature’s benefits through virtual reality, or whether there is actually something special about being out in physical nature, being able to touch real plants and living things. The pilot phase of the project suggested that what we created could be a very beneficial mechanism.”

“We are currently looking for funding to take this forward and evaluate the psychological impact of online counselling through avatars. We’d like to discover if online counselling can be as therapeutic as a face to face intervention, and whether this approach is more acceptable for young people who are perhaps more reluctant to engage in traditional counselling.”

Dr Ceri Phelps, Head of School at UWTSD School of Psychology, specialises in health psychology and is registered by the health professions council as a practicing psychologist.

Ceri’s research area is broadly in psychological interventions, particularly in the area of cancer, psycho-oncology and psychosocial genetics. Her research focuses on identifying ways to help people cope with worry, anxiety or distress as a consequence of illness or health threats.


By Dr Hywel Glyn Lewis:

International research provides irrefutable evidence of the cognitive benefits of educating children bilingually, yet, in Wales, bilingual education continues to be a controversial issue. My research interests lie not only in those cognitive advantages themselves, but also in political ideologies which underpin policy-making.

An international perspective

As manifestations of minority-group identity, thousands of languages world-wide have historically faced political opposition from oppressive regimes in the wake of both European and British colonisation. However, whereas the latter has been commonly perceived as an ‘external’ process of annexing countries abroad, the Anglicisation of Britain’s indigenous peoples (the Celtic nations of Wales, Scotland and Ireland) by the Anglo-Saxons has been described as a process of ‘internal colonisation’.

Often perpetrated in the guise of altruism and a desire to eradicate native, tribal ‘backwardness’ considered not to be in keeping with ‘higher’ forms of civilization, such political intervention could often be morally and self-righteously justified as improving the lot of the materially less fortunate and providing economic and material prosperity, with scant attention given to any cultural and linguistic ramifications. Language, therefore, being one of the ultimate manifestations of a ‘civilised’ society, played a crucial element in an assimilative linguistic and cultural process in which the adoption of the majority language was considered economically advantageous to the oppressed.

The desire to assimilate minorities both linguistically and culturally with the political ideology of a dominant majority and the tendency to associate indigenous languages with social and economic ‘backwardness’ led, inevitably, to associating the use of two languages, and bilingualism itself, with a range of cognitive deficiencies, predominantly based on the belief that the greater one’s competence in a second language, the lesser one’s proficiency in the first. Whereas such misguided beliefs can be seen, retrospectively, to be rooted in misconceptions of how language is generated and an erroneous concept of the processing of two languages in the human brain, they were also propagated by early research into the relationship between bilingualism and cognition carried out in the USA between the 1890s and 1920s comparing immigrants with monoglot English Americans. Early research in Wales also contributed to this misconception. Although subsequent revaluation revealed glaring methodological deficiencies, nevertheless, it continued to have a substantial adverse influence on public attitudes for some time.

A new era

However, in 1962, ground-breaking research carried out by Peal & Lambert in French-immersion schools in Montreal heralded the dawn of a new period of investigation into the cognitive effects of bilingualism, marking a watershed in the history of research in this field and pointing to a range of positive cognitive advantages. These included greater mental flexibility, the ability to think more abstractly and independently of words, and a positive transfer between a bilingual’s two languages facilitating the development of verbal IQ. Further research has shown that bilinguals have cognitive advantages over monolinguals in relation to more specific aspects than general IQ superiority, particularly cognitive flexibility and an increase in metalinguistic awareness

(having a positive effect on third language acquisition) as well as in attentional control.

In response to later research, rather than seeing languages as existing as totally separate entities in the brain, the current concept of bilingual cognitive processing presents the co-existence of two languages as being attached and emanating from the same central processing system so that, since both are interactive, concepts and skills acquired in one are transferred to the other and are processed in either language. Such enhanced executive processes are also alleged to persist into adulthood and protect against the negative cognitive impacts of any decline in memory due to ageing. Recent research suggests the possibility that, compared to monolinguals, the onset of dementia in bilinguals can be delayed by four years, which has obvious implications in both health and economic terms for policy-planners in public welfare.

Further international research has enabled academics to establish additional theories regarding the cognitive effects of bilingualism, including the fact that the level of linguistic proficiency reached in each language may be a crucial contributory factor, both languages needing to be more or less equal This raises fundamental issues concerning (a) the models of linguistic and curricular instruction currently adopted which can ensure such cognitive benefits and (b) the method of second language teaching currently experienced by the majority of pupils in Wales. To achieve such proficiency, each language needs to be adopted as a medium of curricular instruction across all subjects and not merely as an individual subject within the overall curriculum. Immersion methodology and Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL), for example, ensure high levels of second language proficiency equivalent to that of native speakers.

As my main area of interest in educational research, therefore, I strongly maintain that evidence of the cognitive benefits of bilingualism requires far wider publicity in order to bring about change in both public perception and educational practices, including the adoption of effective models of bilingual teaching.

Dr Hywel Glyn Lewis is programme director of the MA in Bilingualism and Multilingualism at UWTSD. His role in bilingualism stems from his years spent as a teacher when he engaged in research specifically about bilingualism in Wales. Hywel’s research area looks at to what extent bilingualism does in fact promote cognitive benefits in pupils.

