45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
-
Upload
ahmad-azri -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
0
Transcript of 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
1/49
MANUFACTURED
SUBTANCES
IN
INDUSTRY
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
2/49
INTRODUCTION:
What is manufactured subtances in industry? Almost everything we see is a manufactured products.
Industrial products are manufactured for our comfort. Spoons, forks, pots are industrial products used
the kitchen. Bucket, bottles, plastic, plates and bowls are example of synthetic polymer normally use
our daily life.
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
3/49
SULPHURIC
ACID
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
4/49
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
5/49
1. Uses of Sulphuric Acid
: manufacture of fertilizers.
: manufacture of electrolyte in lead acid accumulators.
: manufacture of soaps and detergents.
: manufacture of pesticides.
: manufacture of plastic items such as rayon and nylon.
: manufacture of paints.
: Leather tanning.
Manufacture of car batteries Manufacture of detergents Manufacture of detergents
Manufacture of paints Manufacture of plastic items Leather tanning
Manufacture of pesticides
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
6/49
2. Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid
Sulphuric acid, H2SO4, is manufactured in industry through the Contact Procces. The manufacture
sulphuric acid, H2SO4, is called Contact Procces because sulphur dioxide, SO2, reacts with oxygen
contact with the catalyst in several times. Catalysts are normally made from transition elements to
speed up the rate of reaction. The raw materials used are sulphur, air and water.The manufacturing
sulphuric acid, H2SO4, in industry involve three stages.
The manufacture of sulphuric acid, H2SO4 in the Contact Process
The three stages involved in the Contact Process.
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
7/49
1. > Molten sulphur is burnt in the furnace in dry air to produce sulphur dioxide, SO2.
> The gas produced is purified and cooled.
S(1) + O2 (g) SO2 (g)
2. > SO2 with excess oxygen are passed through a converter. SO2 is converter. SO2 is converted int
sulphur trioxide, SO3 with the presence of vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5 as a catalyst, a temperatu
of 450C - 550C and a pressure of 1 atmosphere.
2SO2 (g) + O2(g) 2SO3 (g)
> The conversion efficiency is about 98%
3. a) SO2 is released with concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 to dorm oleum, H2S2O7.
SO3 (g) + H2SO4 (1) H2S2O7
b)Oleum, H2S2O7 is diluted with water to produce concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 in large
quantities.
H2S2O7 + H2O(1) 2H2SO4 (1)
c)SO3 is not dissolved directly in water to produce sulphuric acid (SO3 + H2O H2SO4) because:
solubility of sulphur trioxide, SO3 in water is slow.
SO3 reacts too slow violently with water to produce a lot of heat and fumes.
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
8/49
3. Environmental Pollution Causes by Sulphur Dioxide.
Sulphur dioxide, SO2 is one of the by-products of the Contact Process. It can cause environmental
pollution. Almost all sulphur dioxides, SO2 in the air comes from the burning of fossil fuels such as
petrol containing sulphur. Below are the environmental pollution causes by sulphur dioxide :
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
9/49
AMMONIA
AND ITS
SALTS
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
10/49
OBJECTIVE:
1. List the uses of ammonia.
2. State the properties of ammonia.
3. Explain the industrial process in the manufacture of ammonia.
4. Design an activity to prepare ammonium fertiliser.
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
11/49
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
12/49
2. Properties of Ammonia
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
13/49
3. Manufacture of Ammonia
Ammonnia, NH3 is manufactured on a large scale in factories through the Haber Process. There ar
three main stages in the manufacture of ammonia. The Haber process is the third stage and uses a
catalyst.
The manufacture of ammonia,NH3 through the Haber Process.
1. Gases mixed and scrubbed
Haber process combines N2 gas from the air with H2 gas from natural gas to form NH3. the two
gases are mixed. The mixture is scrubbed to get rid of impurities.
2. Compressor
One volume of N2 gas and three volume of H2 gas is compressed to a pressure of 200 500 atm.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
14/49
3. Converter
Then, it goes to the converter. It is then passed through layers of iron catalyst with aluminium oxi
as a promoter at a temperature of 450C 550C.
4. Cooler
A mixture of three gases leaves the converter. It is cooled until the ammonia condenses. The
nitrogen and hydrogen are pumped back to the converter for another chance to react.
5. Storage tanks
NH3 is formed and the liquefy and separated to get a better yield. The NH3 is run into tanks and
stored as a liquid under perssure.
