* GB784648 (A)

Description: GB784648 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Method of manufacturing a steel driving spring for clocks and watches

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: June 1, 1955. 784,648 No 15690/55. l' Application made in Switzerland on June 1, 1954. x, W > Complete Specification Published: Oct16, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Classes 83 ( 2), A 155; and 83 ( 4)3, V 2. International Classification:-B 21 h, B 23 p. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Method of Manufacturing a Steel Driving Spring for Clocks and Watches We, INSTITUT DR ING REINHARD STRAUMANN, A G, a body corporate organised under the laws of Switzerland, of Waldenburg, Switzerland, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- It is known to manufacture clock springs from flat-rolled steel strip, from which said springs are cut, or from steel wire which is rolled down into strip form and subsequently martensitically hardened Such springs are of irregular quality and are known to have a short life. These disadvantages have led to proposals to manufacture spring steel bands which show, after rolling, a texture in which the direction 110 of the cubic body-centred crystal lattice is predominantly orientated in the direction of rolling and in the plane of rolling and with the

cube face in the rolling plane. Such manufacture of spring steel bands is described in the specification of Patent Application 733,510 Starting with wire stock, this is changed into the predominantly pearlitic state by the known so-called "Patenting" Process The spring bands manufactured therefrom are very efficient and resistant to breakage Experiments and research have shown that the above mentioned desirable final texture is not, in the case of steel wire, as opposed to the wires made from austenitic alloys (such as are inter altia described in Specification No 733,510) altogether identical to, that produced by drawing It was actually found that if, even during the drawing of the wire, a texture is obtained in which the direction 110 is parallel to the axis of the wire, however considerably dispersed, the finally desired texture, in the case of steel wire, only forms, for the main part, whilst the wire is being rolled flat It follows therefrom that when making bands for clock springs, one is lPrice 3/61 -A 3 ( C; dic@e F: not obliged to start with wire, but that the starting material can be practically rectangular in section, i e, in strip form, whereafter this starting material, after treatment according to the patenting process, is subjected to 50 further rolling Tests have shown that in this case the desired rolling texture described above is obtained having such advantages as a high modulus of elasticity, high elastic limit, and high tensile strength 55 Thus the present invention is a method of manufacturing a spring for clocks and watches wherein a strip of carbon steel is subjected to a patenting process, whereupon the material is cold rolled in such a way that a lessening 60 of the cross-section of at least 80 % is attained, whereupon the steel is preferably further treated at temperatures of 100 C -400 'C. After the patenting process, the steel is in the pearlitic state, and, after the cold-rolling 65 process, exhibits a texture with a predominance of orientation of direction 110 of the cubic body-centred lattice in the direction of rolling and preferably in the rolling plane of the band and the cube face also preferably 70 lies in the rolling plane The described method of forming springs from a wide band also affords certain technological advantages in that the manufacture of the springs is simplified and made more economical 75 The method according to the invention thus differs from the method described in Specification No 733,510 in that it is not essential to use as the starting material an alloy wire form which, in order to achieve 8 G the desired result, has in addition to be cold drawn Instead, a carbon steel, already available in band form, is used as the starting material. For the carbon steel, preferably steels of 85 the following compositions should be used:

0.5-2 % C 0-1 % Mn. 0-1 si Remainder Fe 9 g 784,645 Particularly good results ought to be achieved with a carbon steel of the following composition: 0.86-C 0 25 -Mn 0.20 Si Remainder Fe The present invention, however, is in no wise to be limited to the above examples.

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* GB784649 (A)

Description: GB784649 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements in and relating to collapsible boxes, crates and the like

Description of GB784649 (A)

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in and relating to Collapsible Boxes, Crates and the like I; WARREN HOLMES, of "Hillside," Glenageary Hill, Dun Laoghaire, County Dublin, Southern Ireland, a British Subject, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement : This invention concerns collapsible boxes, crates and similar containers of the kind in which two opposite side members are hinged to the base member, the remaining side members and the top member being removable, but being adapted to be fitted in the assembled position to form the container with the aid of grooves in certain of said members and to be secured in such assembled position by means of bolts, whereas when in collapsed condition the members may be folded and packed substantially flat.

A simple construction of container of the kind referred to forms the subject of my Letters Patent No. 733,331, and the object of the present invention is to provide, as a modification of, or addition, to the constructicn therein claimed, simple and convenient means for use in securing together the members of the container when the latter is in the folded condition and avoiding the risk of the parts becoming separated and possibly mislaid. With this object in view the present invention provides a container as claimed in Letters Patent No. 733,331 wherein the top and bottom members are formed with marginal portions extending beyond the side members when the container is assembled, and formed with holes to accommodate bolts for clamping the top and bottom members together with the side walls erected between them, as well as with holes to accommodate bolts for clamping the top and bottom members together with the side walls laid flat between them, which latter bolts are mounted in the top or bottom member in a permanent manner and provided with distance pieces of length substantially equal to the combined thickness of a hinged side member and either one or both removable side members. The invention is hereinafter described with reference to the accompanying drawing, wherein Fig. 1 is a side elevation of one form of container according to the invention, Fig. 2 is a plan of the container shown in Fig. 1, but in its folded condition and with the top removed, Fig. 3 is an elevation of the container in folded condition, Fig. 4 is a side elevation of a slightly modified or dimensioned container from that shown in Figs. 1 to 3, Fig. 5 is a plan of the container shown in Fig. 4, the top being removed, Fig. 6 is a side elevation of the container according to Figs. 4 and 5 when in the folded condition, and Fig. 7 is a front elevation corresponding to Fig. 6. In the drawings corresponding parts are indicated by similar reference numerals in all the views. Referring to Figs. 1 to 3, the container shown is constructed in substantially the same manner to that shown in Figs. 1 to 3, 5 and 6 of Specification No. 733,331, and comprises a base member 1, a top member 2, two removable side members 3, 4 and two hinged side members 5, 6 pivoted to the base 1 by hinges 7. Grooves 8 are formed in the top member 2 and grooves 9 in the bottom member 1 to receive the top and bottom edges of all four side members, while side members 5 and 6

