4.4 AIR QUALITY - CVWD

Section4.4AirQuality

CoachellaValleyWaterDistrict 4.4-1 DraftEIRChromium-6WaterTreatmentFacilitiesProject April2016

4.4 AIRQUALITY4.4.1 INTRODUCTIONThissectionprovidesanoverviewoftheexistingairqualityconditionswithintheprojectareaandsurroundingregion,regulatoryframework,andenvironmentalanalysisofpotentialairqualityimpactsthatwouldresultfromimplementationoftheproposedproject.Wherenecessarytooffset,reduceoravoidpotentialeffects,mitigationmeasuresareprovided.Thissectionconcludeswiththediscussionofresidualprojectimpacts[significanceaftermitigation]andcumulativeimpacts.ThissectionhasalsobeenpreparedtofulfillSWRCBCEQA-Plusrequirements.TheprojectmustdemonstratecompliancewiththeFederalCleanAirActtobeeligibleforDrinkingWaterStateRevolvingFundfinancing.TheSaltonSeaAirBasinisconsiderednon-attainmentorunclassifiedforthreefederally-regulatedcriteriapollutants,includingOzone(O3),ParticulateMatter(PM10)andParticulateMatter(PM2.5).Therefore,theprojectisrequiredtodemonstratecompliancewithapplicablemaintenanceplansandconformityrequirements,whicharefurtherdiscussedinSection4.4.2.3RegionalPollutantsofConcern.4.4.2 ENVIRONMENTALSETTINGTheprojectareaislocatedintheCoachellaValleyportionoftheSaltonSeaAirBasin(SSABorAirBasin).MeteorologicalconditionsintheCoachellaValleyarelargelyattributabletothelowdesertgeographicsetting.ThemountainssurroundingtheregionisolatetheCoachellaValleyfrommoderatingcoastalinfluencesandcreateahotanddrylow-lyingdesertcondition.Asthedesertheatsup,alargeareaofthermallowpressuredevelops,whichdrawscoolercoastalairfromthenorththroughthenarrowSanGorgonioPassandintothevalley,generatingstrongwindsthatcrossthemostactivefluvial(water-related)erosionzonesinthevalley.Thesestrongwindssweepup,suspendandtransportlargequantitiesofsandanddust,reducingvisibility,damagingproperty,andconstitutingasignificanthealththreat.TheregionisalsosubjecttoseasonalnortheasterlySantaAnawindsthatareassociatedwithareasofhighpressuresituatedoverNevadaandthesouthwestregion.

TheCoachellaValleyportionoftheSSABistypicalofalowdesertclimate,withsummerdaytimetemperaturesthatfrequentlyexceed110°Fanddropintothe20°Fsduringwinternights.TheValleyfloorreceivesanaverageoffourtosixinchesofrainfallperyear,withgreaterprecipitationathigherelevations.Airinversions,wherealayerofstagnantairistrappednearthegroundandhashighpollutantconcentrations,occasionallyoccurintheCoachellaValleyduetolocalgeologicalandclimaticconditions.Inversionscreateconditionsofhazinesscausedbysuspendedwatervapor,dust,andavarietyofchemicalaerosolsemittedbyvehicles,furnaces,andothersources.Duetolocalconditions,inversionsgenerallyoccur6,000to8,000feetabovethedesertfloor.SCAQMDandotherregulatingagencieshavedevelopedstandardsandregulationstoreduceemissionsandenhanceairqualitythroughouttheSSAB.Thesearefurtherdescribedbelow.



4.4.2.1AirQualityStandards Federalandstateairqualitystandardsestablishedforcriteriapollutantsaredesignedtoprotectthegeneralpopulationandespeciallythatsegmentofthepopulationmostsusceptibletorespiratorydistressorinfection,includingtheelderly,children,asthmatics,orthosewhoareweakfromdiseaseorillness.Thefollowingairpollutantsarecollectivelyknownascriteriaairpollutantsandaredefinedasthosepollutantsforwhichestablishedairqualitystandardshavebeenadoptedbyfederalandstategovernments.Ozone(O3)isapungent,colorless,toxicgas,andacomponentofphotochemicalsmog.Itisformedwhenbyproductsofcombustionreactinthepresenceofultravioletsunlight.Thisprocesstakesplaceintheatmospherewhereoxidesofnitrogencombinewithreactiveorganicgases,suchashydrocarbons.Exposuretoozonecanresultindiminishedbreathingcapacity,increasedsensitivitytoinfections,andinflammationofthelungtissue.Childrenandpeoplewithpre-existinglungdiseasearemostsusceptibletotheeffectsofozone.TheSSABisinnon-attainmentforthefederal8-hourO3standard.CarbonMonoxide(CO)isacolorless,odorless,toxicgasandabyproductfromthepartialcombustionoffossilfuels,mostnotablyfromautomobilesandothermotorvehicles.Carbonmonoxidepassesthroughthelungsdirectlyintothebloodstreamandreducestheamountofoxygenreachingthevitalorgans,suchastheheart,brainandtissues.Inhighconcentrations,carbonmonoxidecancontributetothedevelopmentofheartdisease,anemia,andimpairedpsychologicalbehavior.Individualsthathaveheartandblooddiseases,smokers,babiesinutero,andpeoplewithchronichypoxemiaaremostsusceptibletotheeffectsofCO.TheSSABisinattainmentforCO.NitrogenOxide(NOx)includesNitricoxide(NO)andNitrogendioxide(NO2),whicharetheprimaryoxidesofnitrogen,andcombinedareknownasnitrogenoxides.Theseoxidesareproducedathightemperaturesduringcombustionasbyproductsofmotorvehicles,powerplants,andoff-roadequipment.NOxcontributestotheformationofozoneservingastheprimaryreceptorofultravioletlightandinitiatingthephotochemicalreaction.Short-termexposuretonitrogendioxidecanresultinairwayconstriction,diminishedlungcapacity,andishighlytoxicbyinhalation.Populationslivingnearroadwaysaremorelikelytoexperienceeffectsofnitrogenoxidesduetoelevatedexposuretomotorvehicleexhaust.TheSSABisinattainmentforNO2.SulfurDioxide(SO2)resultsfromthecombustionofhigh-sulfurcontentfuels,suchascoalandpetroleum.Sourcesincludemotorvehiclefuelcombustion,chemicalmanufacturingplants,andsulfurrecoveryplants.Sulfurdioxideisacolorless,pungent,extremelyirritatinggasthatcancauseairwayconstrictionandseverebreathingdifficultiesinasthmatics.Highlevelsofexposurecancausefluidaccumulationinthelungs,damagetolungtissue,andsloughingoffofcellsliningtherespiratorytract.TheSSABisinattainmentforSO2.ParticulateMatter(PM10andPM2.5)consistsoffinesuspendedparticlesoftenmicronsorsmallerindiameter,andarethebyproductsofroaddust,sand,dieselsoot,windstorms,andtheabrasionoftiresandbrakes.Theelderly,childrenandadultswithpre-existingrespiratoryorcardiovasculardiseasearemostsusceptibletotheeffectsofPM.ElevatedPM10andPM2.5levelsarealsoassociatedwithanincreaseinmortalityrates,respiratoryinfections,occurrencesandseverityofasthmaattacksandhospitaladmissions.TheSSABisanon-attainmentareaforPM10andisclassifiedasattainment/unclassifiableforPM2.5.



VolatileOrganicCompounds(VOC)arealsoknownasReactiveOrganicGas(ROG).Thisclassofpollutantshasnostateorfederalambientairqualitystandardsandisnotclassifiedascriteriapollutants;however,theyareregulatedbecausetheyareresponsibleforcontributingtotheformationofozone.TheyalsocontributetohigherPM10levelsbecausetheytransformintoorganicaerosolswhenreleasedintotheatmosphere.VOCsposeahealththreatwhenpeopleareexposedtohighconcentrations.Benzene,forexample,isahydrogencomponentofVOCemissionsknowntobeacarcinogen.VOCsareregulatedbytheSCAQMDonaproject-specificlevelviaconstructionandoperationalthresholds.Thereisnoattainmentstatusdesignation,howevermitigationmeasuresarerequiredintheeventthataprojectwillexceedSCAQMDthresholds.Lead(Pb)occursintheatmosphereasparticulatematterresultingfromthemanufacturingofbatteries,paint,ink,andammunition.Exposuretoleadcanresultinanemia,kidneydisease,gastrointestinaldysfunction,andneuromuscularandneurologicaldisorders.Babiesinutero,infants,andchildrenareespeciallysusceptibletohealthrisksassociatedwithexposuretoleadbyimpactingthecentralnervoussystemandcauselearningdisorders.TheSSABisinattainmentforlead.Table4.4-1providesthestateandnationalambientairqualitystandardsforcriteriapollutants.TheairqualityofaparticularlocaleisconsideredtobeinattainmentifthemeasuredambientairpollutantlevelsforO3,CO,SO2(1-hourand24-hour),NO2,andPM10andPM2.5arenotexceededandallotherstandardsarenotequaledorexceededatanytimeinanyconsecutivethree-yearperiod.Attainmentalsoassumesthenationalstandards(otherthanO3,PM10,andthosebasedonannualaveragesorarithmeticmean)arenotexceededmorethanonceperyear.TheO3standardisinattainmentwhenthefourthhighesteight-hourconcentrationinayear,averagedoverthreeyears,isequaltoorlessthanthestandard.ForPM10,the24-hourstandardisattainedwhen99percentofthedailyconcentrations,averagedoverthreeyears,areequaltoorlessthanthestandard.