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
15/49
4. Preparation of ammonium fertiliser.
Aim
To prepare ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4, salts
MaterialsAmmonia solution, NH3, 1 mol dm-3, sulphuric acid, H2SO4, 1 mol dm-3,red litmus paper
Apparatus
250 cm3 beaker, glass rod, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, wire gauge, filter funnel, filter paper, measur
cylinder, dropper, asbestos tile
Preparation of ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4, salts
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
16/49
Procedure
1. 50 cm3 of sulphuric acid, H2SO4, 1 mol dm-3 is measured with a measuring cylinder and poured in
250 cm3 beaker.
2. While stirring, ammonia solution, (NH4)2SO4, 1 mol dm-3, is added drop by drop from a dropper i
the sulphuric acid, H2SO4, until an excess amount is used (when ammonia, NH4, can be smelled)
3. The mixture is then poured into an evaporating dish.
4. The mixture is boiled until it evaporates to form a saturated solution.
5. The saturated solution is then cooled to room temperature until crystals salts is formed.
6. The crystals are then filtered and rinsed with a little cold distilled water.
7. The salt crytals are then dried on filter paper.
Analysis
Neutaralisation occur between sulphuric acid, H2SO4, and ammonia solution or ammonia hydroxide,
NH4OH, and can be represented by the chemical equation below :
H2SO4 + 2NH4OH (NH4)2SO4 + 2H2O
Conclusion
Ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4, salt can be prepared from the reaction between sulphuric acid, H2S
and ammonia solution NH3.
Dicussion
The mixture formed in the beaker is tested from time to time with red litmus paper. The adding of
ammonia solution, NH3, drops are stopped when the red litmus paper turns blue.
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
17/49
ALLOYS
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
18/49
OBJECTIVE:
1. The arrangement of atoms in metals.
2. The arrangement of atoms in alloy.
3. Meaning of alloy.
4. Examples of alloy, its compositions and properties.
5. Properties of alloys and their uses.
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
19/49
1. Arrangement of Atom in Metals
o When force is applied to pure metals, the atoms slide along one another easily. This property cau
pure metal to be ductile, that is, it can be stretched into wire.
Metals are ductile
o When knocked or hammered, metal atoms slide along one another to fill spaces between the meta
atoms. This property causes pure metal to be malleable, that is, it can be knocked or pressed into
various desired shapes.
Metals are malleable
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
20/49
2. Arrangement of Atom in Alloys
A mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed composition; the major component is a m
The formation of alloy
3. Alloys
Two soft metals can be mixed together to make stronger metal called alloy. An alloy is
a mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed composition on which the
major component is a metal. Most pure metals are weak and soft. The properties of pure
metals can be improved by making them into alloys. The aim of making alloys is to
make them into alloys. The process of mixing atoms of impurities with atoms of pure
metal by melting is called alloying.
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
21/49
4. Composition and Properties of Alloy
ALLOY COMPOSITION PROPERTIES
Steel o 99% iron
o 1% carbon
o Hard and strong
o Withstand corrosion
Bronze o 90% copper
o 10% tin
o Hard and strong
o Withstand corrosion
o Has shiny surface
Brass o 70% copper
o 30% zinc
o Strong
o Shiny
o Harder than copper
Stainless steel o 74% iron
o 8% carbon
o 18% chromium
o Shiny
o Strong
o Does not rustDuralumin o 93% aluminium
o 3% copper
o 3% magnesium
o 1% manganese
o Light
o Strong
o Withsand corrosion
Pewter o 96% tin
o 3% copper
o 1% antimony
o Lustre
o Smooth and shiny
surface
o Strong
o Withstand corrosion
Copper nickel o 75% coppero 25% nickel
o Strongo Shiny silver colour
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
22/49
5. Uses of Alloys
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
23/49
Properties of alloys and their uses.
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
24/49
SYNTHETIC
POLYMERS
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
25/49
OBJECTIVE:
1. State the meaning of polymers.
2. List naturally occurring polymers.
3. List synthetic polymers and their uses.
4. Identify the monomers in the synthetic polymers.
5. Justify uses synthetic polymers in daily life.
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
26/49
1. Meaning of Polymers
Polymers are long chains of molecules made from combination of many small molecules. Small
molecules that combine together by covalent bond to form polymers are called monomers.
Polymerisation is a process of combining monomers to form a long chain of molecules.
Formation of polymer
2. Natural Polymer
A natural polymer is a polymer that occurs naturally. Naturals polymer are normally made by livin
organism.