are formed with grooves 10 to receive the lateral edges of the side members 3, 4 when the container is assembled and erected as shown in Fig. 1. The top and bottom members 1, 2 extend beyond the hinged side members 5, 6 at each end thereof to provide marginal portions 11, 12 in which are provided holes 13 to accommodate bolts 14 whereby the top and bottom members may be directly clamped together with the side walls between them when the nuts 15 are tightened on the bolts 14. Shorter bolts 22 are also secured in the marginal portions 11, 12 in a permanent manner, being provided with enlarged collar portions 23 which constitute distance pieces as hereinafter described. The walls 3, 4 of the container are strengthened by strips 16, and the walls 5, 6 by strips 17. These strips are so positioned as to interfit when the side members 5, 6 are folded down and the two remaining side members 3, 4 are laid thereon as shown in Fig. 3 and also indicated by broken lines in Fig. 2. The parts may be secured in the position shown in Fig. 3 by applying the nuts 15 to the bolts 22, the bolts 14 being laid upon the base in the space which is left between the members 5, 6 and with their enlarged heads partially engaging the grooves 9 (see Fig. 2). The collar portions 23 thus serve as distance pieces between the base 1 and the top 2, enabling the nuts 15 to be firmly screwed down without placing undue strain on the marginal portions 11, 12. This arrangement also eliminates the possibility of the members 3 and 4 being accidentally displaced or lost in transit. The construction shown in Figs. 4 to 7 is substantially similar to that shown in Figs. 1 to 3, but owing to the fact that tulle depth of the container is more than half the width, the removable sides 3, 4 cannot bz placed side by side in the same plane when the container is folded, they are therefore placed one upon the other as shown in Figs. 6 and 7, the strips 16 and 17 being so positioned as to prevent any lateral displacement of the members 3 and 4 as viewed in Fig. 6. Endwise movement of the members 3,4 is limited by the bolts 22. What I claim is: 1. A container as claimed in Letters Patent No. 733,331, wherein the top and bottom members are formed with marginal portions extending beyond the side members when the container is assembled and formed with holes to accommodate bolts for clamping the top and bottom members together with the side, walls erected between them, as well as with holes to accommodate bolts for clamping the top and bottom members together with the side walls laid flat between them, which latter bolts are mounted in the top or bottom

member in a permanent manner and provided with distance pieces of length substantially equal to the combined thickness of a hinged side member and either one or both removable side members. 2. Containers constructed substantially as described and shown in the accompanying drawing. PROVISIOINAL SPECIFICATION Improvements in and relating to Collapsible Boxes, Crates and the like I, WARREN HOLMES, of "Hillside," Glenageary Hill, Dun Laoghaire, County Dublin, Southern Ireland, a British Subject, do hereby declare this invention to be described in the following statement: This invention concerns collapsible boxes, crates and similar containers of the kind in which two opposite side members are hinged to the base member, the remaining side members and the top member being removable, but being adapted to be fitted in the assembled position to form the container with the aid of grooves in certain of said members and to be secured in such assembled position by means of bolts, whereas - when in collapsed condition the members may be folded and packed substantially flat. A simple construction of container of the kind referred to forms the subject of my Application for Letters Patent No. 8,844 of 1950, and the present invention is a modification in, or addition to, said construction as claimed in Claim 3 of the Complete Specification No. 733,331 accepted in respect of my said application, according to which the top and bottom members are extended beyond the hinged side members at each end of the container to provide marginal portions in which are formed holes to accommodate bolts for clamping the top and bottom members together with the side walls between them. The object of the present invention is to provide simple and convenient means for use in securing together the members of the container when the latter is in its collapsed condition. According to the present invention short bolts similar to the bolts 22 shown in Figs. 5 and 6 of Specification No. 733,331 are mounted on the top and/or bottom member of the container in a substantially permanent manner, and on the shank of each bolt is provided a distance piece of length substantially equal to the coinbined thickness of a hinged side member and a removable side member, additional holes being provided in the marginal portions of the top and bottom members to receive the relatively long bolts which are used for clamping said members when the container is in its erected condition. The improvement provided by the present invention as above described ensures that

* GB784650 (A)

Description: GB784650 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Recovery of cooking liquor from spent soda pulping liquors

Description of GB784650 (A)

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CH338697 (A) FR1127661 (A) US2774666 (A) CH338697 (A) FR1127661 (A) US2774666 (A) less Translate this text into Tooltip