TABLE4.4-1:STATEANDNATIONALAMBIENTAIRQUALITYSTANDARDS

PollutantStateStandards NationalStandards**

AveragingTime

Concentration AveragingTime

Concentration

Ozone(O3)1-hour8-hour

0.09ppm0.07ppm

1-hour8-hour

0.070ppm

CarbonMonoxide(CO) 1-hour8-hour

20.0ppm9.0ppm

1-hour8-hour

35.0ppm9.0ppm

NitrogenDioxide(NO2)1-hourAAM

0.18ppm0.030ppm

AAM

0.10ppm*0.053ppm

SulfurDioxide(SO2)1-hour24-hour

0.25ppm0.04ppm

1&24hourAAM

0.075ppm**

ParticulateMatter(PM10)24-hourAAM

50µg/m3

20µg/m324-hourAAM

150µg/m3

ParticulateMatter(PM2.5)AAM24-hour

12µg/m3

35µg/m3AAM24-hour

12µg/m3

35µg/m3Lead 30dayAvg. 1.5µg/m3 3monthAvg. 0.15µg/m3

VisibilityReducingParticles 8-hour Nostandard NofederalStandard

NofederalStandard

Sulfates24-hour 25µg/m3 Nofederal

StandardNofederalStandard

HydrogenSulfide1-hour

0.03ppm

NofederalStandard

NofederalStandard

VinylChloride 24-hour 0.01ppm NofederalStandard

NofederalStandard

Source:CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard,06/04/13Notes:ppm=partspermillion;ppb=partsperbillion;µg/m3=microgramspercubicmeterofair;AAM=AnnualArithmeticMean;*NotethatthisstandardbecameeffectiveasofJanuary22,2010.**FinalrulesignedJune2,2010,effectiveasofAugust23,2010

4.4.2.2RegionalAirQualityMonitoringTheSCAQMDoperatesandmaintainstwoairqualitymonitoringstationswithintheCoachellaValley,alsoknownasSourceReceptorArea(SRA)30.TheSRA30monitoringstationsarelocatedinthecitiesofIndioandPalmSprings,whichhavebeenoperationalsince1985and1987,respectively.Tables4.4-2,4.4-3,and4.4-4showthemaximumconcentrationandnumberofdaysannuallythatstateandfederalstandardsforparticulatematter(PM10andPM2.5)andozonewereexceededbetween2005and2014intheValley.Table4.4-2showsthatthefederal24-hourstandardforPM10wasexceededmorefrequentlyattheIndiostationbetween2005and2014.PM10levelscontinuetoexceedstatestandardsintheValley.Table4.4-3showsthatthefederal24-hourPM2.5standardandAAMstatestandardof>12µg/m3

standardhavenotbeenexceededbetween2005and2014.



Table4.4-4showsthatthePalmSpringsmonitoringstationexceedsthe1-hourand8-hourfederalandstateozonestandardsmorefrequentlythantheIndiosite.ThisexceedancecanbeattributabletothePalmSpringsstation'sproximitytotheSanGorgonioPasswhereozoneistransportedintotheSSABfromairbasinstothewest.

TABLE4.4-2:PM10MONITORINGDATAFORTHECOACHELLAVALLEY

MonitoringStation

Year

MaximumConcentration

(µg/m3/24hours)**

No.DaysExceeding24-hr.

Standards

AnnualAverage(µg/m3)

Federal1 State2 AAM3 AGM4PalmSprings 2005 66.0 0.0 13.0 25.9 25.4

2006 226.0 6.6 19.6 28.3 27.7 2007 83.0 0.0 N/A 30.0 N/A 2008 75.0 0.0 N/A 17.7 N/A 2009 140.0 0.0 N/A 20.4 N/A 2010 144.8 0.0 0.0 19.4 18.3 2011 396.9 2.0 0.0 21.7 18.1 2012 143.4 0.0 0.0 19.9 16.1 2013 185.8 1.0 13.1 23.1 22.1 2014 313.8 1.1 * 25.4 *

Indio 2005 106.0 0.0 121.7 44.9 45.4 2006 97.0 N/A N/A 39.8 N/A 2007 210.0 5.7 212.3 55.6 56.0 2008 128.0 N/A 76.3 40.0 39.8 2009 132.0 N/A 24.0 32.7 31.8 2010 107.0 0.0 23.9 28.8 29.7 2011 375.9 2.0 18.6 32.6 35.4 2012 270.6 N/A 43.2 33.6 33.4 2013 255.2 3.0 85.2 37.5 38.6 2014 322.3 6.1 94.9 43.5 44.8Source:AnnualairqualitysitemonitoringreportsperARB.http://www.arb.ca.gov/adam/AccessedJune18,2015.1=>150µg/m3in24hourperiod;2=>50µg/m3in24hourperiod;3=FederalAnnualAverageStandardAAM>50µg/m3revokedDecember17,2006.StatestandardisAAM>20µg/m34=StateAnnualAverageStandard=AGM>20µg/m3*Thereareinsufficient(orno)dataavailabletodeterminethevalue.**Datamayincludeexceptionalevents.



TABLE4.4-3:PM2.5MONITORINGDATAFORTHECOACHELLAVALLEY

MonitoringStation Year

MaxConcentration

(µg/m3/24hours)

No.DaysExceeding24-hr.

Standards

AnnualAverage(µg/m3)

Federala AAMb,cPalmSprings 2005* 25.0 N/A N/A

2006* 24.7 N/A N/A 2007* 32.5 0.0 8.5 2008 18.1 0.0 7.1 2009 21.8 0.0 6.6 2010 12.8 0.0 5.9 2011 26.3 0.0 6.0 2012 15.5 0.0 6.5 2013 18.5 0.0 6.5 2014 15.5 ** **

Indio 2005* 44.3 N/A N/A 2006* 24.2 0.0 9.4 2007* 26.7 N/A N/A 2008 21.5 0.0 8.4 2009 27.5 0.0 7.8 2010 16.0 0.0 6.8 2011 35.4 0.0 7.2 2012 18.4 0.0 7.6 2013 25.8 0.0 8.3 2014 16.8 ** **

Source: Annual air quality sitemonitoring reports, prepared by ARB. http://www.arb.ca.gov/adam/ AccessedJune18,2015.a=>35µg/m3in24hourperiod,FederalstandardasofDecember17,2006.B=FederalAnnualAverageStandard=AAM>15µg/m3C=StateAnnualAverageStandard=AAM>12µg/m3asofJuly5,2003.*Lessthan12fullmonthsofdata;maynotberepresentative.**Therewasinsufficient(orno)dataavailabletodeterminethevalue.



TABLE4.4-4:OZONEMONITORINGDATAFORTHECOACHELLAVALLEY

MonitoringStation Year

Max.ConcentrationNo.DaysStandardExceeded

Federal1 State21Hourppm

8Hourppm 8Hour 1Hour 8Hour

PalmSprings 2005 0.139 0.116 61 41 78 2006 0.126 0.109 61 37 79 2007 0.126 0.102 58 29 83 2008 0.112 0.101 51 26 70 2009 0.120 0.098 54 28 74 2010 0.114 0.099 52 20 78 2011 0.124 0.099 49 21 69 2012 0.126 0.101 51 17 79 2013 0.113 0.104 46 10 82 2014 0.108 0.093 35 9 61

Indio 2005 0.114 0.095 34 18 58 2006 0.103 0.090 28 5 42 2007 0.106 0.095 30 8 48 2008 0.115 0.092 27 12 44 2009 0.097 0.090 24 6 41 2010 0.100 0.087 19 6 45 2011 0.099 0.090 19 3 42 2012 0.102 0.089 24 2 45 2013 0.105 0.087 18 2 38 2014 0.095 0.091 10 2 30

Source:ARBAnnualAirQualityDataTables.http://www.arb.ca.gov/adam/AccessedJune18,2015.1=>0.070partspermillionforthe8hourstandard.2=>0.09and0.070partspermillionin1hourand8hourrespectively.

CriteriaAirPollutantsSummaryAirqualityintheSSABexceedsstateandfederalstandardsforfugitivedust(PM10)andozone(O3),andisinattainment/unclassifiedforPM2.5.AmbientairqualityintheSSAB,includingtheprojectsites,doesnotexceedstateandfederalstandardsforcarbonmonoxide,nitrogendioxides,sulfurdioxide,lead,sulfates,hydrogensulfide,orvinylchloride.Table4.4-5showsthebasin’sfederalandstateattainmentstatusforcriteriapollutants.