The Cognitive Effects of Bilingualism


Winds, waves, currents and sea-level changes

Mike Phillips is Pro-Vice Chancellor of Research, Innovation, Enterprise and Commercialisation at the University of Wales Trinity Saint David. Mike is a professor of Coastal Geomorphology which is the study of the morphological development and evolution of the coast as it acts under the influence of winds, waves, currents, and sea-level changes. Mike is part of the UN Climate Oceans and Security Working Group and a TrusteeDirector of the Coastal Education Research Foundation in the US where his expertise is highly valued to advise and interpret coastal climate and storm scenarios.

Here, Mike talks about the work, research and projects that he has been involved with:

“My first degree was in Civil Engineering and I was employed by the Atomic Energy Authority and Associated British Ports amongst others. I was working on coastal projects whilst becoming a Chartered Engineer. When I joined the University, I obtained a Master’s degree in Environmental Management and a PhD in Coastal Geomorphology. Skills obtained from these disciplines enabled me to advance in the field of coastal research.

“The coastal zone is under threat from rising sea levels and increased storm intensities. Consequently, those who live on the coast are at risk and therefore, my field of research is of scientific and socio-economic importance.

“I proved that Marine Aggregate Dredging was not responsible for beach erosion on Gower. Most of the sand used for construction in South Wales comes from marine sources and there was a belief that dredging from the sandbanks caused beach

erosion. Two equally weighted economic drivers, construction and tourism, had conflicting interests; the construction industry wanted the sand and the tourism industry didn’t want the sand to be taken.

“One of the problems of coastal studies is that you can’t make a decision quickly. It took me from 2001 when I did my first survey to 2007 to collect that data that provided the evidence for me to show that Marine Aggregate Dredging was not the cause of erosion in Port Eynon Bay.

“I had previously shown that extensive erosion of Penarth beach had been caused by a unique change in wind direction and coastal processes. Again this had been blamed on dredging and the construction of the nearby Cardiff Bay Barrage. In this instance, it was eight years after the events before the cause was determined. When similar events have not happened in living memory, people think back with rose coloured spectacles. My job is to disentangle people’s perceptions, and to do this you need evidence.”

Tidal Lagoon Power (TLP) has received planning permission to develop the world’s first tidal lagoon in Swansea Bay. It is set to be the first in a series of lagoons, the second one being planned for Cardiff. Mike and the Coastal and Marine Research Group at UWTSD are responsible for the coastal monitoring surrounding Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon.

“When we construct on the shoreline and build into the sea, it has an impact. UWTSD has been commissioned by TLP to monitor the Swansea Bay shoreline from Sker Point to the Mumbles. We assessed the shoreline using data from 1998 and have already published results in the academic press. We are carrying out twice yearly surveys and collecting sediment samples to assess processes and shoreline change without the lagoon. We will continue monitoring during “construction and post construction. Consequently, we will be able to assess any changes and make suggestions to mitigate any effects.

“The importance of the tidal lagoon cannot be understated. It’s a secure energy supply because we can predict astronomical

tides centuries in advance. With a series of Tidal Lagoons around the coastline we can maximise output from the lagoons generating electricity more hours in the day. It is clean energy and will bring a brand new international industry to Wales.

The Coastal and Marine Research Group is also analysing shoreline data for Fairbourne, a coastal community in North Wales that comprises approximately 400 homes.

The Fairbourne community is at risk due to shoreline management decisions that have been taken. High level management strategy options are either to advance the line by extending the shoreline, building a buffer to protect the asset or holding the line, generally by use of seawalls. There is a need to continuously maintain both of these options and it costs money. In some cases a managed retreat option is put forward where you relocate further inland from the shoreline because you cannot afford to keep maintaining.

“These options present a balance between cost benefit, that is, the costs of the defence against the value of assets being protected.

“There is another level of ‘no active intervention’, but this doesn’t mean sticking your head in the sand and not doing anything, it means that you observe and wait to make a decision when you have more evidence.

“The latest shoreline management plans proposed that managed retreat be adopted for Fairbourne and this was broadcast in a BBC programme entitled ‘Week In, Week Out’. The programme was the first time the people of Fairbourne heard about the consequences of the managed retreat and no active intervention policies.

“Immediately after the programme was broadcast there were problems for the people of Fairbourne because they could no longer sell their houses, mortgage values had reduced and therefore their assets or lifelong savings were under threat.

“This has highlighted a problem that although high level strategies are in place, there are no clear implementation strategies. Consequently, the Coastal and Marine Research Group is analysing shoreline data for Fairbourne.

“We will look at temporal data to see how the shoreline has changed over time and we will conduct seasonal surveys over a couple of years. We will then understand how the beach has behaved and responded to sea level change and storms. We will analyse the decisions and make interpretations which will be made available to Gwynedd County Council and possibly Welsh Government.”





When Art meets Medicine

At the heart of the unique art-meets-science encounter, THROB, is the partnership between the multi-award winning artist and erectile dysfunction specialist and cardiologist Dr Nick Ossei-Gerning who brings his expert knowledge and the shared experience of his patients to the ground-breaking initiative.

“From Mick Jagger’s ‘lack of satisfaction’ to Shakespeare’s tragic Othello who can’t consummate his marriage to Desdemona, artists have long explored the subject of sexual vulnerability,” Sue said.

“Through exploring issues related to erectile dysfunction I want to gain knowledge of the emotional impact of sexual and family relationships, and how both males and females are made vulnerable through the lack of open conversation and communications about this difficult subject,” she adds.

Dr Ossei-Gerning said, “It is my passion as a clinician to raise the profile of Erectile Dysfunction (ED) and to create a better understanding of the trauma that this problem can cause to many as a harbinger of heart disease, as well as its devastating effects upon men and women’s’ relationships. ED continues to be a taboo subject, leaving many to suffer in silence. My vision for this collaboration with Sue is that it is a perfect opportunity to team up with artists, scientists, medical professionals,

political figureheads and patients to bring to the fore new thinking and ways of communicating about this crucial subject.”