NATURAL POLYMER MONOMER (small molecules)
Rubber Isoprene
Cellulose Glucose
Starch Glucose
Protein Amino acid
Fat Fatty acid and glycerol
Nucleic acid Nucleotides
Examples of natural polymers and their monomers
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
27/49
3. Synthetic Polymers
Synthetic polymers are man-made polymers that are produced from chemical compunds through
polymerisation. Plastic, synthetic fibres and synthetic rubbers are three examples of synthetic
polymers.
There are two types of polymerisation:
a) Additon polymerisation
b) Condensation polymerisation
Additionpolymerisation
Unsaturated monomers that contain double bonds between two carbon atoms undergo addition
polymerisation.
Condesation polymerisation
Small molecules such as water, H2O, and ammonia, NH3, are released in condensation polymerisatio
Examples of synthetic polymers (products of condensation polymerisation, with their monomers)
MONOMER POLYMER
a) Adipic acid and hexanediamine Nylon
b) 1,4-dicarboxylbenzene and ethene-1,2diol Terylene
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
28/49
4. Monomers in the synthetic polymers
SYNTHETIC
POLYMER
MONOMER
Polythene Ethene
Polyvinyl chloride(PVC)
Chloroethene (Vinylchloride)
Polypropene Propene
Perspex Methyl-2-methylpropenoate
(Methyl metacrylate)
Polystyrene Styrene
Nylon Adipic acid and hexanediamine
Terylene 1,4-dicarboxylbenzene and ethene-1,2diol
5. Uses of synthetic polymers in daily life
TYPE OF POLYMER USE
Polythene a) Make bucketsb) Make plastic bags
c) Make raincoats
d) Make filmse) Make rubbish bins
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a) Make water pipes
b) Make electric cablesc) Make mats
d) Make vinyl records
e) Make clothes hangersPolypropene a) Make ropes
b) Make bottlesc) Make chairs
d) Make drink cans
e) Make carpets
Perspex a) Make car windows
b) Make plane windows
c) Make spectacle lenses (optical instruments)
Nylon a) Make ropes
b) Make curtains
c) Make stockingsd) Make clothes
Polystyrene a) Make packing boxes
b) Make buttons
c) Make noticeboards
Terylene a) Make textile items such as clothes and cloths
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
29/49
GLASS
AND
CERAMICS
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
30/49
OBJECTIVE:
1. List the uses of glass.
2. List the uses of ceramics.
3. List type of glass and their properties.
4. State properties of ceramics.
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
31/49
1. Uses of Glass
TYPE OF GLASS USES
Fused silica glass Lenses, spectacles, laboratory glassware, ultraviolet
column.
Soda-lime glass Bottles, glass containers, mirrors, electrical bulbs,
glass windows
Borosilicate glass Bowls, plates, saucers, pots and laboratory glassware
such as test tubes, beakers and flasks
Lead crystal glass Lenses, prisms, glasses and ornamental items
(crystals)
2. Uses of Ceramics.
> Manufacture of computer microchips
> Make porcelaine vase and ornamental items
> Make plates, bowls and pots
> Make dentures enamel
> Used in the manufacturing of car engines, spacecraft, superconductors and nuclear reactors
> Make construction materials such as bricks, cement, tiles, underground piping or roof tiles.
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
32/49
3. Types of glasses and their properties
TYPE OF GLASSES PROPERTIES
Fused silica glass o Very high melting point
o Not easy to change its shape
o Does not easily expand or shrink with changes of
temperature
o Transparent to ultraviolet ray
Soda-lime glass o Transparent
o Low melting point
o Easily to be shapedo Easily broken
o Cannot withstand heat and chemical reactions
Borosilicate glass o Withstand heat and chemical reactions
o High melting point
o Transparent to light and infrared ray but not to
ultraviolet ray
o Expand and shrink very little and only when
temperature changesLead crystal glass o Very transparent
o Shiny
o High refractive index
o High density
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
33/49
4. Properties of ceramics
> Brittle > Crack when temperature changes drastically
> Extremely hard > Inert to chemicals ( withstand corrosion)
> High melting point > Good insulator of heat and electricity
> Withstand compression
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
34/49
COMPOSITE
MATERIALS
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
35/49
OBJECTIVE:
1. Describe the needs to produce new materials for specific purposes.
2. State the meaning of composite materials.
3. List examples of composite materials and their components.
4. Compare and contrast the properties of composite materials with those of their original
components.