TABLE4.4-5:SALTONSEAAIRBASINDESIGNATIONSTATUSCriteriaPollutants FederalDesignation StateDesignationOzone-8hour Nonattainment NonattainmentOzone-1hour n/a NonattainmentCarbonMonoxide Attainment AttainmentNitrogenDioxide Attainment AttainmentSulfurDioxide Attainment/Unclassified AttainmentPM10 Nonattainment NonattainmentPM2.5 Attainment/Unclassified Attainment/UnclassifiedLead Attainment AttainmentSulfates Nostandard AttainmentHydrogenSulfide Nostandard UnclassifiedVinylChloride Nostandard NotsufficientdataSource:CARBAirQualityPlanningBranch,June2013.ThisinformationhasbeencrosscheckedwiththeU.S.EPAGreenBook,lastupdatedJanuary30,2015.

4.4.2.3RegionalPollutantsofConcernLocalairqualityconditionsaredeterminedbyclimate,geography,andregionalactivities,includinggrading,constructionandvehiculartraffic,aswellasheating,cooling,andventilation(HVAC)equipment.TheFederalCleanAirAct(FederalCAA)requirestheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoardtodesignateportionsofthestatewherethenationalambientairqualitystandardsarenotmetas“nonattainmentareas.”UndertheFederalCCA,thecriteriapollutantsofconcernintheprojectareaareozone(O3)andparticulatematter(PM10andPM2.5).Thesearefurtherdescribedbelow.PM10EmissionsHistorically,PM10levelsintheCoachellaValleyareelevatedduetofugitivedustemissionsfromgradingandconstructionactivities,agriculturalpractices,andstrongwind.Thefinermaterials,includingsandandsilt,canbepickedupandtransportedbythewindandarereferredtoas“blowsand.”PM10particlesassociatedwithblowsandareoftwotypes:(1)naturalPM10producedbydirectparticleerosionandfragmentation,and(2)secondaryPM10wherebysanddepositedonroadwaysisfurtherpulverizedbymotorvehiclesandthenre-suspendedintheairbythosevehicles.TheprojectareaislocatedinaPM10non-attainmentareaforthestateandfederalPM10standard.TheCoachellaValleywaseligibleforredesignationasattainmentin2009-2010duetotheannualaveragePM10concentrationsmeetingtherevokedfederalstandard.OnFebruary25,2010theCaliforniaAirResourcesBoardapprovedtheCoachellaValleyPM10RedesignationRequestandMaintenancePlanfromseriousnon-attainmenttoattainmentforthePM10NationalAmbientAirQualityStandardunderFederalCAASection107.HowevertheCoachellaValleybeganexceedingthresholdsforPM10shortlyaftertheredesignationrequestandcontinuestoexceedthresholdstoday.AsofOctober1,2015theUSEPAhasnotre-designatedthePM10classificationfortheCoachellaValley1.TheCoachellaValleycontinuestobeinnon-attainmentforPM10.

1EPAGreenBookDesignatedNon-attainmentAreasforAllCriteriaPollutants,asofJuly2,2014.AccessedJune18,2015.



SCAQMDemploysmeasurestoreduceparticulatematterinthebasin,setsforthnewmeasuresthatcouldfurtherreduceparticulatematter,andliststhosenewmeasuresthatneedfurtherevaluationpriortoimplementation.Inaddition,applicablestatecodeandAQMDRules,includingRule403(FugitiveDust),enforcefugitivedustcomplianceforallactivitieswithintheSSAB.PM2.5EmissionsFederalandstatestandardshavebeendevelopedtoregulatefineparticulatemattersmallerthan2.5micronsindiameter.Toachievefederalattainment,ajurisdictionmustprovidetheUSEPAwithairqualitymonitoringdatathatdoesnotviolatethefineparticlestandardsoverathree-yearperiod.TheCoachellaValleyisdefinedasattainment/unclassifiedforPM2.5,basedonthestateandfederalPM2.5standards,anddoesnotrequireimplementationplanstodemonstrateattainment.OzoneEmissionsUndertheFederalCAA,theCoachellaValleyportionoftheSSABisclassifiedasa“severe-15”O3non-attainmentareaforthe8-hourstatestandard,whichmeansthattheregionmustcomeintocompliancewithFederalozonestandardsbyDecember31,2027.Withfutureemissioncontrols,theCoachellaValleyisexpectedtoachievethe20088-hourfederalO3standardby2024.2SCAQMDstudiesindicatethatmostO3istransportedtotheSSABfromtheupwindSouthCoastAirBasin(SCAB).ItisdifficulttoquantifytheamountofozonecontributedfromSCAB;however,reducedO3concentrationintheSSABdepends,inpart,uponreducedozoneemissionsintheSouthCoastAirBasin.4.4.2.4SensitiveReceptorsSomemembersofthepopulationareespeciallysensitivetoairpollutantemissionsandshouldbegivenspecialconsiderationwhenevaluatingairqualityimpactsfromprojects.Thesepeople,definedassensitivereceptors,includechildren,theelderly,personswithpreexistingrespiratoryorcardiovascularillness,andathletesandotherswhoengageinfrequentexercise.Theproposedprojectiscomprisedof32individualsiteslocatedinamixofurbanandruralsettings.Detaileddescriptionsofthesensitivereceptorlocationsscreenedforproject-relatedairqualityimpactsarediscussedinSection4.4.4,ImpactsandMitigationMeasures,below.ToxicAirContaminantsToxicAirContaminants(TAC)causeorcontributetoanincreaseindeathsorseriousillnessorposeapresentorpotentialhazardtohumanhealth.TheCARB’sToxicAirContaminantsProgramestablishestheprocessfortheidentificationandcontrolofsubstancessuchasasbestos,benzene,beryllium,inorganicarsenic,mercury,vinylchloride,andothercontaminantsnotaddressedbytheambientairpollutionprogram.TACsarerequiredtobeinventoriedonastatewidelevel.ThereareanumberofprocessesandfacilitieswithinthestatethatgenerateTACs,includingelectroplatingandanodizingoperations,gasolinedistributionfacilities,petroleumrefineries,andothers.TheprimaryhealthconcernassociatedwithTACsisfrommobilesourcesofparticulatematter,whichareknownfortheircarcinogenicpotential.Approximately84percentofthecarcinogenicriskisattributedtodieselparticulateemissionswithintheSouthCoastAirBasin.

2 Final2012AirQualityManagementPlan,preparedbySouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict,December2012.



4.4.3 REGULATORYFRAMEWORK4.4.3.1 Federal,State,andLocalRegulationsFederalandstateagencieshaveadoptedairqualitystandardsforavarietyofpollutants.In1971,theUSEPAestablishedtheNationalAmbientAirQualityStandards(NAAQS)formanagingcriteriapollutants.TheCaliforniaCleanAirAct(CCAA)becameeffectiveonJanuary1,1989andmandatedhealth-basedairqualitystandardsatthestatelevel.TheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard(CARB)isresponsibleforenforcingstatestandards,whicharegenerallymorestringentthanfederalstandards.OneofthewaysstandardsareappliedisthroughStateImplementationPlans(SIP),whicharepreparedtoassistregionalairqualitymanagementdistrictsinmeetingthefederalandstateambientairqualitystandardsinaccordancewiththedeadlinesspecifiedintheFederalCleanAirAct(CAA)andemissionreductiontargetsoftheCaliforniaCleanAirAct.Regionalandlocalagencieshavealsoassumedsomeresponsibilityforassuringthatstateandfederalairqualitystandardsareachieved.FortheCoachellaValley,theSCAQMDisresponsibleforestablishingairqualitymeasurementcriteriaandrelevantmanagementpoliciesfortheSSAB.The2003PM10CoachellaValleyStateImplementationPlan(CVSIP)wasjointlydevelopedbytheSCAQMD,CoachellaValleyAssociationofGovernments(CVAG)anditsmembercities,andwasapprovedbytheUSEPA.The2003PM10CVSIPupdatedthe1990plan,whichwasdraftedasarequirementofthefederalCleanAirActtodemonstrateexpeditiousattainmentofPM10standards.3OnApril18,2003,theUSEPAapprovedtheupdatedCVSIP.TheSSAB,includingtheprojectarea,issubjecttotheprovisionsoftheSCAQMDRuleBook,4whichsetsforthpoliciesandothermeasuresdesignedtomeetfederalandstateambientairqualitystandards.Theserules,alongwithSCAQMD’s2012AirQualityManagementPlan5areintendedtosatisfytheplanningrequirementsofboththefederalandstateCleanAirActs.TheSCAQMDalsomonitorsdailypollutantlevelsandmeteorologicalconditionsthroughouttheDistrict.TheCaliforniaEnvironmentalQualityAct(CEQA)alsosetsforthcriteriatodetermineaproject’spotentialtoaffectairquality4.4.4 IMPACTSANDMITIGATIONMEASURES4.4.4.1SignificanceCriteriaBasedonAppendixGoftheStateCEQAGuidelines,theprojectwouldhaveasignificanteffectonairqualityifitwereto:

a. Conflictwithorobstructimplementationoftheapplicableairqualityplan.