As well as being a prolific practising visual artist, Sue is also a senior lecturer at UWTSD and teaches Fine Art at the University’s Swansea College of Art.

“I love seeing students develop and grow as unique individuals. I introduce them to the type of work that influences me and encourage them to look for their own inspiration. I also believe in collaboration and urge the students to work together on projects and to respond to each other’s work in different ways.

“Throughout the degree course, I also build the students’ confidence by making them stand up for their own practice. I try and make them think about new or different aspects of their work and to question what they’re doing. The students all work closely together and are greatly supported by the fantastic teaching staff, including internationally renowned artist Professor Tim Davies who represented Wales at the Venice Biennale. Amongst the other staff are artists Craig Wood, Catrin Webster, Sarah Tombs and Marilyn Allen.”

Sue herself is a huge influence on the Welsh arts scene and internationally. In 2006, she was the only artist in the UK to be selected for the Artes Mundi Art Prize and

has since had many opportunities to exhibit and lecture on her work across the globe, including in Africa, China, New York and Amsterdam. At present she is exhibiting at the Fernando Pradilla Gallery in Madrid and Gold + Beton in Cologne.

A number of Sue’s works are included in public collections, including the Wales Assembly Government building; National Museum & Galleries of Wales; Contemporary Arts Society as well as a number of municipal galleries.

During the past twelve months, Professor Sue Williams, a lecturer at UWTSD’s Swansea College of Art, has been working on a project bringing the artistic and medical worlds together with the aim of lifting the taboo of talking about sexual dysfunction.

The result has been THROB, a series of conversations, exhibitions and performances that have combined painting and drawing installation, music, poetry and performance.


Transforming Early Years Education

By Dr Jane Waters:

The experiences and opportunities that young children are offered at home, in their communities and through early years education and care have a significant impact on their future life chances. The early years, then, is an important arena for policy and practice development and research, especially in Wales, where there is persistent and long standing inequality in outcomes associated with socio-economic circumstance.

My engagement with research into young children’s learning has developed from my doctoral work that considered adult-child interaction in the early years in outdoor and indoor environments associated with school. Since completion of the thesis in 2011, I have worked more broadly to consider the ways in which outdoor play and learning can benefit young children’s development, and also to consider, critically, the role of the adult professional in supporting young children’s learning in the early years of education, care and schooling in Wales. My research activity in the coming year relates to the latter agenda and how we can make best use of research-based evidence to inform pedagogic practice for those working with children from aged 3 to 7 in Wales.

In this article I outline the critical role of the adult in young children’s learning. This relates closely to work I have undertaken as part of a Welsh Government task and finish group seeking to take forward professional learning for those working in early years education and care. The task and finish group was established as part of the Welsh Government’s review of early years provision in response to recent evaluations of the flagship early years play-based curriculum, the Foundation Phase framework for 3-7 year olds in Wales.

There is a robust and well evidenced research base that indicates the value, for children’s longer term outcomes, of early years provision that is punctuated by interactions with adults who have a

relationship with, and behave intentionally towards, individual children, offering opportunities for talking and thinking together in a sustained manner. In a major effectiveness study into early education (2003-2015) it was found that children, who had experienced early education in settings that routinely included opportunities for interactions in which adults extended their thinking through talk, were found to have improved outcomes at age 16. However, in general such interactions are uncommon in UK early years settings. In two recent evaluations of the implementation and impact of the Welsh Foundation Phase, such experiences were similarly found to be uncommon. It was also found that across Wales, Foundation Phase provision was inconsistent and that significant workforce development was needed.

Critically, the adult working in a play-based early years environment is well placed to extend children’s thought by engaging in open-ended and exploratory talk based on children’s interests and current understandings. Professional learning for those working in the early years sector is currently mixed and highly dependent upon the kind of setting in which staff work. Young children may be provided for in settings that are school-based, local authority maintained, or sit in the private and voluntary sectors. The workforce is variably experienced and qualified, some adults having minimal qualifications and some, usually those leading school-based classes, holding qualified teacher status. The challenge inherent in the Welsh Government’s ambition to establish a 10-year early years workforce development plan is significant indeed, and recommendations from the task and finish groups are soon to be considered by the Minister.

The focus on early years provision in national policy provides opportunities to work with early years staff to consider what high quality provision in early years settings ‘looks like’ across various Welsh contexts. In line with national Welsh policy and practice, there are, of course, plans to

‘share best practice’ across the sector. It is important that ‘sharing’ is undertaken in a manner that ensures adults working with young children understand why practice is effective, and also understand how it is effective, for what, and for whom. Any notion that early years education and care is straightforward or can be similarly enacted across different contexts should be resisted. The research evidence simply does not support this view; rather, there needs to be an acknowledgment of the complex challenge inherent in seeking to support individual children’s development through intentional pedagogic practice that is based on a relationship with, and knowledge of, the child.

The Early Years Special Interest Group (EYSIG) at UWTSD is currently exploring the value of a particular professional learning tool in conjunction with Swansea local authority. The tool has been devised by those leading research, nationally and internationally, into effective early years education and provides a means by which provision can be reviewed and evaluated, and targeted improvements planned for. The tool includes a particular focus on the quality of interactions between adults and children in early years settings. Members of the EYSIG will be working with a number of early years settings over the coming 6 months to consider whether and how the tool may support the national agenda for the provision of excellence across the early years sector in Wales.

