4. Large PV System Jun HAGIHARA Tokyo Electric Power Company – e8 Member
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Transcript of 4. Large PV System Jun HAGIHARA Tokyo Electric Power Company – e8 Member
4. Large PV System4. Large PV System
Jun HAGIHARATokyo Electric Power Company – e8 Member
Solar PV Design Implementation O&MMarch 31- April 11, 2008
Marshall Islands
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4-1-1. System Configuration4-1-2. Type of grid connection4-1-3. Examples4-1-4. Distribution NW4-1-5. Problems on distributed generation4-1-6. Guide line on distributed generation4-1-7. Voltage fluctuation by reverse flow4-1-8. Voltage fluctuation on disconnection4-1-9. Islanding operation4-1-10. Detection of islanding operation4-1-11. Diversity of grid connected generator
• Contents4-1. Grid Connected (Large PV system)4-1. Grid Connected (Large PV system)
4. Large PV system 4. Large PV system
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4-2-1. System Configuration4-2-2. Examples4-2-3. New components4-2-4. Planning & design4-2-5. Check list on planning4-2-6. One more resource: Energy conservation
• Contents4-2. Grid Connected (Hybrid system)4-2. Grid Connected (Hybrid system)
4. Large PV system 4. Large PV system
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Date Title Sub-title Grid connection
Supplied power
Size Genset Other RNE
Batterysystem
Note
April 1 (Tue)
SHS DC SHS Off DC < 1kW No No Yes By Mr. Wade
AC SHS Off AC < 1kW No No Yes By Mr. Wade
April 2 (Wed)
Mini grid PV Mini grid
Off AC 1 - 50kW No No Yes 50 to 600HouseholdsBattery charge station
PV hybrid systems within mini-grid
Off AC 10 – 500kW Optional (a few hours per day)
Windbiomassmicro-hydroetc.
Optional New components
April 3 (Thu)
Grid connected Large PV system & Hybrid system
Grid connected large PV system
On AC > 40kW No No Optional With reliable grid (24H supply)
Grid connected hybrid system
On AC > 100kW Basically No. Optional(a few hours per day)
Windbiomassmicro-hydroetc.
Optional With reliable grid (24H supply)
4. Large PV system4. Large PV system
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4-1-1. Grid connected: Large PV system: 4-1-1. Grid connected: Large PV system: System configuration System configuration
PV panel
Inverter
For a for village (> 40kW)
Delivers the power to the households and common equipments through a grid
Grid24 hours power supply by existing generators
Grid-connectedOptional battery
Battery
PCSOptional
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Type of grid connection Type of grid connection
Grid connection - Low voltage - High voltage
Noislanding operation
No reverse
flow
Reverse flow
Islanding operation
No reverse
flow
Reverse flow
• Buy power from gridif load > PV output
• Sell power to gridif load < PV output
• Anytime load > PV output
• Reverse power flow relay
• On reverse flow, same as above
• With battery system, backup power shall be supplied even in power outage
Source: NEDO
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Examples (1) Examples (1)
•Installed in 2008 at Funafuti, Tuvalu by E8 (KEPCO)•Connected with grid•40kW PV•Decrease approx. 50t-Co2/y [100 klbs-Co2/y]
Source: KEPCO
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4-1-3. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-3. Grid connected: Large PV system: Examples (2)Examples (2)
•Installed in 2005 at Beijing, China by NEDO (TEPCO+PVTEC)
•Office use plus connected with 10kV grid•140kW PV•Comparison of various kind of PV modules (crystalline,
amorphous)
Source: NEDO
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4-1-3. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-3. Grid connected: Large PV system: Examples (2)Examples (2)
Source: NEDO
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4-1-3. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-3. Grid connected: Large PV system: Examples (3)Examples (3)
•Installed in 2004-2007 at Ohta, Japan by NEDO (Kandenko et al.)
•553 residential houses•Total 140kW PV, connected at 100V with 6.6kV distribution
line •Evaluation of the islanding operation protection
Source: NEDO
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4-1-3. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-3. Grid connected: Large PV system: Examples (3)Examples (3)
•Installed in 2004-2007 at Ohta, Japan by NEDO (Kandenko et al.)
•553 residential houses•Total 140kW PV, connected at 100V with 6.6kV distribution
line •Evaluation of the islanding operation protection
Source: NEDO
PV
Load
Junction box
Inverter etc.