3 2003CoachellaValleyPM10StateImplementationPlan,August1,2003.4 SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrictRulesandRegulations,AdoptedFebruary4,1977.5 Final2012AirQualityManagementPlan,preparedbytheSouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict,December2012.



b. Violateanyairqualitystandardsorcontributesubstantiallytoanexistingorprojectedairqualityviolation.

c. Resultinacumulativelyconsiderablenetincreaseofanycriteriapollutantforwhichthe

projectregionisnon-attainmentunderanapplicablefederalorstateambientairqualitystandard(includingreleasingemissionswhichexceedquantitativethresholdsforozoneprecursors).

d. Exposesensitivereceptorstosubstantialpollutantconcentrations.

e. Createobjectionableodorsaffectingasubstantialnumberofpeople.

Inaddition,theprojectwouldcreateasignificanthealthriskifTACemissionsweretoexceedthefollowingSCAQMDhealthrisksignificancethresholds:

a. MaximumIncrementalCancerRisk≥10in1million;

b. CancerBurden>0.5excesscancercases(inareas1in1million);

c. ChronicandAcuteHazardIndex≥1.0(projectincrement)4.4.4.2ApproachtoAnalysisThissectionevaluatesimpactsonairqualityresultingfromtemporaryconstructionactivitiesandtheoperationofprojectfacilities.TheanalysiswasconductedusingmethodologiesandassumptionsrecommendedbytheSouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict(SCAQMD)anddeterminedbyCVWDtobeadequateforuseinthisanalysis.ProceduresandmethodsrecommendedbytheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard(CARB)arealsousedinthisstudy.Thissectiondescribesexistingairquality,potentialshort-termconstruction-relatedimpacts,potentialdirectandindirectlong-termemissionsassociatedwithproject,andtheimpactsoftheseemissionsonboththelocalandregionalscale.ThissectionisbasedontheAirQualityTechnicalReportpreparedbyTerraNovaPlanning&Research,Inc.SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrictThresholdsTheairqualityimpactanalysisalsoconsidersconstructionandoperationalimpactsassociatedwiththeproposedprojectinrelationtotheSCAQMD’sthresholdsdescribedbelow. Constructionequipment,trucks,workervehicles,andground-disturbingactivitiesassociatedwiththeprojectwouldgenerateemissionsofcriteriapollutantsandprecursors.Short-termconstruction-relatedimpactsandlong-termoperational(regionalandlocal)impactswereassessedinaccordancewithSCAQMD-recommendedmethodologies.Wherequantificationwasrequired,project-generatedconstruction-relatedemissionsweremodeledusingtheCaliforniaEmissionsEstimatorModelVersion2013.2(CalEEMod)computerprogramasrecommendedbytheSCAQMD.CalEEModincorporatesCARB’sEMFAC2011modelforon-roadvehicleemissionsandtheOFFROAD2011modelforoff-roadvehicleemissions.CalEEModisdesignedtomodelconstructionemissionsforlanddevelopmentprojectsandallowsfortheinputofproject-specificinformation.Project-generatedemissionsweremodeled



basedongeneralinformationprovidedintheprojectdescriptionanddefaultCalEEModsettingsinordertoestimatereasonableworst-caseconditions.Project-generated,long-termregionalareaandmobile-sourceemissionsofcriteriaairpollutantsandozone(O3)precursorswerealsomodeledusingCalEEMod.CalEEModallowslanduseselectionsthatincludeprojectlocationspecificsandtripgenerationrates.CalEEModaccountsformobilesourceemissionsassociatedwithvehicletripgeneration.Project-generatedemissionsweremodeledbasedonassumptionsforbuildoutoftheprojectfacilitiesandtripgenerationfromtheproject-specifictransportationanalysis.PleaserefertoAppendixCAirQualityTechnicalReportfordetailedinformationoninputassumptionsandmodelingoutputfiles.Determinations of significance for construction-related and operational emissionswere based on thecomparisonofproject-generatedemissionstoapplicableSCAQMDthresholds(seeTable4.4-6below).

TABLE4.4-6:SCAQMDAIRQUALITYSIGNIFICANCETHRESHOLDS

MassDailyThresholdsPollutant ConstructionThresholds OperationalThresholds

NOx 100pounds/day 100pounds/dayVOC/ROG 75pounds/day 75pounds/dayPM10 150pounds/day 150pounds/dayPM2.5 55pounds/day 55pounds/daySOx 150pounds/day 150pounds/dayCO 550pounds/day 550pounds/day

Lead* 3pounds/day 3pounds/dayOdor ProjectcreatesanodornuisancepursuanttoSCAQMDRule402

Source:SCAQMD2016.*Note:Constructionoftheprojectwillnotresultinthereleaseoruseoflead.Howeverlowlevelleademissionswouldoccurduringprojectoperations.LeadisfurtherdiscussedundertheHealthRiskAssessmentimpactsection.

LocalizedSignificanceThresholdsAspartoftheSCAQMD’senvironmentaljusticeprogram,attentionhasbeenfocusedonlocalizedeffectsofairquality.TheSCAQMDstaffhasdevelopedlocalizedsignificancethreshold(LST)methodologythatcanbeusedtodeterminewhethertheprojectmaygeneratesignificantadverselocalizedairqualityimpacts(bothshort-termandlong-term).TheemissionsanalyzedundertheLSTmethodologyareNO2,CO,PM10,andPM2.5.LSTsaredevelopedbaseduponthesizeortotalareaoftheemissionssource,theambientairqualityineachsourcereceptorarea(SRA)inwhichtheemissionsourceislocated,andthedistancetothesensitivereceptor.Forsitesgreaterthanfiveacres,theSCAQMDrecommendsthatdispersionmodelingbeperformedtodetermineNOx,CO,PM10,andPM2.5concentrationsonadailybasis.Forsiteslessthanfiveacres,theSCAQMDMassRateLSTLook-upTablescanbeusedtodeterminewhetherornotaprojectmaygeneratesignificantadverselocalizedairqualityimpacts.Theproposedprojectiscomprisedof32individualsiteslocatedthroughouttheCoachellaValley;butonlytwoofthesitesarelargerthanfiveacres(CRRFandtheID8WBAWaterTreatmentFacilitysite).Althoughthesesitesarelargerthanfiveacres,theprojectwillbeconditionedtolimitgrounddisturbingactivitiestonomorethanfiveacresperday,andthereforetheMassRateLSTLook-upTableswereused.



Thedistancetoasensitivereceptorwouldvaryfromsitetosite.Detaileddescriptionsofthesensitivereceptorspersitearediscussedbelow.HealthRiskAssessmentAHealthRiskAssessment(HRA)waspreparedfortheprojecttoassessthepotentialforhealthrisksduetoemissionsofTACsfromthetreatmentsystemsandotherequipmentthatwillbeinstalledaspartofthe proposed project. SCAQMD has developed thresholds for cancer risk when a project generatescancer risk by the land uses it proposes (for example, a factory emitting TACs). That threshold is 10cancercasespermillionpopulation.SCAQMDhasconductedasurveyofestimatedriskthroughout itsbasins. The SCAQMDMATES-IV Studydetermined that the average cancer risk in the SouthCoastAirBasinportionofRiversideCountyis223inonemillion.Acancerriskrepresentstheprobability(intermsofriskpermillionindividuals)thatanindividualwouldcontract cancer resulting from exposure to TACs continuously over a lifetime exposure period of 70yearsforsensitivereceptors.Riskcharacterizationfornon-cancerhealthhazardsfromTACsisexpressedasahazard index (HI).TheHI isa ratioof thepredictedconcentrationof theproject’semissions toaconcentration considered acceptable to public health professionals, termed the Reference ExposureLevel(REL).CEQA-PlusRequirementsThe projectmust demonstrate compliancewith federal CleanAir Act by providing project-specific airqualityanalyses.Becausetheprojectisinanon-attainmentarea,asummaryofestimatedemissionsforthe project must be provided; if the emissions are above the federal de minimis levels, a generalconformitydetermination for theprojectmustbemade. A general conformitydetermination canbemade if facilities are sized tomeet the needs of current population projections used in an approvedStateImplementationPlanforairquality.The Salton Sea Air Basin is considered non-attainment or unclassified for three federally-regulatedcriteriapollutants,includingO3,PM10andPM2.5.4.4.4.3ConstructionImpactsandMitigationMeasures

ImpactAQ-1:Constructionoftheprojectwouldnotconflictwithorobstructimplementationofapplicableairqualityplans.(LessthanSignificant)