The New Opportunity to Lead educational pledges demonstrate a number of commitments made by UWTSD relating to initial teacher education and teachers’ professional learning which includes the launch of Yr Athrofa - the institute of education and the Wales Education Commission. The institution’s close work with schools, local authorities and the regional consortia will develop new and innovative ways of best preparing students to become teachers to meet the challenges inherent in taking forward the Foundation Phase in Wales. Anyone interested in joining the EYSIG is encouraged to make contact.

Dr Jane Waters, Associate Dean of the Faculty of Education and Communities and Chair of the Early Years Special Interest Group, discusses her field of work and why it is currently a transformative time for Early Years Education.

“In a major effectiveness study into early education (2003-2015) it was found that children, who had experienced early education in settings that routinely included opportunities for interactions in which adults extended their thinking through talk, were found to have improved outcomes at age 16.”




Islam and the internet

“You can’t write about contemporary Islam without talking about the internet. Everything we do is linked to the World Wide Web or to a mobile phone. There is no separation, it’s embedded and the link is only going to increase. Twenty years ago someone would make a statement, somebody else would write it down and then somebody else would put it on the internet. This has now transformed to a much more streamline process, an embedded system, and people are much more aware of the potential available to them. This is important in terms of the changes to do with the way in which some platforms use the internet to explain who they are and what they do to international audiences.

“The internet has brought in a lot of new ‘religious authorities’, people who have presented themselves as scholars - rightly or wrongly - and - challenge the traditional frameworks of religious challenged authority. Since 2000 a lot of things have happened that you wouldn’t have expected - internet hacking, cracking and encryption and the way these have been used for religious causes. The development in the last 10 years has been due in part to a generation of digital natives, people who don’t need to be told what a mobile phone is or how to use a computer. The internet for them is a natural place for putting together information and pushing their own religious perspectives.

“Of course, this doesn’t apply to everybody, there are a lot of places in the world where you can’t access or use the internet. Many people’s use of the internet for religious purposes is only a small or non-existent part of what they use the internet for.

“I began researching this area in the really early phases of the World Wide Web. My interest was sparked in part because sources form the internet began trickling in to my

students’ work. They would come to class with sources but without any information about where the source had come from. With regard to the issues associated with Muslims in the UK, I realised that there was a lot going on that was under represented. All of the electronic media was having a big impact on issues to do with Muslim identity.

“At the beginning of my research I had to work out a methodology because the work hadn’t really been done before. Many people thought it was a strange thing to do and there was a lot of scepticism about whether you could research the internet in terms of religion. In my first book I charted out the internet, Islam, and how it works. I looked at religious authority and militaristic interpretations. This work was well received but it was just a starting point. Since then I’ve continued to work on how we interpret this data which is now a relentless stream. It is now a multi-lingual, multi context, multi-media world, whereas when I started it was just a browser.

“When it comes to censorship, people always find a way around it. So the idea of shutting sites down for security reasons means that the information will just go underground and get encrypted. The people setting up the sites and pushing them out only provide what they want you to see. Al-Qaeda and so called ‘Islamic State’ provide information on how to encrypt files to ensure that anything an individual posts is done without providing an identity.

“The use of social media was key to the ‘Arab Spring’ and is an example of people finding a way around censorship. I watched what was going on from the very start and began to observe and record the issues. Although social media formed a part of the uprising, it doesn’t present the whole picture; I think it’s wrong to call it a ‘Facebook Revolution’. But social media did form a sub text and people took advantage

of it. There was so much information coming through the internet during the uprising. The challenge was to capture the information before it disappeared.

“Censorship from internet providers, for example, meant that the information didn’t stay online for long. Documents and manuals produced by organisations would upload to a site, when you returned to the site two hours later the content was often gone. You have a very small window of opportunity to capture data. Al-Qaeda pages have a habit of vanishing; they get around this by sending a link to the new web address that directs you to the latest site.

“I will be publishing a book next year, a continuity of my last book ‘iMuslims’ published in 2009. A lot has happened since then in relation to the internet and Islam. How social media is now used to project an image of religious authority and has an impact on Muslims in lots of different contexts.”

Gary R. Bunt is the author of several publications in this subject area, including:

iMuslims: Rewiring the House of Islam (2009)

Islam in the Digital Age: E-jihad, Online Fatwas and Cyber Islamic Environments (2003)

Virtually Islamic: Computer-Mediated Communication and Cyber Islamic Environments (2000)

Dr Gary R. Bunt, Reader in Islamic Studies, has for the past 20 years researched issues to do with Islam and the internet. Gary’s research focuses on Muslim representation, religious authority and the way in which the internet, social media and the web have had an impact on Muslim society in the context of majorities and minorities.

Here Dr Bunt discusses his research work.


Coastal Zone Monitoring

Dr Tony Thomas’s major research interests include shoreline morphological responses to variations in teleconnection patterns, wind and wave conditions including sea level rise. His contribution to academic literature sees a significant number in the top quartile ranked journals in engineering, geosciences, environmental science and geography.

Extensive civil engineering expertise enabled Tony to integrate mathematical analyses of waves, tides and currents alongside geographical dimensions, including infrastructure. Industry experience enabled Tony to keep abreast with modern technological developments in survey instrumentation as well as keeping a firm grasp of the basic principles behind many surveying techniques such as DGPS and morphological and wave analysis software programmes.