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT SPECIFICATION 7849650 A d z Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: June 20, 1955. No 17790,155. Application made in United States of America on June 24, 1954. Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Class 2 ( 2), W( 3 A 2 A: 6). International Classification:-D 21 c. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Recovery of Cooking Liquor from spent Soda Pulping Liquors We, STERLING DRUG INC, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, United States of America, of 1450 Broadway, New York, State of New York, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:This

invention relates to the soda method of producing pulp from wood, and is more particularly concerned with such a process which allows the practical regeneration of the soda, with substantially no loss in washings and stack gases, elimination of the necessity of smelting, the hazards of glowing soda ash, et cetera, and affords a practical method of recovering soda cooking liquor from waste liquors containing the same. In the pulping of certain types of wood to obtain special types of paper, it has been desired to utilize sodium hydroxide as the pulping material However, sodium hydroxide has not been generally employed for the digestion of pulping wood, for the reason that it is relatively expensive and in the absence of a suitable recovery procedure, is economically unfeasible for use for general application The conventional processes for its recovery involves the normal digestion of wood with sodium hydroxide, the separation of the pulp and washings, and combining the washings with the waste liquor This waste liquor is then evaporated (requiring large amounts of induced and applied heat), burned, smelted, filtered to remove the charcoal, the product being known as green liquor This green liquor is then caustified with calcium oxide, the calcium carbonate removed by filtration or separation techniques, and this calcium carbonate kilned to provide the calcium oxide for causticisation. Of course, the filtrate resulting from the calcium carbonate filtration step is utilized in the digestion However, approximately thirty percent is required for make-up of the sodium hydroxide employed, because of the large lPrice 3 s 6 d l amount which is lost in washings and in stack gases. It is, therefore, a principal object of the 50 present invention to provide a cyclic process for the pulping of wood utilizing sodium hydroxide as the cooking liquor, which is simple, requires fewer steps than does the prior art procedures, and requires little, if any, 55 make-up material Additionally, it is an object of the present invention to provide a process for the recovery of sodium hydroxide from spent sodium hydroxide pulping liquors which does not require the large number of filtration 60 steps necessary to the prior art processes, and which affords a waste liquor for discard containing substantially no pollution elements. Another object of the present invention is the elimination of smelting and the hazards of 65 dumping glowing soda ash into water Still another object of the present invention is the elimination of smelting and burning equipment, and the attendant maintenance and corrosion problems A further object of the 70 present invention is the provision of a single calcium carbonate kilning unhampered by undecomposed lignin materials causing filtering difficulties Another object of the

present invention is the elimination of the requirement 75 for outside applied heat, in general, whereby substantial savings in steam may be accomplished, and there is no applied evaporation requirement Other objects will become apparent hereinafter 80 Reference is made to the accompanying drawing which constitutes a flow sheet of the process of the present invention. Wood chips are treated with sodium hydroxide in a conventional manner, usually in 85 a digester, and this procedure is well known to those skilled in the art After completion of the digestion with sodium hydroxide, the pulp is separated from the soda waste liquor, the pulp washed with a suitable washing agent, 90 usually water, and the pulp washings combined with the waste soda liquor Thereafter, this soda waste liquor and the combined pulp washings are passed into an autogenous liquid 27 rl phase oxidation reactor whereby substantially all of the carbon is converted to carbon dioxide and all of the hydrogen present in the organic material is converted to steam Since S the soda waste liquor is a highly alkaline material, a considerable proportion of the carbon dioxide will dissolve in solution, with the formation of sodium carbonates and bicarbonates This mixture is then treated with calcium oxide, to cause precipitation of the calcium carbonate This calcium carbonate is separated and then kilned to form carbon dioxide and calcium oxide The calcium oxide may be reused to precipitate more effluent liquor from the oxidation procedure, while the carbon dioxide is vented. Of course, the filtrate, resulting from the filtration procedure described above is a solution of sodium hydroxide and is suitable for the digestion of more wood chips Thus, it will be noted that except for make-up loss, which will be relatively small, and the addition of wood chips, nothing need be added to this cyclic procedure, whereas, pulp and carbon dioxide are the only two materials which emanate from the cyclic process The pulp, of course, is desirable, and the carbon dioxide can be vented to the air without pollution problem Therefore, the process of the present invention affords not only a simple, economical, and feasible, process for the use of soda base liquor as the digestion liquor in pulping, but also eliminates the pollution problem which has been concomitantly present in the use of soda liquors for digestion in prior art techniques Additionally, the simplicity of the process of the present invention is apparent. As stated hereinbefore, the process of the present invention contemplates that the wood chips or other fibrous materials will be pulped or digested in the usual manner, utilising sodium hydroxide as the pulping agent After completion of the pulping, the pulp is separated from the soda waste liquor in conventional manner, and washed These washings are added to the soda waste liquor, which is