Constructionoftheprojectisanticipatedtooccurovera3-yearperiodstartingin2016withbuildoutin2019.Constructionactivitiesincludesitepreparation,sitegrading,operationofconstructionequipment,stationarypower,buildingconstructionandrelatedoff-sitetravel,andoff-gassingfrompavingandarchitecturalcoatings.Constructionequipmentincludes,butisnotlimitedto,materialhaulingequipment,graders,dozers,pavingequipment,generators,aircompressors,welders,forklifts,industrialsaws,watertrucks,andcrawlertractors.Constructionrelatedairqualityemissionsaretemporaryandendonceconstructioniscomplete.Theprojectwouldbedevelopedinaccordancewithallapplicableairqualitymanagementplanstoensureimpactstoairqualityarelessthansignificant.Actionsincludebutarenotlimitedtothepreparationofastandarddustcontrolmanagementplanandtheenforcementofmitigation



measuresintheeventthatcriteriapollutantthresholdsareexceededduringconstructionactivities.ThesubjectpropertyislocatedwithintheSSAB,whichisgovernedbytheSCAQMD.SCAQMDisresponsibleformonitoringcriteriaairpollutantconcentrationsandestablishingmanagementpoliciesfortheSSAB.AlldevelopmentwithintheSSAB,includingtheproposedproject,issubjecttothecurrentSCAQMDAirQualityManagementPlanand2003PM10

CoachellaValleyStateImplementationPlan. Thesecomprehensiveplansestablishcontrolstrategiesandguidanceonregionalemissionreductionsforairpollutants.ConstructionoftheprojectwouldnotpreventtheSCAQMDfromimplementingtheseactions.AsdiscussedinImpactAQ-2below,mitigationmeasuresarerequiredtoreduceconstructionrelatedNOxemissionstolessthansignificantlevels.TheImpactAQ-2mitigationmeasurereadsasfollows:

• ToreduceNOxemissions,constructionequipmentshallutilizeaqueousdieselfuels,dieselparticulatefiltersanddieseloxidationcatalyst(30%reductionequivalentorbetter)duringallconstructionactivities.

Implementationoftheabovemitigationmeasurewouldensureconstructionoftheproposedprojectwouldnotobstructimplementationofapplicableairqualityplans.Thisimpactislessthansignificant.ImpactAQ-2:Emissionsgeneratedduringconstructionactivitieswouldviolateairqualitystandardsandwouldcontributesubstantiallytoanexistingairqualityviolation.(LessthanSignificantwithMitigation)

Airpollutantsaregeneratedfromsuchconstructionactivitiesassitepreparation,sitegrading,operationofconstructionequipment,stationarypower,buildingconstructionandrelatedoff-sitetravel,andoff-gassingfrompavingandarchitecturalcoatings.Constructionrelatedairqualityemissionsaretemporaryandendonceconstructioniscomplete.

Asdescribedabove,CalEEModwasusedtocalculatethepotentialemissionofcriteriapollutantsassociatedwithconstructionandoperationoftheproposedproject.ItisassumedthatconstructionoftheprojectwouldoccurfromJuly2016throughJuly2019.DetailedconstructioninputassumptionsareprovidedinTable4.4-7below.CalEEModproducesemissiondataforbothunmitigatedandmitigatedconditions.Theapplicationofstandarddustcontrolmeasures,useofvehicleoxidationcatalysis(30%reductionequivalent),anduseofreducedVOClevelcoatingsarecapturedinthemitigatedcondition.Construction-relatedemissionswouldbeminimizedthroughbestdevelopmentpractices,adherencetoaproject-specificdustcontrolplan,propermaintenanceofconstructionequipment,phaseddevelopment,andmitigationmeasuressetforthbelowthatlimittheproject’scontributiontoairqualityimpactsduringconstruction.



TABLE4.4-7:CALEEMODCONSTRUCTIONINPUTASSUMPTIONSFacility Construction

WBAWellSites(6sites)

• 3.23acrestotalofdisturbance• MaterialImport:0• MaterialExport:0• Paving:0• DemolitionExport:15tons

SBAWellSites(23sites)

• 14.7acrestotalofdisturbance• MaterialImport:3,279cubicyards• MaterialExport:0• Paving:3.1acres• DemolitionExport:45tons

ID8WBAWaterTreatmentPlantSite

andPipelines

• 44.97acresofdisturbance• MaterialImport:0cubicyards• MaterialExport:0cubicyards• Paving:6.15acres• AccessRoad(gravel):1.3acres• DemolitionExport:53,842tons

LAQuintaWBAWaterTreatmentPlantSite

andPipelines

• 3.23acresofdisturbance• 36,012squarefootbuilding(lightindustrial)• MaterialImport:0cubicyards• MaterialExport:0cubicyards• Paving:1.82acres• DemolitionExport:26,919tons

CRRFSiteandWaterPipeline

• 38.5acresofdisturbance• 67,300squarefootbuilding(lightindustrial)• MaterialImport:6,876cubicyards• MaterialExport:0• Paving:17acres• DemolitionExport:0

TOTALSFORINPUT

• Siteacreageofdisturbance:103.4acres• BuildingSpace:103,312squarefeet• MaterialImport:10,155cubicyards• MaterialExport:0cubicyards• Paving:28.07acres• Gravel:1.3acres• DemolitionExport:80,821tons



TABLE4.4-8:CONSTRUCTIONEMISSIONSSUMMARYMAXIMUMDAILYEMISSIONS(LBS/DAY)

ConstructionYear CO NOx ROG SOx PM10 PM2.5

2016201720182019

75.98 116.56 11.30 0.14 30.46 10.0173.36 109.13 10.58 0.10 14.10 9.53138.76 122.40 67.94 0.24 12.28 7.6620.93 17.73 67.67 0.03 1.93 1.19

SCAQMDThreshold*550.00 100.00 75.00 150.00 150.00 55.00

Impact? No Yes No No No NoSource:CalEEModVersion2013.2.SeeAppendixCfordetailedtables.Valueshownrepresentstheaverageunmitigatedemissionsfromsummerandwinter.*Source:“SCAQMDAirQualitySignificanceThresholds”preparedbySouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict,March2015.ConstructionthresholdsapplytoboththeSouthCoastAirBasinandCoachellaValley(SaltonSeaandMojaveDesertAirBasins).Thresholdsarepoundsperdayinasingleyear.Projectconstructionemissionsfrom2016-2019arenotcumulative.

AsshowninTable4.4-8,SCAQMDdailythresholdsforcriteriapollutantsCO,ROG,SOx,PM10andPM2.5wouldnotbeexceededduringconstructionofthechromium-6project.However,NOxemissionshavethepotentialtoexceedSCAQMDthresholdsduringthe2016-2018constructionyears;thisimpactisconsideredsignificantandrequiresmitigation.ImplementationofMitigationMeasureAQ-2wouldreduceNOxemissionfromahighof122.4poundsperdaytoahighof90.58poundsperday,whichisapproximately10poundsbelowthedailyNOxthreshold(SeeTable4.4-9).AsshowninTable4.4-9below,allcriteriapollutantswouldbebelowSCAQMDdailythresholdsundermitigatedconditions.Thisimpactislessthansignificant.

MitigationMeasureAQ-2:Implementairqualitycontrolmeasuresduringconstruction.TheconstructioncontractorshallimplementthefollowingairqualitycontrolmeasuresduringconstructionoftheCr6projecttoreduceNOxemissionstolessthansignificantlevels:

• ToreduceNOxemissions,constructionequipmentshallutilizeaqueousdieselfuels,dieselparticulatefiltersanddieseloxidationcatalyst(30%reductionequivalentorbetter)duringallconstructionactivities.

TABLE4.4-9:MITIGATEDCONSTRUCTIONEMISSIONSSUMMARYMAXIMUMDAILYEMISSIONS(LBS/DAY)

CO NOx ROG SOx PM10 PM2.5

Chromium-6ProjectBuildout

2016 75.98 85.66 11.30 0.14 15.84 7.452017 73.37 80.23 10.58 0.10 9.14 6.972018 138.76 90.58 67.94 0.24 12.28 7.662019 20.93 12.57 67.67 0.03 1.93 1.19

SCAQMDThreshold*550.00 100.00 75.00 150.00 150.00 55.00

ImpactStatement No No No No No NoSource:CalEEModVersion2013.2.SeeAppendixCfordetailedtables.Valueshownrepresentstheaverageunmitigatedemissionsfromsummerandwinter.*Source:“SCAQMDAirQualitySignificanceThresholds”preparedbySouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict,March2015.ConstructionthresholdsapplytoboththeSouthCoastAirBasinandCoachellaValley(SaltonSeaandMojaveDesertAirBasins).Thresholdsarepoundsperdayinasingleyear.Projectconstructionemissionsfrom2016-2019arenotcumulative.