Tony said: “My interest in coastal zone monitoring started from a very young age. I’ve lived in Tenby on the Pembrokeshire coast all my life. I was always interested in the reasons why the sediment moved away from the shoreline during winter and then all of a sudden came back in the summer when the visitors arrived- almost as if it was timed. The simple analogy for what happens is that erosion takes place during the course of winter storms, and then during the summer months a slow sediment input takes place. Seeing the beaches in Tenby transform from summer to winter was the beginning of my interest in variations in the

coastal zone and coastal monitoring. I also took a great interest during the Sea Empress disaster in 1996, a tanker that went to ground in Milford Haven in Pembrokeshire and shed 70,000 tonnes of crude oil. My involvement in the clear up of beaches at Tenby, Manorbier, Lystep and Caldey Island, included various specialist clean-up techniques and logistics of labour, plant and oil transportation.”

Tony has been working on the Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon project and heading the research into what effect the Lagoon with have on the coastal area of Swansea Bay.

“We devised a monitoring programme for Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon, developed from historical data that can be used to monitor potential for changes in costal processes during construction and post construction of the Lagoon. This is very important, not only for the Tidal Lagoon in Swansea but for the Tidal Lagoons that have been proposed all over the UK. We have been commissioned by the Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon to carry out the coastal monitoring works including geomorphological assessments of the dune systems around Swansea Bay.

“Historic beach profile data for the period between 1998 and 2013, supplied by the Swansea and Carmarthen Bay Coastal Engineering group, was used in the development of the monitoring regime. The maximum and minimum temporal change for each profile was calculated (the profile

sweep zone), and a statistical methodology based upon 95 and 99 percentile changes was established to assess whether the Tidal Lagoon would change the coastal processes either during construction or post construction. The results of our research may used to inform the design of other proposed Tidal Lagoons around the world, which is a very exciting prospect.

“Based on the original data research, we found that each beach reacted differently to the way waves approached them. We found that the harbours and the river inputs acted as surrogate headlands and restricted longshore drift over that period of time. This was all based on sub aerial zones, which is an area of the beach which people tend to sit on so they notice the changes when they do occur. Initial results suggest that the proposed Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon, located between sediment cells and surrogate headlands, would have little negative effect on sub aerial coastal processes.

“Working within coastal zone monitoring has never been more exciting, projects like Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon and issues such as climate change, sea level rise and the increase of coastal and marine conservation makes my line of work very exciting and constantly developing.”

Dr Tony Thomas is a Senior Research Associate at UWTSD and is a respected member of the Coastal and Marine Research Group within the University.

Tony has over 40 years’ experience of construction, civil and coastal engineering project management. He has participated in and managed more than 30 projects with a total value exceeding £40 million. He attained a BSc (Hons), MSc and PhD in Coastal Morphodynamics. Tony has developed extensive knowledge of shoreline change in response to physical processes and the wider implications of climate impacts.

The Coastal and Marine Research Group aims to offer national and international research leadership and collaboration, set new research agendas, and offer significant methodological innovation. The Research Group’s themes consist of coastal and marine processes, climate change and sea level rise, cultural use and coastal and marine conservation and management.


Interpreting current migration issues

Currently, Dr Paul Hutchings is researching how people are interpreting the current migration issues.

Paul said: “This research brings with it a number of different attitudes, some of these can include having a negative attitude towards outgroups, but some can also be about people’s fears and worries about what will happen to their own in-groups and the people within their societies. Tapping in to people’s conscious and subconscious attitudes, allows us to explore the way people feel and also the types of information that they take in.

“If you look at the media, there are a plethora of stories on migration issues in our society which range from positive to negative. Migration is a huge issue in society at the moment, on all sorts of levels. Having an understanding of this, but importantly, having a scientific understanding and being able to inform people without all of the rhetoric, is hugely important in order to inform the greater debate, particularly when it comes to the politics of the situation.

“We use a lot of experimental methods in our research. We try to control variables by putting people in to the lab so that we can explore their subconscious and their conscious attitudes. This is done

through asking them specific questions and giving them computerised tasks which are designed to tap into their unconscious attitudes, which can be very difficult for people to even be aware of themselves. We employ a variety of methods in order to be able to understand the psyche of people and how they are responding to these issues.

“One of the big issues with this type of research is that it needs to be very responsive to what is happening in the world. Whilst we’re building on established theories and following a certain pattern of research, the world out there is constantly changing. The 2015 Paris attacks are a prime example of this. We needed to be able to respond very quickly in order to be able to explore people’s reaction to the event. That’s what makes this area of research such a challenge.

“Our studies along with a host of others inform us that prejudice isn’t a simple thing of being prejudiced or not prejudiced, there are a number of different elements within that which make up different prejudice types. Some people are prejudiced towards certain groups and some people are protectionist about their own group rather than anti other groups. Our research allows us to explore this in far more detail.

“Some of our research produces surprising results. On the whole, people behave in a way that we expect them to, but sometimes people do something we weren’t expecting. When this happens it almost provides the next research question. We look at a finding and say ‘that’s really odd, why have they done that?’ and we then follow that path to try and understand and explain it. We’re building upon a rich history of studies into prejudice but we’re constantly moving those boundaries forward, and that’s a really exciting part of it.”

Dr Paul Hutchings, senior Lecturer in the School of Psychology at UWTSD, is an experimental social psychologist and a chartered psychologist with the British Psychological Society.

Paul’s main research area is in social cognition, studying how people think about others and how they interact. His research is based around people’s attitudes and beliefs, with his key interest focusing on people’s prejudices, the way that people discriminate against other people and their attitudes towards issues such as migration.