then ready for the oxidation step of the process of the present invention Any waste liquor or effluent containing substantial amounts of sodium hydroxide, and containing a sufficient quantity of organic material to afford a selfsustaining exothermic oxidation in the liquid phase as hereinafter described is a suitable starting material in the oxidation procedure of the present invention. In substantially completely oxidising the spent soda pulp liquor, the necessary apparatus comprises a pump for continuously charging the reactor with spent pulp liquor, an air compressor, a tower reactor provided with means to remove periodically any precipitate formed therein, and a flash chamber to receive the oxidised residual spent pulp liquor from the reactor. According to the present invention a cyclic process for the digestion of wood chips using a soda base cooking liquor comprises digesting wood chips with soda base cooking liquor, separating the waste soda 70 liquor and oxidising this in the liquid phase, at a temperature of at least 150 degrees Centigrade and at least 200 pounds per square inch pressure with at least sufficient oxygen theoretically required to convert all the 75 carbon to carbon dioxide and all the hydrogen to steam, treating the liquid effluent with sufficient alkaline earth hydroxide to cause precipitation of substantially all of the carbonates and bicarbonates, separating the precipitated alka 80 line earth carbonates and kilning to prepare alkaline earth oxides, and using the filtrate to treat subsequent batches of wood chips. Also according to the invention a process for the recovery of soda base cooking liquor 85 after digestion of wood chips or other fibrous materials, utilising sodium hydroxide comprises separating the waste soda liquor and oxidising this in the liquid phase, at a temperature of at least 150 degrees Centigrade 90 and at least 200 pounds per square inch pressure with at least sufficient oxygen theoretically required to convert all the carbon to carbon dioxide and all the hydrogen to steam, treating the liquid effluent with sufficient 95 alkaline earth hydroxide to cause precipitation of substantially all of the carbonates and bicarbonates, separating the precipitated alkaline earth carbonates, and using the filtrate to treat subsequent batches of wood chips 100 In initiating the reactor phase, the spent pulp liquor is pumped into the reactor under pressure of from about 200 to 2000 pounds per square inch, the preferred pressure being that which is sufficient to maintain a desired 105 portion of the waste effluent in the liquid phase during the oxidation Pressures of at least 400 pounds per square inch are preferably used commercially The waste liquor is heated by means of an oil ring to a tempera 110 ture of between preferably 200 degrees and 372 degrees Centigrade, temperatures of from 235 to 300 degrees Centigrade being useful for

commercially used oxidation Compressed air or other compressed gaseous materials 115 capable of furnishing free oxygen under a pressure slightly greater than the pressure in the reaction zone, is introduced into the reactor containing the spent pulp through a dispersion head to initiate the oxidation of the 120 combustible materials The rate of charging the reactor with spent soda pulp liquor and the rate of introduction of compressed air or otheroxidation media is synchronized to ensure the substantially complete oxidation of all the in 125 organic and organic constituents Once initiated, the oxidation proceeds exothermically so that no external heat is required, and, in fact, the spent pulp liquor can be introduced into the reactor at a temperature of as low as 130 784,650 vented off with steam under pressure. The liquor effluent from the oxidation reactor contains all the sodium ion equivalent charged into the reactor Since there is not opportunity for the loss of the sodium material other than by incomplete pulp washings, none should be lost during any step so far in the procedure. After separation of the liquid effluent from the flash chamber to remove a considerable portion of the carbon dioxide, it is treated with sufficient calcium hydroxide or other alkaline earth metal hydroxide to cause precipitation of most of the bicarbonate and carbonate ion in solution The separation of the carbonate ion will be accomplished according to the following two reactions: twenty degrees Centigrade, the exothermic heat liberated from the oxidation being sufficient to raise the temperature of the carbonaceous material in the incoming spent liquor to a point where substantially complete oxidation will ensue The quantity of oxidizing agent supplied is preferably that theoretically required to convert all the organic combustible material to its ultimate end products, namely, carbon dioxide and water, and in general sufficient oxygen to produce substantially complete oxidation of all other oxidisable materials in the spent liquor should be employed in the oxidation reactor. The oxidized liquor in the reactor is continuously passed through a flash chamber, from which the fixed gases, i e, nitrogen, undissolved carbon dioxide, and excess air are Na HCO, + Ca(HO), Na OH + Ca CO, + H,0 Na CO, + Ca(OH), -+ 2 Na OH + Ca CO, Thus, the amount of calcium hydroxide which is employed is an equimolecular quantity compared to that of the carbonate and bicarbonate which is present This carbonate and bicarbonate determination may be readily made in conventional manner. Preferably, the oxidized liquor and calcium hydroxide are heated with vigorous agitation at a temperature above about sixty degrees Centigrade, and preferably at 85-90 degrees Centigrade, in order to