ImpactAQ-3:Pollutantsgeneratedduringconstructionwouldnotexposesensitivereceptorstosubstantialconcentrations.(LessthanSignificant)

TheMassRateLook-UptablesforLSTwereusedtodetermineiftheproposedprojectwouldhavethepotentialtogeneratesignificantadverselocalizedairqualityimpactsduringconstruction.TheLSTforSRA30wasusedtodetermineLSTemissionthresholds.Sensitivereceptorswouldvaryfromsitetosite.Table4.4-10identifiesthenearestsensitivereceptortotheprojectsites,andmaximumdailyacreagedisturbed.

TABLE4.4-10:SENSITIVERECEPTORSNEARPROJECTSITES

SiteName NearestSensitiveReceptor Distance1 AcresDisturbed2

SBA4510-1 Multi-family,westandsouth 25meters 1

SBA4610-1Single-family,northeast,across

freeway 500meters 1

SBA4720-1 Single-family,westandsouth 25meters 1SBA4721-1 Single-familynorthwest 50meters 1SBA4722-1 Single-family,west 25meters 1SBA5632-2 Multi-family,southwest 25meters 1SBA5657-2 Single-family,south 200meters 1SBA5664-1 Single-family,westandsouth 25meters 1SBA5676-2 Single-family,northwest 200meters 1SBA5677-1 Single-family,northandeast 25meters 1SBA5678-1 Multi-family,north 50meters 1SBA5679-1 Single-family,east 25meters 1SBA5711-2 Single-family,east 25meters 1SBA5717-1 Single-family,northandwest 25meters 1SBA5718-1 PublicPark,southandwest 25meters 1SBA5719-1 Single-family,eastandsouth 25meters 1SBA5720-1 Single-family,east 25meters 1SBA6701-1 Single-family,southandnortheast 50meters 1SBA6726-1 Single-family,west 25meters 1SBA6728-1 Single-family,west 25meters 1SBA6734-1 Single-family,west 25meters 1SBA6805-1 Single-family,north 100meters 1SBA6808-1 Single-familynorthwest 100meters 1WBA3408-1 Single-family,southwest 25meters 1WBA3409-2 Single-family,immediatelywest 25meters 1WBA3410-1 Possiblesingle-family,north 25meters 1WBA6723-1 Single-family,east 25meters 1WBA6724-1 Single-family,west 25meters 1WBA6725-1 Single-family,east 25meters 1CRRFSite NA-Greaterthan500meters NA NA

ID8WBASite Single-family,north 200meters 5LaQuintaWBASite Single-family,south 50meters 51.DistanceisbasedontheLSTScreeningtables.Theoptionsare25,50,100,200,and500meters.2.AcresdisturbedarebasedontheLSTScreeningtables.Theoptionsarefor1,2,and5acresitedisturbances.Actualsiteacreagewouldvary.



Aspreviouslydiscussed,asingleCalEEModrunwasconductedforbuildoutoftheprojecttoestimateconstructionemissionsforallfacilities(seeTable4.4-8).

BecausetheSBAandWBAwellsitesarewithintheclosestproximitytosensitivereceptors,andbecauseconstructionactivitiesonthesesitesaresmallerinscalewhencomparedtothethreetreatmentfacilities,aseparateCalEEModrunwasconductedtoestimateaverageconstructionemissionsjustfortheSBAandWBAwellsites.Table4.4-10showsthemaximumdailyconstructionemissionsforatypicalSBAandWBAwellsite.Theseemissionsprovidethebasisfordeterminingpotentialimpactstosensitivereceptorsinproximitytothewellsites.Asshowninthetable,constructionemissionsattypicalSBAandWBAwellsiteswouldnotexceedSCAQMDthresholds.TheemissionsidentifiedinTable4.4-8providethebasisfordeterminingimpactstosensitivereceptorsinproximitytotheID8WBAWaterTreatmentFacility,andLaQuintaWBAWaterTreatmentFacilitysites.TheCRRFsiteisnotlistedinTable4.4-12becausetherearenosensitivereceptorswithin500metersofthesiteandnoimpactswouldoccur.

TABLE4.4-11:TYPICALSBAANDWBAWELLSITECONSTRUCTIONEMISSIONSSUMMARYMAXIMUMDAILYEMISSIONS(LBS/DAY)

CO NOx ROG SOx PM10* PM2.5

*

SBAWellSite 2016 15.25 20.75 2.04 0.01 3.08 2.02WBAWellSite 2016 14.85 20.37 2.00 0.01 3.06 2.01SCAQMDThreshold 550.00 100.00 75.00 150.00 150.00 55.00Impact? No No No No No NoSource:CalEEModVersion2013.2.SeeAppendixCfordetailedtables.Valueshownrepresentstheaverageemissionsfromsummerandwinter.*Valueshows“mitigatedemissions,”meaningtheimplementationofstandarddustcontrolmeasures.

ResultsoftheLSTanalysisareshowninTable4.4-12andindicatethatLSTthresholdswouldnotbeexceededundermitigatedconditions.Aspreviouslydiscussed,theprojectwouldbedevelopedinaccordancewithSCAQMDRule403,andapplybestmanagementpracticestoensureimpactstosensitivereceptorsarelessthansignificant.



TABLE4.4-12:LOCALIZEDSIGNIFICANCETHRESHOLDS(LBS/DAY)FacilityType CO NOx PM10 PM2.5

25Meters,1AcreSBA/WBASites 15.25 20.75 3.08 2.02

LST 878 132 4 3Impact No No No No


LST 1,387 166 13 5Impact No No No No







50Meters,5AcresLaQuintaWBAWater

TreatmentFacilitySite* 123.47 95.07 18.53 9.47


200Meters,5AcresID8WBAWaterTreatment

FacilitySite* 123.47 95.07 18.53 9.47


Source:CalEEModVersion2013.2.SeeAppendixC.Emissionsshowthehighestemittingdayforthehighestemittingyearforallemissionsgeneratedonsiteduringconstruction.*Emissionsshowmitigatedconditionsandapplicationofstandarddustcontrolpractices.SeeTable4.4-14.

HealthRiskAssessmentConstructionactivitiesandequipmentused,andhencetheTACemissions,wouldvaryfromlocationtolocationandmonthtomonth.Therefore,short-durationconstructionactivitieswerenotevaluatedforhealthriskimpacts(seeAppendixB,HealthRiskAssessment).ImpactAQ-4:Projectconstructionactivitieswouldnotcreateobjectionableodorsaffectingasubstantialnumberofpeople.(LessthanSignificant)Constructionoftheprojecthasthepotentialtoresultinshorttermodorsassociatedwithasphaltpavinganduseofheavyequipment;however,anysuchodorswouldbequicklydispersedbelowdetectablethresholdsasdistancefromtheconstructionsiteincreases.Additionally,odorsrelatedtoconstructionactivitiesarenotconsidereda“nuisance”underSCAQMDRule402becausetheywillnotbereleasedinquantitiesthatwouldcauseinjury,



detriment,orannoyancetoaconsiderablenumberofpersons,orendangerthecomfort,healthorsafetyofanysuchpersons.Therefore,thisairqualityimpactwouldbelessthansignificant.

4.4.4.5OperationImpactsandMitigationMeasures

ImpactAQ-5:Emissionsgeneratedduringprojectoperationswouldnotviolateairqualitystandardsandwouldnotcontributesubstantiallytoanexistingairqualityviolation.(LessthanSignificant)

OperationandMaintenanceImpactsCriteriaairpollutantemissionsfromongoingprojectoperationsarelargelytheconsequenceofthreeemissionsourcecategories:Energy,Mobile,andAreasources.Energysourcesrefertodirectandindirectuseoffossilfuelsforenergyuse,suchaselectricityusageforwelloperationandbuildinguse.Mobilesourcesrefertoemissionsassociatedwithmotorvehicletripsgeneratedbytheproject.Areasourcesrefertoconsumableproductssuchaslandscaping,buildingmaintenanceandcleaningsupplies,restroomsupplies,andperiodicreapplicationofarchitecturalcoatings.

MobileSourceAssumptionsTheCRRFsitewouldbetheonlyprojectfacilitywithfull-timeworkers,generatingapproximately58commutertripsperweekday.TheWBAandSBAwells,andtheWBAtreatmentfacilitieswouldonlyrequireoccasionalmaintenancetrips,chemicaldeliveries,andresinpick-up/deliveries.Forconservativeanalysis,itwasassumedthattheallprojectfacilitiescombinedwouldgenerateapproximately60tripsperweekday.TheseassumptionswereappliedtoCalEEMod’soperationaltripratesfortheproject.Table4.4-13providestheoperationalassumptionsenteredintotheCalEEModrun.ElectricitydemandinputswerederivedfrominformationpresentedinSection4.12.4.4oftheMineralandEnergyResourcessection.