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Non Destructive Testing

The technology and applications of NDT are wide-ranging and constantly evolving. Major fields of application include the aerospace industry, oil, gas and energy generation, chemical industries, space technology, rail transport, shipping and manufacturing. Other applications are constantly emerging and there are strong links with medical technology.

So, what exactly is NDT and how is it used? Peter explains:

“NDT is a means of evaluating materials, structures or components without causing harm. It’s analogous to the medical imaging field, but its use is in industrial application. We’re all familiar with medical ultrasound and radiography, what NDT does is apply those sort of techniques to inspect industrial components and structures. Our main application areas are in the petro-chemical area generation and aerospace industries.

“NDT is an important industrial sector in the South Wales region. We have three prime companies that operate out of the Swansea area, TWI Wales in Port Talbot, Oceaneering who operate out of Swansea and are the largest offshore inspection service provider in the world and we also have an advanced equipment development and manufacturer in Silverwing Ltd.”

“The main applications of NDT include looking at things like oil storage tanks, which are very large structures primarily made out of mild steel, we use electromagnetic methods to inspect the surface area of the tank from the outside. We also look at methods for inspecting storage tank floors, this is particularly important to protect the environment. Other applications like the aerospace industry, where new materials are being introduced, provides new challenges for developing new inspection methods. “During my student days in the 80s I studied Microelectronics and Computer Systems Engineering and went on a student placement with Silverwing Ltd who wanted to look at some research and development. I developed inspection software for inspecting power plant heat exchangers. We developed the world’s first commercially available magnetic flux leakage corrosion mapping system for oil storage tanks.”

“I worked for Silverwing Ltd while I completed my degree and then they sponsored my PhD. During the mid-90s I set up my own company, ‘Inspections Solutions Cymru Ltd’ which specialised in the development of bespoke ultrasonic imaging equipment, aimed mainly at the power generation, petro chemical and aerospace industries.” Peter then sold the Intellectual property to Silverwing Ltd in 2009.

“The main areas of research that we undertake at UWTSD involve developing advanced ultrasonic imaging algorithms to provide high resolution images which impacts on the quality of the inspections undertaken. Another area that we’re involved in is developing advanced magnetic techniques aimed mainly at the petro chemical industries. All of this research is undertaken with UWTSD’s industrial partners.

“All of our teaching at undergraduate and postgraduate levels along with our research is extremely industrially relevant. We provide internships for our graduates so that they can spend time with our industrial partners as well as providing industrially sponsored PhD research. The NDT industry involves every branch of engineering and impinges on our daily lives in more ways than you can think of. The industry is full of different kinds of people and that’s part of its uniqueness.”

Expert in the field of Non Destructive Testing (NDT), Dr Peter Charlton, is a senior research fellow at UWTSD Swansea. He has over 25 years’ experience and is responsible for industrial engagement for NDT and commercial activity.

He is PhD supervisor for advanced applied ultrasonic imaging research and MSc NDT programme director, teaching every subject from electromagnetics to statistics.

30 | www.uwtsd.ac.uk




Cerebra InnovationCentre

A Tandem Surfboard with a supportive bucket seat was designed for a young boy called Cai who has quadriplegic cerebral palsy. The designs were created by CIC in collaboration with Surfability UK, Roger Cooper Surfboards, Surf Tonic Therapy and Walking on Water Surf School.

Ross said: “We rose to the challenge when it came to designing the surfboard. Presenting the surfboard to Cai and seeing him in his element in the waves was priceless. The surfboard was 12ft long and almost 3ft wide with a seat on it for Cai and space for somebody to stand behind and paddle for him. Recent news coverage has detailed professional level surfing and brought it to an international audience. The sport continues to grow at a very fast pace, and it’s fantastic to be a part of being part of widening the access to surfing for disabled children.”

Cerebra Innovation Centre (CIC) is a collaborative venture between UWTSDand charity Cerebra.

Founded in 2001, Cerebra is a unique national charity that strives to improve the lives of children with brain-related neurological conditions, through research, education and direct, ongoing support.

Since its inception CIC has made a tremendous difference to the lives of many children with neurological conditions across the UK. The unique strategic vision for CIC means that the Centre is able to respond to individual requests for help and can make small numbers of bespoke products that focus heavily on individual requirements and inclusion into society.

Many of the products designed and manufactured by the small team of designers and engineers at CIC serve as daily living aids. They include products to enable mobility around the home and school, products to enhance and enable play and enable

interaction and inclusion with peers and family. CIC’s products include the Scoot Seat, a trolley-like design that allows the child to sit and propel himself or herself around by using their hands or feet. The Mini Wheel Chair enables a young child to play and interact with people and objects at home and at school. The Goto Seat provides support for children when they are in a sitting position, for example at a table or in a supermarket trolley. The Oxygem was designed to enable children who are Oxygen Cylinder dependent to wheel their oxygen behind them in the style of a ‘trunkie’ suitcase.

Dr Ross Head, Product Design Manager at CIC said: “The simple factor of independence makes a tremendous difference to these children’s lives. Being able to move and sit without help allows them to interact with their friends without having to be accompanied by an adult, allowing them to experience a more ‘normal’ childhood. We are really proud of the The Oxygem design; it means that the child can walk ahead of his/her parents and keep up with friends, it also means that parents have one

less piece of kit to carry. When we present our products to the children it’s a fantastic feeling to know that your design will make such a difference to that child and the family’s life.”

The CIC team don’t only design the essential day to day product. They also design and create products that allow children to fulfil their dreams of taking part in sporting activities that they otherwise would not be able to.