ensure complete contact of the reactants, as well as an easily filtratable mixture This mixture, when so treated, may be readily run through a normal filter press with the precipitate separating readily The heating time required is approximately twenty minutes, however, periods of an hour at the preferred temperature are most desirable After filtration, the precipitate can be washed with 85-90 degrees Centigrade water to remove the occluded sodium ion and sodium containing materials The filtrate and calcium carbonate washings, when combined, will be found to contain substantially all of the sodium introduced into the system, with the loss only through incomplete washings. This sodium is present as sodium hydroxide and is suitable for subsequent digestions Kilning of the calcium carbonate precipitate is accomplished by heating at a temperature above about 650 degrees Centigrade, and preferably about 900 degrees Centigrade, whereby the calcium carbonate is thermally decomposed to carbon dioxide and calcium oxide Temperatures of 830-905 degrees Centigrade are the preferred kilning temperatures. After the calcium carbonate has been decomposed, the calcium oxide is slurried in sufficient water to cause hydration of substantially all of the calcium oxide, thereby forming calcium hydroxide This reaction occurs vigorously with the release of heat (approximately 506 B T U /lb Ca O) Large quantities of water or some type of cooling method is preferably employed during the hydration of the calcium oxide in water The carbon dioxide formed by the kilning operation may be vented to the air, and the slurry of calcium 85 hydroxide added to a subsequent effluent from the autogenous liquid phase oxidation reactor. It will thus be noted that a process has been provided which gives off only pulp, carbon dioxide, and sodium hydroxide The amount 90 of heat required for each of the steps of the procedure, with the exception of the kilning, is furnished by the exothermic oxidation reaction In fact, under proper conditions, only a minimum of the heat possibilities of the soda 95 waste liquor will be lost to radiation and in other unusable ways, and the remaining heat which is present may be satisfactorily used to preheat the oxidation input, as well as to provide extra heat for operating the mill 100 Additionally, there is substantially no soda make-up required, since there is no opportunity for loss of the sodium hydroxide, after the system has reached equilibrium There is no smelting, and the hazards of dumping 105 glowing soda ash in the water, corrosion and maintenance of burning and, smelting furnaces, et cetera, are eliminated The calcium carbonate which is to be kilned is not contaminated with the undecomposed lignin materials, the 110 presence of which would otherwise make filtering of the calcium carbonate difficult.

This procedure is applicable to a continuous cooking procedure, since there is no time element dependent on the operation, burning 115 and smelting, which was necessary to prior art procedures Additionally, flexibility of scheduling different cooks with different soda concentrations can be accomplished without upsetting the time element for the cooking Further, 120 since no evaporators are used, there is no fiber clogging in the evaporator Additionally, many other advantages including those specified 784,650 784,650 hereinbefore accrue through the use of the present process. The following Example is given to illustrate the procedure of the present invention, but is not to be construed as limiting. EXAMPLE. A soda base liquor was obtained from the Pennsylvania New York Paper Company. This material was oxidised with air in a pressure-type reactor, whereby temperatures up to 350 degrees Centigrade and pressure sufficient to maintain the waste liquor in liquid phase were employed The following Table shows various runs utilising this procedure. The numbers at the top of the various columns in the table, are the arbitrarily assigned numerical designations of the experimenter for each run or experiment performed and reported in the table The term chemical oxygen demand " means the oxygen demand as ascertained by the standard chromate method, while the total oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen required to carry all of the ingredients in the liquor to their highest states of oxidation The plus sign after 12 6 under run 2-72-8 indicates that the p H of the composition is above 12 6 which is the limit of accuracy of the glass electrodes used in determining the p H measurement. Batch 2-72 is the original spent sodium hydroxide pulping liquor Batch 2-72-1 is the same liquor as 2-72 heated for 70 minutes, of which 30 minutes is at the reaction temperature while the oxidation reaction takes place Batch 2-72-2 is the original liquor which was heated for 160 minutes, of which minutes is during the reaction period at 250 'C Batch 2-72-7 is a batch before causticising Batch 2-72-8 is a similar run carried out at 300 C and causticised as it appears in the operational process. TABLE 2-72 2-72-1 2-72-2 2-72-4 2-72-6 Run No. 2-72-3 2-72-5 2-72-7 2-72-8 Na as Na OH Organic Carbon CO 2 Chemical 02 Demand Total 02 Demand Total Solids Ash (Inorganic constituents of Starting liquor) Volatile Acids as Acetic Sp Gr at 25 degrees C Ca as Ca O Sulfur p H Reaction Temp C. Reaction Time in Minutes a) Total b) At reaction temp. % Carbon oxidized Free Na OH g/l g/1 l g/l g/l g/1 g/l g/l 56.5 56.4

7.2 133 3 151 9 163 4 69.1 g/l 17 4 1.082 g/1 o o g/l O 2 12.4 53 8 11.0 9 6 7 2 7 7 1 7 1 2 1 8 48 8 1 4 6 7 77 3 18.0 250 80.5 18.4 250 83.0 15.0 275 87.3 16.3 275 3.6 300 120 60 86.3 96 9 3.0 300 97.9 5.5 1.074 8.6 300 96.8 54.0 2.2 0.4 1.4 7.5 4.8 12.6 96.1 49 6 g. 0 .q To 2540 Milliliters of the 2-72-7 liquor after oxidation, was treated with 265 grams of calcium hydroxide having a purity of 98 percent The materials were mixed together and heated with stirring to a temperature of 85degrees Centrigrade for sixty minutes The reaction mixture was then filtered and the precipitate washed with water at 85 degrees Centigrade until the total volume of the washings and filtrate was approximately 2500 mill;liters The combined filtrates and washings were cooled to room temperature The liquid volume was then 2470 milliliters The filtrate contained 92 percent free sodium hydroxide based on the amount of sodium hydroxide equivalent contained in the original 2-72-7 liquor which was provided prior to oxidation. The liquor containing the regenerated sodium hydroxide is returned to the pulping. Hence, little _ or no make-up of sodium hydroxide is required in-operation.

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* GB784651 (A)

Description: GB784651 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements in grill pans

Description of GB784651 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION Inventor: ARCHIBALD LUSK l'W; i;Date of filing Complete Specification: June 21, 1956.