TABLE4.4-13:CALEEMODOPERATIONALASSUMPTIONS

Facility OperationalInputsWBAWellSites

(6sites)• Reducesexistingelectricitydemandby490,494kWhannually• Approximately104newvehicletripsannually

SBAWellSites(23sites)

• 3,350,280kWhincreaseannually• Approximately104newvehicletripsannuallyforallwellsites

ID8WBAWaterTreatmentFacility

• 7,061,000kWhincreaseannually• Assumes50tripsannuallyfordeliveries

LAQuintaWBAWaterTreatmentFacility

• 5,571,000kWhincreaseannually• Assumes50tripsannuallyfordeliveries

CRRF:EvaporationPond

• 1,893,690kWhincreaseannually• 60commutetripsdaily• 80disposaltripsperyear• 40deliverytripsperyear

CRRF:BrineCrystallization • 4,389,690kWhincreaseannually



TABLE4.4-13:CALEEMODOPERATIONALASSUMPTIONS

Facility OperationalInputs• 60commutetripsdaily• 58disposaltrips• 40deliverytripsperyear

PROJECTTOTAL(CRRFEvaporationPond

Process)

• 17,385,476kWhincreaseannually• Assumes60worktripsdaily(Thiswouldaccountfor

occasionaldeliverytrips)• 80disposaltripsannually

PROJECTTOTAL(CRRFBrine

CrystallizationProcess)

• 19,881,476kWhincreaseannually• Assumes60worktripsdaily(Thiswouldaccountfor

occasionaldeliverytrips)• 58disposaltripsannually

Note: Either the evaporation pond process or the brine crystallization process would be employed, not bothsimultaneously.

Table4.4-14summarizesthepotentialemissionsofcriteriapollutantsfromday-to-dayoperationsoftheproposedprojectwhencompleted.Theseemissionsincludethethreeoperationalemissionssourcesdiscussedabove:energy,mobile,andareasources.AsshowninTable4.4-14,SCAQMDthresholdswouldnotbeexceededduringoperationoftheproject.Itshouldbenotedthattheoperationalemissionspresenteddonotshowaddedefficienciesofvehiclefleetmix,whichwouldlikelyshiftinfutureyearstoincludemoreelectricvehiclesandalternativefuelvehicles,whichcouldfurtherreduceemissionsassociatedwithmobilesources.Therefore,operationalairqualityimpactsfromtheprojectareexpectedtobelessthansignificant.

TABLE4.4-14:OPERATIONALEMISSIONSOFCRITERIAPOLLUTANTS

(LBS/DAY)

CRRFEvaporationPondProcess

CompletionYear CO NOx ROG SOx PM10 PM2.5

2019 6.66 3.52 38.90 0.01 0.55 0.24SCAQMDThreshold 550.00 100.00 75.00 150.00 150.00 55.00

Impact? No No No No No No

CRRFBrineCrystallization

Process

CompletionYear CO NOx ROG SOx PM10 PM2.5

2019 6.66 3.52 38.90 0.01 0.55 0.24SCAQMDThreshold 550.00 100.00 75.00 150.00 150.00 55.00

Impact? No No No No No NoSource:CalEEModVersion2013.2.2.SeeAppendixCfordetailedtables.Valueshownrepresentsaveragedailyunmitigatedemissionacrosssummerandwinteractivities.Note:Eithertheevaporationpondprocessorthebrinecrystallizationprocesswouldbeemployed,notbothsimultaneously.



ImpactAQ-6:Pollutantsgeneratedduringoperationwouldnotexposesensitivereceptorstosubstantialconcentrations.(LessthanSignificant)AHealthRiskAssessment(HRA)waspreparedbyYorkeEngineering,LLC(2016)toevaluatepotentialhealthrisksassociatedwithoperationoftheproposedproject.TheHRAevaluatedimpactsfromTACsemittedbythetreatmentsystemequipment,on-sitemobilesources,andtheemergencygeneratorenginesusingthemostrecentmethodologyandtoxicityvaluesrequiredbytheCaliforniaOfficeofEnvironmentalHealthHazardAssessment(OEHHA).TACemissionswereestimatedforthethreeCVWDfacilities:CRRF,LaQuintaWBAWaterTreatmentFacility,andtheID8WBAWaterTreatmentFacility.TheSBAfacilitiesarenotexpectedtoemitregulatedTACaircontaminants.TheCRRFTACemissionssourcesincludetheemergencyengine,variouschemicalstorageandprocesstanks,acrystallizer,andafilterpress.TACemissionsfromtheCRRFincludelowlevelsofammonia,hydrochloricacid,dieselparticulatematter(DPM),arsenic,cadmium,chromium,copper,lead,mercury,nickel,selenium,vanadium,anduranium.TheWBAwatertreatmentprocessitselfwouldnotemitregulatedTACsateitherfacility(LaQuintaandID8).Howeverthedieselengine-drivenemergencygeneratorandon-sitemobileactivitieswouldresultinDPMemissions.AsummaryoftheemissionestimatesandcalculationscanbefoundintheHealthRiskAssessmentattachedtoAppendixCofthisEIR.ResultsoftheTACemissionestimatesandassociatedhealthriskswereevaluatedusingfourthresholdmethods,includingMaximumIndividualCancerRisk(MICR),ChronicHazardIndex(HIC),AcuteHazardIndex(HIA),andCancerBurden.

• MICRistheestimatedprobabilityofamaximallyexposedindividualpotentiallycontractingcancerasaresultofcontinuousexposuretoTACsoveraperiodof30yearsforresidentialreceptorlocationsor25yearsforoff-siteworkerreceptorlocations.Sensitivereceptors,suchasschools,hospitals,convalescenthomes,andday-carecenters,areevaluatedasresidentialreceptors.

• HICisthesumoftheindividualsubstancechronichazardindicesforallTACsaffectingthesametargetorgansystem,becausesomeTACsincreasenon-cancerhealthriskduetolong-term(chronic)exposures.

• HIAisthesumoftheindividualsubstanceacutehazardindicesforallTACsaffectingthesametargetorgansystem,becausesomeTACsincreasenon-cancerhealthriskduetoshort-term(acute)exposures.Acuteriskcanbecalculatedatthenearestreceptoratanypointatorbeyondthefencelineforanexposuredurationof1hour.

• CancerburdenistheestimatedincreaseintheoccurrenceofcancercasesinapopulationsubjecttoanMICRofgreaterthanorequalto1.0inonemillion(1.0E-06)resultingfromexposuretoTACs.Thecancerburdenisdeterminedforthepopulationlocatedwithinthezoneofimpact,definedastheareawithintheoneinonemillioncancerriskisopleth.Theareaisdeterminedbymeasuringthedistancefromtheemissionsourcetothenearestreceptorwithatheoreticalriskof1.0E-06.Inthiscase,thetheoreticalcancerriskfromtheCRRFandID8facilitiesdidnotexceed1.0E-06,andcancerburdenwasnotcalculated.FortheLaQuintaWBAwatertreatmentfacility,thetheoreticalcancerriskispredictedtoexceed1.0E-06off-siteandcancerburdenwascalculated.



Asshowninthefollowingtables,operationoftheproposedprojectwouldnotresultinsignificanthealthriskimpactsrelatedtoTACemissions.Therefore,projectimpactswouldbelessthansignificant.

TABLE4.4-15:HEALTHRISKRESULTS-CRRFImpact

ParameterHealthRiskImpact

SCAQMDSignificanceThresholds

Significant(Yes/No)

MICR–Resident 6.32E-07 1E-05 NoHIC–Resident 2.75E-04 1.0 NoHIA–Resident 9.22E-03 1.0 NoMICR-Worker 6.61E-08 1E-05 NoHIC-Worker 2.60E-04 1.0 NoHIA-Worker 9.22E-03 1.0 NoCancerBurden --- 0.5 No

TABLE4.4-16:HEALTHRISKRESULTS–LaQuintaWBA

ImpactParameter

HealthRiskImpact


Significant(Yes/No)

MICR–Resident 1.27E-06 1E-05 NoHIC–Resident 3.42E-04 1.0 NoHIA–Resident 0.0 1.0 NoMICR-Worker 1.06E-07 1E-05 NoHIC-Worker 3.42E-04 1.0 NoHIA-Worker 0.0 1.0 NoCancerBurden 1.23E-04 0.5 No

TABLE4.4-17:HEALTHRISKRESULTS–ID8

ImpactParameter

HealthRiskImpact


Significant(Yes/No)

MICR–Resident 9.82E-09 1E-05 NoHIC–Resident 3.32E-06 1.0 NoHIA–Resident 0.0 1.0 NoMICR-Worker 1.53E-09 1E-05 NoHIC-Worker 3.32E-06 1.0 NoHIA-Worker 0.0 1.0 NoCancerBurden --- 0.5 No

ImpactAQ-7:Projectoperationwouldnotcreateobjectionableodorsaffectingasubstantialnumberofpeople.(LessthanSignificant)Operationoftheprojectwouldnotcauseobjectionableodorsthatcouldaffectasubstantialnumberofpeople,becausetheprojectwellswouldrunonelectricalpower(nodirectemissions)andchemicalsusedforwatertreatmentwouldbestoredinthewellfacilitybuildings.Therefore,



sincethereisnoodorpotentialduringoperationoftheproject,thisairqualityimpactwouldbelessthansignificant.