CIC continues to design and develop products that allow children to be included in activities and daily living. Their careful attention to the aesthetics of the product ensures that the child not only fits in, but in some cases becomes the object of envy of the playground.

Poppy Jones and her dad Rob, from Abergavenny, took part in the Cardiff Triathlon together, thanks to the CIC team. Ten year old Poppy has cerebral palsy and Rob took her around the course using custom made equipment specially designed by the team. Ten year old Poppy was born with quadriplegic cerebral palsy and chronic lung disease. She can’t sit, stand, roll or support herself and life is a daily challenge for her. But having a life-limiting condition doesn’t stop Poppy having fun. Poppy is a determined character with a great sense of humour. Her sense of adventure knows no bounds. She is a real thrill seeker and adrenaline junkie and has a true competitive spirit.

Dr Ross Head, said: “It’s wonderful to have the opportunity to be a part of this challenge. It is incredibly humbling to be around someone like Poppy- she is bright, bubbly, smiles all the time, she doesn’t complain about her situation, she just gets on and makes the best of every situation. When we met with Rob he was very emotional at the level of support and enthusiasm we showed towards them. But it is the same for us, to be able to help them achieve this impressive task really will be a moment to remember”.

CIC, along with the help of BSI (British Standards Institution) also took the challenge to help a young boy with autism and a unique head shape to fulfil his dream of horse riding.

16 year-old Tommy-Lee from Brighton wanted to go horse riding with his friends but his unique head shape prevented him from wearing a riding helmet. Without a riding helmet he was not allowed to participate for safety reasons.

CIC created a made to fit helmet tor Tommy-Lee who can now join his classmates during riding lessons.

“We knew that the basic principle of a helmet is quite simple but the journey to get to a safe and useable helmet was quite complex. The basic method has been to use a 3D digital scanner to scan in Tommy Lee’s head shape, the software helps to stitch the head form together so a perfectly accurate model is achieved. Then we used this data in our computer aided design software to draw the head shape. The helmet was styled around this shape, and then the cavity was removed leaving the exact shape for Tommy Lee’s head. This model was sent to a manufacturer to machine the exact shapes from the correct density of expanded polystyrene.”

CIC granted a young girl who has Cerebral Palsy her very own Christmas wish. Eight year-old Enna Thea Kul-Want from London has Athetoid Cerebral Palsy and can’t wear conventional ice skates, therefore she couldn’t join her friends on the Ice Rink in Winter Wonderland.

But last Christmas, thanks to the team at CIC, Enna Thea went ice skating with her family and friends for the very first time.

The team designed and created an original product styled on Santa’s sleigh that allowed Enna Thea’s mother to skate behind and push her around the ice rink.

The work of UWTSD’s International Institute for Creative Entrepreneurial Development (IICED), led by its Director, Professor Andy Penaluna, has played an integral part in the launch of the EU’s Sense of Initiative and Entrepreneurship Competence (EntreComp) framework.

The past 18 months has seen a group of experts working hard on the project to deliver the definitive guidance document for European Citizens and Educators for entrepreneurial education at all levels.

UWTSD contribution included providing assistance in embedding entrepreneurship education throughout the primary and secondary curriculum in the Republic of Macedonia. The initiative saw Elin McCallum and Catherine Brentnall of IICED providing assistance to 2,500 teacher as well as the development of a handbook for teachers, “How to teach entrepreneurship”. This is believed to be the first of its kind in the world.

Professor Andy Penaluna said: “Our link with Macedonia started in 2011 during my tenure as Chair of Enterprise Educators UK, a UK education network who support and develop enterprise education. I was invited to the country to support its aim of setting up its own enterprise educators network. This was so successful that President Gjorge Ivanov of the Republic of Macedonia, invited me to return to the country and speak to its businesses about employability. It was clear that there needed to be a policy for entrepreneurship education and the Macedonian government agreed. The President then asked UWTSD to help develop the policy with the European Training Foundation in Turin, and the project progressed from there.”

The framework has been established by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre - Institute of Prospective Technological Studies (JRC IPTS). Dr Yves Punie, project leader at JRC IPTS greatly valued Andy’s information exchange on their approach to Enterprise and

Entrepreneurship Education, as well as his active contribution to the Expert workshop that kicked off the project in Seville in March 2015 and by iteratively providing feedback on JRC IPTS research outputs.

JRC IPTS has said it would be pleased with follow-up support from UWTSD’s IICED on the further development of the European Entrepreneurship Competence framework.

Professor Penaluna, who led on advising the creativity, innovation and opportunity recognition sections of the initiative said: “After 10 years of discussion, some of which culminated in Strasbourg, where UWTSD’s Enterprise Manager Kathryn Penaluna, presented alongside the Commissioner for Employment, a framework for the entire EU has been agreed.

“It is a significant milestone and one that aims to better enable citizens to assess the relevance of learning offers. Here at UWTSD, we are proud to have been a part of it. It supports many of our creativity and innovation learning proposals and as a major partner in the development of this guidance, UWTSD is well placed to respond to the challenges these new approaches will bring. When you get down to it, our message is really quite simple, we want to develop imaginative people who not only dream a future, they can work out the best ways to make it happen.”

The development of the entrepreneurial capacity of European citizens and organisations is one of the key policy objectives for the EU and Member States. Ten years ago, the European Commission identified Sense of Initiative and Entrepreneurship as one of the 8 key competences necessary for a knowledge-based society.