5. Justify the use of composite materials.
6. Generate ideas to produce advanced materials to fulfill specific needs.
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
36/49
1. The Needs to Produce New Materials for Specific Purposes.
Since the old days, human beings have been using clay, wood, stones or metals as building
materials. These substances either corrode or decay easily. Otherwise, they are too heavy, bulky
or difficult to be shaped or carved.
Many of our modern technologies require materials with unusual combinations of properties t
cannot be met by the conventional metal alloys, ceramics and polymeric materials. Therefore,
continuous research and development have been done in search of new structural materials.
Today, many of such materials are created and used for various fields. New materials are needed
today to supply high demand for the new industries.
To fulfil the needs, these building materials must have properties like:
> Low density > Able to withstand high pressure
> Strong > Easier and more convenient to use
> Resistance to heat and corrosion > Last longer
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
37/49
2. Meaning of Composite Materials.
A composite material is a structural material that is formed by combining two or more differe
substances such as metal, alloys, glass, ceramics and polymers. The different materials work together
give composite unique properties. The resulting material has properties that are superior than those o
original components. Composite materials are created for specific application.
Composite exist in nature. A piece of wood is a composite, with long fibres of cellulose (a ve
complex form of starch) held together by a much weaker substances called lignin. Cellulose is also
found in cotton and linen, but it is the binding power of the lignin that make a piece of timber much
stronger than bundle of cotton fibres.
3. Examples of Composite Materials and Their Components.
COMPOSITE MATERIALS COMPONENTS
Reinforced concrete
Mixture of :
Cement
Gravel
Sand
Water
Iron
Steel
Superconductor
Yttrium oxide
Barium carbonate
Copper (II) oxide
Fibre optic
Silica
Sodium carbonate
Calcium oxide
Fibre glass Glass fibre
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
38/49
Polyester (a type of plastic)
Photochromic glass
Glass
Silver chloride or silver bromide
4. Comparison the Properties of Composite Materials and Their Original Components.
ORIGINAL COMPONENTS COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Reinforced
concrete
Concrete
Yttrium oxide,
Barium carbonate,
Copper (II) oxide
Superconductor
Silica,
Sodiumcarbonate,
Calcium oxide
Fibre optic
Glass
Silver chloride
Photochromic
glass
Low tensile
strength
Very strong
Non-
conductor
electric
Very good
conductor
Non
transparentTransparent
Transparentbut not
sensitive to
the intensityof light rays
Transparent
but sensitive
to theintensity of
light rays
Sensitive to
the intensity
of light rays
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
39/49
5. Uses of Composite Materials
COMPOSITE MATERIALS USESReinforced concrete Construction of large structures like
o Highways
o High-rise buildings
o Bridges
o Oil platforms
o Airport runners
o Dams
Superconductor o Transportation
o Telecommunication
o Astronomy
o Industry
o Medical fields
Fibre optic o Used in medical field to observe internal
organs (endoscope)
o Transmit data, voice, images in a digital
format
Fibre glass o Water storage tanks
o Badminton racketso Small boats
o Skis
o Helmets
o Used to make protective apparel for
astronauts and firefighters.
Photochromic glass o To make optical lenses
o Glass windows (windshields) of vehicles
o Lens in camera
o Information display panels
o
Optical switcheso Light intensity meters
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
40/49
6. Ideas to Produce Advanced Materials to Fulfil Specific Needs.
Bridge are is used to reinfrorced concrete Magnetic resonance imaging, MRI in hospitals
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
41/49
A helmet that is made from fibre glass A fibre optic cable
ADVANCED
MATERIALS
AND THE
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
42/49
FUTURE1. Importance of doing research and development continuously
The phrase research and development (also R and D or, more often, R&D), according to the
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, refers to "creative work undertaken o
systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of human, culture
society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.
2. Handling synthetic materials and their wastes
Recycling involves processing used materials into new products in order to prevent waste of potentia
useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air
pollution (from incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling) by reducing the need for
"conventional" waste disposal, and lowergreenhouse gas emissions as compared to virgin production
Recycling is a key component of modern waste management and is the third component of the "Redu
Reuse, Recycle" waste hierarchy.
Recyclable materials include many kinds ofglass,paper, metal, plastic, textiles, and electronics.