4.4.5 SIGNIFICANCEAFTERMITIGATION

Residualimpactswouldbelessthansignificant.AsdiscussedinImpactAQ-2,above,constructionoftheprojecthasthepotentialtoexceedSCAQMDdailythresholdsforNOx.NOxemissionsaredirectlyrelatedtotheoperationofconstructionequipment.ToreduceNOxemissionsbelowtheSCAQMDthresholdof100poundsperday,oxidationcatalystswitha30%reductionequivalentwereappliedtoallconstructionequipment.ItshouldbenotedthatCalEEModassumesallpiecesofequipmentareoperatingatthesametimeduringeachphaseofconstruction(i.e.gradingphase,buildingconstructionphase,pavingphaseetc.).Inreality,fewerpiecesofconstructionequipmentmayberunningatanygiventime.Thus,emissionsofNOxarelikelytobeoverstatedandtheanalysisisconsideredconservative.Table4.4-18showsthatundermitigatedconditions,allcriteriapollutantswouldbebelowSCAQMDdailythresholds.TheprojectwouldberequiredtoimplementthemitigationmeasureprovidedunderMitigationMeasureAQ-2,above.Adherencetothemitigationmeasureswouldensurethisairqualityimpactwouldbelessthansignificant.

TABLE4.4-18:MITIGATEDCONSTRUCTIONEMISSIONSSUMMARYMAXIMUMDAILYEMISSIONS(LBS/DAY)

CO NOx ROG SOx PM10 PM2.5

Chromium-6ProjectBuildout

2016 75.98 85.66 11.30 0.14 15.84 7.452017 73.37 80.23 10.58 0.10 9.14 6.972018 138.76 90.58 67.94 0.24 12.28 7.662019 20.93 12.57 67.67 0.03 1.93 1.19

SCAQMDThreshold* 550.00 100.00 75.00 150.00 150.00 55.00ImpactStatement No No No No No NoSource:CalEEModVersion2013.2.SeeAppendixCfordetailedtables.Valueshownrepresentstheaverageunmitigatedemissionsfromsummerandwinter.*Source:“SCAQMDAirQualitySignificanceThresholds”preparedbySouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict,March2015.ConstructionthresholdsapplytoboththeSouthCoastAirBasinandCoachellaValley(SaltonSeaandMojaveDesertAirBasins).Thresholdsarepoundsperdayinasingleyear.Projectconstructionemissionsfrom2016-2019arenotcumulative.

4.4.6 CUMULATIVEIMPACTS

ImpactAQ-7:Result ina cumulatively considerablenet increaseofanycriteriapollutant forwhich theproject region isnon-attainmentunderanapplicable federalor stateambientairquality standard (including releasing emissions which exceed quantitative thresholds forozoneprecursors).(LessthanSignificant)

Duetothedispersingnatureofairemissions,thegeographicscopefortheanalysisofpotentialcumulativeairqualityimpactsistheoverallSaltonSeaAirBasin(SSAB)regioninwhichthe



facilitiesarebeingconstructedandoperated.Unlikeothersectionsinthisdocument,cumulativeimpactswerenotanalyzedusingalist-basedorgrowthprojectionapproach.CumulativeimpactswithintheSSABaretheresultofallconstructionandoperationalactivitieswithintheregionandneighboringairdistricts.Therefore,cumulativeimpactswereanalyzedinthecontextofregionalandStateplans,andtheprojectionapproachwasused.TheSSABisdesignatedasnon-attainmentunderboththeCAAQSandtheNAAQSforozoneandPM10,andunclassifiedforPM2.5.EmissionsofCO,NOxandROGthatexceedtheSCAQMDoperationalthresholdswouldsignificantlycontributetotheozonenonattainmentdesignation,whileemissionsofPM10thatexceedtheSCAQMDthresholdswouldsignificantlycontributetothePM10nonattainmentdesignation.ConstructionactivitiesassociatedwithdevelopmentoftheprojecthavethepotentialtoexceedSCAQMDdailythresholdsforNOx.However,theseemissionswouldbereducedtolessthansignificantlevelswithapplicationofthemitigationmeasurespresentedabove(seeMitigationMeasureAQ-2).EmissionsofCO,NOx,ROG,PM10andPM2.5duringconstructionoftheprojectareunavoidableandwouldmarginallycontributetoregionalozoneandPM10non-attainmentdesignations.ThefollowingdiscussionsaddresscumulativeimpactsrelatedtoozoneandPM10

andPM2.5.RegulationofOzoneAspreviouslydiscussed,SCAQMDstudiesindicatethatmostozoneistransportedtotheSaltonSeaAirBasinfromtheupwindsourcesintheSouthCoastAirBasin.Theamountofozonecontributedfromotherairbasinsisdifficulttoquantify;however,improvedairqualityintheprojectareadependsuponreducedozoneemissionsintheSouthCoastAirBasin.Therefore,cumulativeimpactstoozonearebettermanagedonamulti-regionalscaleasopposedtosingleprojects.TheSCAQMD2012AQMPprovidescurrentandfuturemeasurestoreducebothstationaryandmobilesourceozoneemissions.Proposedmeasurestoreduceozoneincludeemissionreductionsfromcoatingsandsolvents,RECLAIMfacilities,earlytransitionstocleanermobiletechnologies,andincentivestoadoptnetzeroandnearzerotechnologies.CalEEModdoesnotgenerateozoneemissionsdirectlyandthereforeemissionsofozoneprecursors(CO,NOx,andROG)wereevaluatedtodetermineproject-relatedimpactstoozone.Ozoneprecursorsaretheprimarypollutantsinvolvedinthechemicalreactionprocessthatformsozone.Theproposedprojectwouldnotexceedlocalconstructionoroperationalthresholdsforozoneprecursorsundermitigatedconditions.Inaddition,theprojectwouldadheretoapplicableozonereductionmeasuressetforthbySCAQMD,includingSCAQMDRule1113thatregulatesROG(VOC)levelsinarchitecturalcoatings,whichwouldfurtherreduceongoingemissionsofozoneprecursors.DevelopmentandoperationoftheproposedprojectwouldadheretoozonereductionmeasuressetforthbytheSCAQMD.Therefore,theproposedprojectwouldnothaveacumulativelyconsiderableairqualityimpactrelatedtoozone.RegulationofPM2.5Federalandstatestandardshavebeendevelopedtoregulatefineparticulatemattersmallerthan2.5micronsindiameter.Toachievefederalattainment,ajurisdictionmustprovidethe



USEPAwithairqualitymonitoringdatathatdoesnotviolatethefineparticulatestandardsoverathree-yearperiod.TheCoachellaValleyisdefinedasattainment/unclassifiedforPM2.5,basedonthestateandfederalPM2.5standardsanddoesnotrequireImplementationPlanstodemonstrateattainment.RegulationofPM10Similartoozone,PM10isregulatedthroughtheSCAQMD2012AirQualityManagementPlanand2002PM10CoachellaValleyStateImplementationPlan(CVSIP).AdditionalPM10reductionmeasuresincludeapplicablestatecodeandAQMDRules,suchasRule403(FugitiveDust),whichenforcesfugitivedustcomplianceforallactivitieswithintheSSAB.Asshownintheanalysisabove,theproposedprojectwouldnotexceedlocaldailythresholdsforPM10.Therefore,cumulativeimpactstoPM10areconsideredlessthansignificant.Inconclusion,cumulativeairqualityimpactsrelatedtoconstructionandoperationoftheproposedprojectareconsideredlessthansignificant.DevelopmentandoperationoftheproposedprojectwouldnotexceedairqualitymaximumdailythresholdsforCO,NOxandPM10undermitigatedconditions,whicharecumulativethresholdsbytheirnature.Inaddition,theproposedprojectisconsistentwithregulationrequirementsofozoneandPM10intheSaltonSeaAirBasin.Therefore,impactsrelatedtoozoneandPM10emissionswouldbelessthansignificantandwouldnotresultinacumulativelyconsiderablecontributiontocriteriaairpollutantemissions.

4.4.7 REFERENCESCalEEModVersion2013.2California Air Resources Board. 2015. iADAM: Air Quality Data Statistics. Retrieved from

http://www.arb.ca.gov/adam/.Environmental Protection Agency. 2015. EPA Green Book Designated Non-attainment Areas for All

CriteriaPollutants.SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict.2003.CoachellaValleyPM10StateImplementationPlan.SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict.2012.FinalAirQualityManagementPlan.SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict.1977.SCAQMDRuleBook.YorkeEngineering,LLC.2016.CVWDChromium-6WaterTreatmentFacilitiesHealthRiskAssessment.

4.4 AIR QUALITY - CVWD

Documents

Transcript of 4.4 AIR QUALITY - CVWD