Application Date: June 22, 1955 No I Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Class 66, A( 3 E: 4 D: 6 E: 6 L). International Classification:-A 47 j. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in Grill Pans We, PARKINSON AND COWAN LIMITED, a British Company, of Terminal House, Grosvenor Gardens, London, S W 1, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to grill pans more especially those for use with "eye-level" grills of domestic gas or electric cookers. The present invention provides a grill pan with a handle which is convenient to use in a high position and in which the user's hand is well protected from the heat of the grill. According to our invention a handle for a grill pan comprises a metal supporting frame formed from spaced substantially parallel rods or tubes and including an inclined portion extending upwards from the point of attachment to the pan and a hand-grip portion secured directly or indirectly to the upper end of the inclined portion, the handgrip portion lying below the level of the top of the inclined portion which includes a sheet metal shield extending between the inclined portions of the rods or tubes for shielding the hand-grip portion from the radiant heat of the grill when the pan is in use. The hand grip portion may be covered by mouldings of plastic clamping the rods or tubes between them. Three examples of grill pan handles according to the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:Figure 1 is a side elevation of one form of handle with part of the pan shown in section; Figure 2 is a plan view, Figure 3 is a view looking in the direction of the arrow A in Figure 1; Figure 4 is a section on the line 4-4 in Figure 1; Figure 5 is a side elevation of a second form; r 784,1 I 1 8021/55. Figure 6 is a side elevation of a third form; and Figure 7 is a plan view of the handle shown in Figure 6 S O Referring first to the example shown in Figures 1 to 4, the grill pan is shown at 1 and is of the known kind used in the socalled "eye-level" grills, being arranged to slide into position below a gas or electric 55 grill above the level of the usual hot plates of a cooker A U shaped metal pressing 2 welded to the pan forms an attachment bracket for the handle and has inclined tubular sockets formed by rolled-over lateral edges 60 3 to receive two spaced parallel seamless steel tubes 4 forming an upwardly directed inclined portion of the handle Immediately above the bracket 2 is a shield 5 which again is a sheet metal pressing, opposite

parallel 65 edges of which are rolled over to form tubular sockets 6 through which the inclined portions of the tubes 4 are passed before fixing to the grill pan It will be seen that the inclined portions of the tubes 4 are spaced well 70 apart so that the shield 5 is of adequate width to protect the user's hand from the heat of the grill At the top of the handle the tubes are cranked inwards to bring the hand-grip portions nearer together From 75 this topmost point the tubes 4 are directed downwards to form the hand-grip and are enclosed in a thermally insulating covering formed from two mating mouldings of plastic 7 and 8, held together by nuts and bolts 80 9 It will be seen that the hand-grip thus formed is curved slightly with the convex side outwards, and the inner side has finger recesses 10 to enable the user to grasp the handle securely, his or her hand being pro 85 tected from the heat of the grill by the shield 5. Figure 5 shows how the handle described above can be modified to give additional rigidity by carrying the tubes 4 on through 90 the hand -grip and bending them back to form a horizontal stay 11 secured to suitable lugs 12 on the attachment bracket 2. In the third form of handleshownin Figures 6 and 7 the hand-grip portion has no separate covering and both members are formed from a single length of tubing folded back on itself A short, almost vertical, intermediate section 13 leads from the top end of the inclined portion to the hand-grip portion proper, shown at 14 It will be seen that the hand-grip portion extends substantially horizontally and lies wholly well below the level of the top of the inclined portion so that, again, the user's hand is protected from the heat of the grill.

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* GB784652 (A)

Description: GB784652 (A) ? 1957-10-16

A method of and apparatus for testing shock-absorbers on vehicles

Description of GB784652 (A)

A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available amongst the following family members:

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PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: July 1, 1955. Application made in Germany on Aug 4, 1954. Application made in Germany on May 7, 1955. Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957. 784,652 No 19051/55. Index at aceeptance:-Class log( 3), al. I nternational Classification -F Osi. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION A Method of and Apparatus for Testing Shock-absorbers on Vehicles I, HERMAN HERBERT BEISSBARTH, a German Citizen, of Erhardtstrasse 33, Munich 2, Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- For damping the spring oscillations, powerdriven vehicles are provided with shock-absorbers, which serve to prevent excessive spring deflections and continued oscillations of the springs On the effectiveness of the shock-absorbers depend individually the travel comfort, safety, and the wear and tear on the vehicle, the tyres and the road surface. Since shock-absorbers lose their efficiency after a time as a result of wear in their various parts, it is necessary, and in fact prescribed by many vehicle manufacturers, that they should be tested from time to time.