Entrecomp was launched as part of the New Skills Agenda for Europe, which has identified a number of actions to ensure that the right training, the right skills and the right support is available to people in the European Union. It will aim at making

better use of the skills that are available; equip people with the new skills that are needed - to help them find quality jobs and improve their life chances.

The EntreComp framework proposes a shared definition of entrepreneurship as a competence, with the aim to raise consensus among all stakeholders and to establish a bridge between the worlds of education and work. Developed through a mixed-methods approach, the EntreComp framework is set to become a reference de facto for any initiative aiming to foster entrepreneurial capacity of European citizens.

It consists of 3 interrelated and interconnected competence areas: ‘Ideas and opportunities’, ‘Resources’ and ‘Into action’. Each of the areas is made up of 5 competences, which, together, constitute the building blocks of entrepreneurship as a competence. The framework develops the 15 competences along an 8-level progression model and proposes a comprehensive list of 442 learning outcomes. The framework can be used as a basis for the development of curricula and learning activities fostering entrepreneurship as a competence. Also, it can be used for the definition of parameters to assess learners’ and citizens’ entrepreneurial competences.

“This is the cutting edge of education that aims to develop learners who are creative, innovative and can seize opportunities to change things for the better”, said Professor Penaluna. “Skills like these can help entrepreneurial people to make change, whether it be social and environmental or business related. They’ve often been taken for granted in education, but now we have guidance that makes explicit what’s needed across Europe and beyond. UWTSD’s IICED work has been central to these developments and we are proud of what we have been able to contribute to this game changing guidance.”

Creative Entrepreneurial Development

Amongst many of his achievements Professor Andy Penaluna, has won a Queen’s Award for Enterprise Promotion and has been named among the Maserati Top100 Entrepreneurs.




Archaeological experts from the UWTSD are helping the Gulf State of Qatar to reveal the secrets of its long past through a major international project.

The Wales Qatar Archaeological Project was set up by UWTSD Lampeter-based archaeologist Dr Andrew Petersen who’s research interests include the Ottoman period archaeology of Arabia.

Dr Petersen travelled to Qatar in 2008, a visit which by chance coincided with a decision by the Qatar Museum Authority (QMA) to begin a comprehensive series of archaeological investigations targeting Islamic period sites. This was the catalyst for the creation of the Wales Qatar Archaeological Project.

Britain has a strong relationship with Qatar dating from the mid-nineteenth century extending through the decades of Ottoman Empire rule, which lasted from 1872 until the outbreak of the First World War in 1915.

Following the Ottomans, Sheikh Abdulla bin Jassim Al-Thani become Qatar’s ruler. He signed a treaty with Britain agreeing not to dispose of land without British consent and, in turn, Britain guaranteed to protect Qatar from outside aggression. During the mid-twentieth century increasing oil revenue made Qatar a prosperous land and it declared its independence as the State of Qatar in 1971.

Dr Petersen said: “On a tour of the archaeological sites in northern Qatar, I was immediately struck by the density of the occupation along the coast and saw the potential of a targeted excavation programme.

“So far two sites have unearthed a rich history of the State. The excavation of a site called Ras ‘Ushairiq uncovered a large settlement called Rubayaqa which revealed several large courtyard homes, a mosque and two cemeteries. Finds from the site were as diverse as iron cannon balls to wooden chess pieces and large quantities of ceramics.

“A second site called Ruwayda has revealed the remains of a town which was dominated by a large fortress. It includes a Mosque complex, workshops and warehouses and a tomb. Other finds, such as ceramics, indicate long-distance trade with nations such as China, southeast Asia, Oman, Iran and India.”

Analysis of the sites has been further enhanced following the award of a Qatar National Research Fund Grant. This gave the Project an opportunity to use an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to carry out survey work. It allows 3D terrain models to be generated and is able to support the creation of high-resolution maps of the sites under investigation. Through the use of on-board sensing systems, such as near Infra-Red, thermal and various other techniques, the UAV has the potential to identify sub-surface remains.

The relationship between Wales and Qatar has strengthened in recent years. Starting in 2009, gas from Qatar was imported to the UK via the LNG terminal at South Hook near Milford Have. Building on this link South Hook, in collaboration with UWTSD, organised and sponsored an archaeology conference, ‘Nations of the Sea’, which brought together archaeologists from the two nations who are investigating common themes in coastal archaeology.

In 2014 an interactive exhibition took place at Virginia Commonwealth University Gallery in Qatar, involving UWTSD and the Qatar Museums Authority QMA. Called ‘Lines in the Sand’ it explored Qatar’s rich and complete history using interactive media designed to create new ways to view, use and engage with the State’s past. This exhibition was later the subject of papers presented by Dr Petersen (UWTSD) and Diane Derr (Virginia Commonwealth University) at The Alliance for the Arts in Research Universities (A2RU) held at Iowa State University in November 2014.

Significant developments during 2015 include Austin Hill (UWTSD Hon Research Fellow) presenting a paper “ Drones for Public Good” at ARC 15 a major research conference in Qatar focussing on the applications of technology to major world problems . Results of the UWTSD Aerial Survey in Qatar were also presented at the Society for American Archaeologists in San Francisco in April 2015. In the autumn of 2015 aerial survey work was extended to include many of the coastal sites of northern Qatar and the project was selected to represent successful outcomes of Qatar National Research Funding at a special presentation in Doha in November 2015. The archaeological site of Ruwayda was also featured in an advert for a documentary film which was broadcast worldwide by Al-Jazeera in November 2015.

Revealing the Secrets of Qatar’s Past




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