Although similar in effect, the composting or other reuse ofbiodegradable waste such as food or
garden waste is not typically considered recycling. Materials to be recycled are either brought to a
collection center or picked up from the curbside, then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed into new
materials bound for manufacturing.
http://www.answers.com/topic/organisation-for-economic-co-operation-and-developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incinerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfillinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_minimisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compostinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_wastehttp://www.answers.com/topic/organisation-for-economic-co-operation-and-developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incinerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfillinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_minimisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compostinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_waste -
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
43/49
In a strict sense, recycling of a material would produce a fresh supply of the same material, for exam
used officepaperto more office paper, or used foamed polystyrene to more polystyrene. However, th
is often difficult or too expensive (compared with producing the same product from raw materials or
other sources), so "recycling" of many products or materials involves theirreuse in producing differe
materials (e.g., cardboard) instead. Another form of recycling is the salvage of certain materials from
complex products, either due to their intrinsic value (e.g., lead from car batteries, orgold from compu
components), or due to their hazardous nature (e.g., removal and reuse ofmercury from various item
Critics of recycling claim that it often wastes more resources than it saves, especially in cases where
mandated by the government. Note here that municipal recycling may nevertheless still be worthwhil
the net cost is less than the landfill or other disposal costs for the same amount of material.
3. Importance of synthetic materials in daily life
Materials science plays a pivotal role in determining and improving economic performance and the
quality of life, particularly in the following areas:
Living Environment: Because of pressing environmental concerns more efficient use of material an
energy resources is urgently required. Materials science is helping to develop new energy generation
technologies, more energy efficient devices, and easily recyclable, less toxic materials.
Health: Overcoming disease and providing worldwide medical care are high priorities. Materials
science, in conjunction with biotechnology, can meet this challenge by, e.g., developing artificial bon
and organ implants, safe drug delivery systems, water filtration systems, etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element) -
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
44/49
Communication: The increasing interconnectedness of our world requires faster and more reliable
means of communication. The information and associated computer revolutions closely depend on
advances made by scientists working on new electronic, optical, and magnetic materials.
Consumer Goods: Consumers have come to expect global products/services that are delivered rapid
at reasonable prices. Materials science can improve not only the products but also the way they are
handled (e.g., packaging), resulting in faster production and delivery times and higher quality goods.
Transport: Whether for business, holidays, or space exploration, materials science is needed to prov
durable, high-performance materials that make traveling faster, safer, and more comfortable. Exampl
are the development of light-weight aluminium bodies for automobiles, brake systems for high-speed
trains, quieter aircrafts, and insulation tiles for re-entry spacecrafts.
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
45/49
CONCLUSION
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
46/49
Sulphuric acid H2SO4, is used to make fertiliser, the electrolyte in car batteries, paint and detergent.
Sullphuric acid, H2SO4, is made in industry through the Contact process. The burning of fossil fuels
such as petrol and products made from sulphuric acid, H2SO4, will produce sulphur dioxide, SO2,
which pullutes the environment. Sulphur dioxide can caused acid rain which harmful for human and
nature.
The main use of ammonia, NH3, is in the manufacture of nitrogenous fertilers. Ammonia NH3, i
mass produced in factories through the Haber process. Examples of ammonium salts that can be used
fertiliser are ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4, and ammonium
phosphate, (NH4)3PO4.
An alloy is a compound formed by mixing metals with other elements. The process of mixing ato
of pure metals and atoms of impurities such as metals or non-metals by melting is called alloying.
Alloying aims to increase the strength and hardness of metals, prevent metal corrosion and to improv
the appearance of metals so that they are more attractive.
A polymer is a long-chained molecule made from the combination of many small molecules
(monomers). Polymerisation is the process of combining monomers to form a long-chained polymer.
There are two types of polymers; natural polymer and synthetic polymer. A natural polymer is a
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
47/49
polymer that occurs naturally, such as starch and cellulose. A synthetic (artificial) polymer is a man-
made polymer that is formed from chemical compounds through polymerisation.
The main component of glass is silica or silicon dioxide, SiO2. Glass is brittle, hard, transparent
chemically inert. Types of glass include fused silica glass, soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass and lead
crystals glass. Ceramics are items made from clay that have been heated at high temperature. The ma
properties of ceramics include being brittle, a good insulator of heat and electricity, very hard, having
very high melting point and being heat resistance.
Composite materials are compound that are formed from combinations of two or more different
compounds. The new subtance has the properties that are superior to those of the original component
Examples of composite materials are reinforced concrete, composite plastics, fibre optics, fibre glass
photochromic.
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
48/49
REFERENCES
-
8/7/2019 45422997-Folio-Kimia (2)
49/49