Hitherto, the shock-absorbers have usually been removed for this testing, so that their resistance in compression and in tension could be determined, either by hand or in some cases in a testing machine This testing by hand is obviously highly inaccurate, and the removal and replacement of the shockabsorber is time-wasting making it costly and correspondingly uneconomical. Furthermore, a prior proposal to detach the shock-absorber at one end, then connect this free end to a standard shock-absorber and in this way to compare them with one another, is not usable in practice. Another way which has been proposed, to raise the vehicle up on a vehicle lift, then suddenly let it fall, and thus to generate a diagram of its characteristics, is equally inefective in practice since it does not give any clear results. In the method according to the invention, a basically different way is set forth, to give exact and measurable results with the aim of determining the efficiency of the shock-ablPrice 3/6 l sorbers. According to the invention, the wheels and axles together are set in oscillation by applied forces The applied forces are preferably exerted in such a manner that they act 50 vertically or substantially vertically from underneath, and the wheel together with the axle, or the axle alone, is set in oscillation. The amplitude of the resulting oscillations is then a measure of the effectiveness of the 55 corresponding shock-absorber The value it should have can be determined from a standard shock-absorber prescribed by the vehicle manufacturer. The frequency of the unsprung mass of the 60 wheel assembly must be of such a value that it is possible to determine the oscillation and damping characteristics of the wheel under examination, without it being influenced by those of the remaining three wheels It is 65 known that in such an oscillatory system with three masses-one of which, i e, the ground, is infinite-and two springs-road springs and tyres-there are two characteristic frequencies, namely that of the axle and 70 that of the vehicle body The first of these has a substantially higher value than the second Since the characteristic frequency of the vehicle body is dependent on all the wheels and thereby pitching oscillations can 75 arise, then, in order to exclude possible inaccuracies, the frequency of the impulses exerted on the wheel or axle must lie above the characteristic frequency of pitching or rolling oscillations of the vehicle body If 80 one proceeds in this manner, the vehicle body remains almost still and only the axle under examination oscillates. It has been shown by calculation and by experiment, that the influence of different 85 shock-absorbers is greatest in the region of the resonance frequency of the axle To determine the efficiency of the

shock-absorber it is therefore most desirable to carry out the test at a frequency in the region of the 90 &Ah" i O/: nv, 99 VIP, 784,652 resonance frequency of the axle Since this region is not known beforehand in practice, the whole range of frequencies, from below the critical frequency to above the critical frequency, should be covered The largest amplitudes which arise indicate the zone of resonance of the axle Their magnitude is an independent comparative measure for giving an indication of the work-ing of a shock-absorber mounted on the axle, in comparison with a standard shock-absorber. Furthermore, by the method according to the invention, noises arising in the axle and in the body of the vehicle can be located and eliminated, if the oscillations are applied slowly. It is known that strongly working shockabsorbers give as a result good road adhesion, as, for instance, in sports cars, for which safety at high speeds is desirable Weakly working shock-absorbers protect the occupants of the vehicle from any serious vibrations resulting from hard road surface shocks. The strength of the shock-absorber is accordingly in most cases a compromise between these two extremes. As a means of carrying out the method according to the invention, there may be used a device in which the vehicle is mounted with one wheel on a support in the form of a plate, platform or the like, which is set in oscillation either mechanically or electrically, e.g, by an electric or compressed air motor, or any other motor, or by a magnet The device could also be driven by a rotating unbalanced mass The wheel support can oscillate freely or can be attached to an arm or link, of which the pivotal axis is preferably parallel to the plane of the wheel It is, however, also possible to put the oscillating member on the wheel or axle itself. The apparatus can be constructed so that the throw of the wheel support can be varied. A particularly advantageous arrangement is one in which several of the devices mentioned are brought together at a single testing point for the testing of shock-absorbers, being built into other testing points or assembly and inspection ramps, with means so that their positions can if necessary be altered in order to enable the apparatus to cater for the different wheelbases and tracks of individual vehicles. Such an arrangement is evidently convenient since the vehicle need only be driven onto the testing apparatus once, and the critical frequency zone of the axle oscillations can be simultaneously traversed and the amplitudes measured in respect of all of the wheels. Instead of the oscillating plates it may be convenient to use rollers placed under the wheels of the vehicle. Since, for testing the shock-absorbers, the applied oscillations

should at least approach a sine-wave form as regards acceleration and deceleration, eccentric rollers, or rollers of nearly eccentric form, can be used for this purpose Beneath the wheels of one axle, for example the rear axle, it is possible to 70 use a correspondingly long roller, common to both wheels, or two rollers attached to a common shaft. This form of apparatus has the advantage that any independent drive for the apparatus 75 can be omitted The rollers arranged under the driving axle of the vehicle can then be turned by the wheels driven by the engine of the vehicle, and, by reason of their exterior shape, oscillate the axle, at frequencies which 80 can range according to the peripheral speed of the vehicle wheels from sub-critical frequencies through the critical to the supercritical region The drive for the roller or rollers arranged under the non-driven vehicle 85 axle can be taken, for example through a shaft with bevel gears from the roller or rollers under the driven axle, so that the testing rollers for the non-driven wheels are also driven by the vehicle itself 90 Since the wheelbases of the vehicles to be tested vary, a provision for adjustment in opposite directions may be made for the testing rollers for the front and rear axles Also, with a construction of this kind, the vehicle 95 to be tested need only be driven onto the apparatus once The amplitudes can be measured in a single excursion through the critical frequency zone, as with that form of the apparatus having a number of oscillating 100 plates or levers The testing rollers may be provided with some form of stops or brakes to hold them against turning whilst a vehicle is being driven onto them. Since vehicles with oscillating axles have 105 a tendency to jump off the rollers as a result of the applied forces, free-running guard rollers can be provided engaging the wheels of the vehicle and preventing it running forwards or backwards 110 There is also the possibility of safeguarding the vehicle by means acting on the body or on the bumpers, for example by the use of rubber blocks, so that the vehicle is prevented from forwards, backwards or sideways 115 movement whilst it is being tested on the apparatus according to the invention. The measurement of amplitude of the axle movements necessary in the method according to the invention can be effected in various 120 ways, for example between the axle or wheel and either the vehicle body or a fixed point on the ground or on a part fixed to the ground. To ascertain the amplitude a pointer in 125 strument is used if necessary one with a maximum-reading pointer or any known form ofl recording apparatus in which the amplitude is permaraently recorded, such as on a paper strip 130 784,652 The connection between the measuring device and the axle is best achieved with the aid of a rod which is linked and can be swung aside and, if necessary, held by a