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LoadGenerator
Grid
Voltage (V )
Frequency (F)
Balance betweenGeneration and loadTransmission power and
installed capacity
4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system: Distribution NWDistribution NW
Maintain system voltage and frequency anytime.
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Grid
Distribution substation
Feeder
4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system: Distribution NWDistribution NW
Maintain system voltage and frequency anytime.
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き線イメージ張りつけ
Distribution substation
4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system: Distribution NWDistribution NW
Maintain system voltage and frequency anytime.
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Grid power
G
Reverse power flow from distributed generation
Power flows from generator to tail end of grid
System size suitable to load size
Load
Load
Load
Load
Load
4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system: Distribution NWDistribution NW
Maintain system voltage and frequency anytime.
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G
Feeder
Distributed generation
Hard to keep
system voltage
× Disconnected from grid
↓Hard to keep
system frequency
Grid
Distribution substation
4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system: Distribution NWDistribution NW
Maintain system voltage and frequency anytime.
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Distribution substation
Grid
Feeder
Voltage
Distance from substation
Proper voltage
Heavy load
Light load
Control voltage at each bank
Low voltage
Highvoltage
4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system: Distribution NWDistribution NW
Maintain feeder voltage
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Distribution substation
Voltage
Distance from substation
Proper voltage
On-load tap-changer at pole transformer
Raise voltage by switching tap-changer
4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system: Distribution NWDistribution NW
Maintain feeder voltage
Low voltage
Highvoltage
Secondary side
Primary side
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Distribution substation
Voltage
SVR(Step
voltage Regulator)
Raise voltage by SVR
4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system: Distribution NWDistribution NW
Maintain feeder voltage
Low voltage
Highvoltage
Proper voltage
Distance from substation
Control secondary voltage by monitoring current and changing tap of transformer
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Heavy load
Light load
Deviation from proper voltage
Distributed Generation
Reverse power flow
4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system: Distribution NWDistribution NW
Maintain feeder voltageDistribution substation
Voltage
Low voltage
Highvoltage
Proper voltage
Distance from substation
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Heavy load
Can control voltage by
monitoring reverse flow from
distributed generation, but…
Light load
Distribution substation
Voltage
Low voltage
High voltage
Proper voltage
Distance from substation
Distributed Generation
Reverse power flow
4-2-2. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-2-2. Grid connected: Large PV system: Distribution NWDistribution NW
Maintain feeder voltage
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Heavy load
Light load
Distribution substation
Voltage
Low voltage
High voltage
Proper voltage
Distance from substation
Distributed Generation
Disconnection
Deviation from proper voltage
4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system: Distribution NWDistribution NW
Maintain feeder voltage
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Distribution substation
High voltage feeder
Generator
It is necessary for distributed generation to be disconnected in concert with the fault detection of system.
Without disconnection of distributed generation, earth fault continues even by breaking CB at substation.(Threat of equipment damage and electric shock)
4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system: Distribution NWDistribution NW
Earth fault protection of feeder with distributed generation
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It is necessary to clarify/establish technical rule necessary to orderly dissemination of distributed generation, safety/security, maintaining of reliability and power quality.
・
4-1-5. Grid connected: Large PV system: 4-1-5. Grid connected: Large PV system: Problems on distributed generationProblems on distributed generation
On grid connection of distributed generation anarchically, the following problems should be investigated.• Power quality
• Possibility of harmful effect to other customers via grid• Become harder to operate grid in maintaining power
quality and/or maintenance• Safety/security (injury, equipment damage)
• Public safety should be assured especially for distribution line which is easily accessible to public.
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4-1-6. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-6. Grid connected: Large PV system: Guide line on distributed generationGuide line on distributed generation
Guide line on grid connection• Electrical system of generator• Power factor• Protection relay• Measures for voltage fluctuation• Short circuit capacity• Communication tree on emergency
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Q
GP
Deviation
GP
4-1-7. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-7. Grid connected: Large PV system: Voltage fluctuation by reverse flowVoltage fluctuation by reverse flow
•Reactive power control at power receiving end by generator owner
• If not effective, use of exclusive line or reinforcing feeder shall be made by the cost of generator owner.