spring in the operative position, and which is attached to the wheel in a simple and rapid manner, for example by means of a hub cap. The recording or measuring apparatus can also be attached to the wheel cover or wing of the vehicle, by means of known clamping or similar elements, or it could be arranged on a mounting on the testing stand, attached to the floor and capable of being slid or swung towards and away from the wheel It is also possible for the measuring device to be attached to a telescopic arm. Figs l to 9 of the accompanying drawings show examples of arrangements for carrying out the method according to the invention Figs l and 2 show a device sunk into the floor and employing an oscillating plate or lever, Figs 3 and 4 show a similar device, but lying above floor level, and portable; Fig 5 shows a complete testing stand; Fig 6 shows an example of an arrangement of the apparatus according to the invention incorporated in a research stand: Fig 7 shows a form of the apparatus using eccentric rollers to apply the oscillations to the wheels; and Figs 8 and 9 show the arrangement of the measuring and registering equipment, also visible in Fig 3, and applied in this particular example to that form of the device having levers. In the form of the device shown in Fig 1, the wheel 1 of a vehicle is held in a trough 402 on a supporting platform 3, which is oscillated vertically by means shown diagrammatically at 5 In the form shown in Fig 2, a platform 4 is mounted on the end of a lever 14, pivoted at 15 The oscillating device, shown in more detail in this figure comprises, for example, a stand 6 in which is guided a vertically sliding member 7, and an eccentric 8, engaging this member 7, is mounted on a shaft 9 carried in bearings in the stand 6 and driven by a variable speed motor 10, through a reduction gear 11 A servo motor 12, through gears 13 controls means for adjusting the throw of the eccentric 8. Whilst the devices shown in Figs 1 and 2 are sunk into the floor, so that the top of the platform 3 or 4 is at ground level, those shown in Figs 3 and 4 lie wholly above the ground and are portable Their construction is generally similar, however, to that of the 6 earlier examples The driving arrangements 16 to give the oscillations to the lever 18, equipped with a trough 17, are positioned at one side In front of and behind the wheel trough 17 are stationary inclined guides 19 to simplify driving the vehicle on and off the platform. In the example, shown in Fig 5, of a cornplete testing stand, the vehicle stands with one wheel in a trough 20 of an oscillating platform 21, and the other wheel (of the same 70 axle) in a fixed trough 22 The test is simply and rapidly carried out from a control box 23. In the form shown in Fig 6, four of the devices described earlier,

indicated at 24, are 75 built into an inspection ramp 25. In Fig 7 is shown a complete installation employing eccentric rollers to give the necessary vertical oscillations The rollers for the rear and front wheels are indicated at 26 and 80 27 respectively, and they are interconnected by bevel gears through a longitudinal shaft 28 For each axle there may be one long eccentric roller, or two shorter ones on a common shaft 85 Free-running guard rollers 29 are positioned as indicated in front of one eccentric roller and behind the other to prevent the vehicle moving forwards or backwards They may be lowered or removed to allow the vehicle 90 to be driven on and off the apparatus Stops may also be provided as shown fore and aft to engage the bumpers 31 on the body 30. Again, these stops can be lowered to allow the vehicle to be moved As indicated by the 95 arrow below the front roller 27, the position of this roller is adjustable in a fore-and-aft direction to suit the wheelbase of the vehicle. To rotate the rear roller 26, the vehicle rear wheels are driven by the engine of the 100 vehicle itself, and the drive is transmitted to the front roller 27 through the bevel gears and shaft 28, so that all four wheels are simultaneously subjected to oscillations. Returning now to Fig 3, a pointer instru 105 ment 32 can serve to measure the amplitude of oscillation of the axle, and is mounted on a bracket 33, held fast to the wing 35 of the vehicle by a screw clamping arrangement 34. The operating rod 36 of the instrument 32 110 is connected by means of a sleeve 39 to a rod 37 held on cap-like device 38 attached to the wheel hub Vertical movement of the wheel is thus transmitted to a pointer within the instrument 32 115 Another construction of the amplitude measuring instrument is shown in Figs 8 and 9 A bracket 42 carries a recording instrument 40 and is pivoted at 43 to the floor so that it can be swung out of the way when 120 necessary, as indicated by the long broken arrow The instrument 40 carries a paper strip 41, which can be moved horizontally in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle A writing instrument 44 is 125 carried on a rod 45 which is pivoted at 46 on the wheel hub cap 47, and records the vertical movement of the wheel on the moving paper strip 41. Instead of being pivoted at 43, the bracket 13 o 784,652 42 could be mounted on rollers 49 running in rails 48, so that it can be slid out of the way horizontally.

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