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4-1-8. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-8. Grid connected: Large PV system: Voltage fluctuation on disconnectionVoltage fluctuation on disconnection
• Automatic load shedding shall be implemented by generator owner
G L
Voltage
Deviation
Disconnection
Load increase Deviation in voltage
G L
Maintain voltage
Load shedding Load decrease
Maintain voltage
Voltage
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4-1-9. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-9. Grid connected: Large PV system: Islanding operationIslanding operation
Substation
※PV system is running (islanding operation)
③
③ Threat of electrical shock for worker near crane and public.
① Crane touches feeder.
①
CB break
② Fault detection, then CB break.
②
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Example of detection method
• Active detection• Add disturbance signal from generator to grid
continuously• On power outage, detect increased response to
disturbance signal• Secure detection, but need several seconds
• Passive detection• On power outage, detect phase change of P, Q balance• Possible instant detection• But used as backup of active detection for grid connected
generator in high voltage, because of little change at rotating generator→ Use multiple detection to detect absolutely
4-1-10. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-10. Grid connected: Large PV system: Detection of islanding operationDetection of islanding operation
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Distribution substation
L L L
G LG L
No reverse flow (G < L)
Load
Transformer
Low voltage
G LG L
High voltage
L L L
4-1-11. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-11. Grid connected: Large PV system: Diversity of grid connected generator Diversity of grid connected generator
LoadLoad
Load Load Load
Reverse flow (G > L)
No reverse flow (G < L)
Reverse flow (G > L)
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Date Title Sub-title Grid connection
Supplied power
Size Genset Other RNE
Batterysystem
Note
April 1 (Tue)
SHS DC SHS Off DC < 1kW No No Yes By Mr. Wade
AC SHS Off AC < 1kW No No Yes By Mr. Wade
April 2 (Wed)
Mini grid PV Mini grid
Off AC 1 - 50kW No No Yes 50 to 600HouseholdsBattery charge station
PV hybrid systems within mini-grid
Off AC 10 – 500kW Optional (a few hours per day)
Windbiomassmicro-hydroetc.
Optional New components
April 3 (Thu)
Grid connected Large PV system & Hybrid system
Grid connected large PV system
On AC > 40kW No No Optional With reliable grid (24H supply)
Grid connected hybrid system
On AC > 100kW Basically No. Optional(a few hours per day)
Windbiomassmicro-hydroetc.
Optional With reliable grid (24H supply)
4-2. Grid connected: 4-2. Grid connected: Hybrid system Hybrid system
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System configuration System configuration
PV panel
Inverter
For a for village (> 100kW)
Delivers the power to the households and common equipments through a grid
Biomass
Wind
Micro-hydro
Genset (runs for only a few hours per day)
Grid Grid-connectedOptional battery24 hours power
supply by existing generators
Battery
PCSOptional
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Examples (1) Examples (1)
Source: NEDO
Gas engine Battery system PV system
Digestive gas tankDigestive
gas supply
School A
Grid
Separator
Sludge digester
PV system Wind power PV system Wind power
PV system Wind power
School B School C School D
Steam boiler (existing)
Biomass boiler for woody material (1t/h)
Scarp wood
Office A Office B Office C
Buy power from grid
Plant
Independent line (power & comm.) Total 5.4km
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Examples (1) Examples (1)
• Installed in 2005 at Hachinohe, Japan by NEDO (Mitsubishi, Hachinohe city)
• For schools and city ofiice• Grid connected microgrid• PV: 50kW, 10kW, 2 * 10kW• Wind: 2 * 2kW, 2 * 8kW• Gas engine: 3 * 170kW• Battery system: 1,440kWh• Woody debris boiler: 1.0t/h
[2.0klbs/h]• Digestion gas boiler: 4.2t/h
[8.4klbs/h]Source: NEDO
Gas engine
Gas tank
Heat/gas pipeBattery system
Woody debris boiler
Power receiving panel
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Examples (1) Examples (1)
Source: NEDO
Battery
GE1 + GE2
Load
GE1
PV + Wind
Energy in battery (right axis)
GE1 + GE2GE1BatteryPV + WindPower flow at PCCDemandControl errorEnergy in battery
Power flow at PCC (power purchased) : pinkControl error (difference from plan) : red
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Examples (2) Examples (2) : PV+BESS High Quality Power : PV+BESS High Quality Power Supply Supply
Effective use of
PVPV Output
Stabilization
Utilization of RE
PVPVBESSBESS
Problems of PV - Sudden output
change - Voltage and
frequency fluctuation
Voltage dip High QualityHigh Quality
Power SupplyPower SupplyPS +
PQ
To use PV widelyTo use PV widely To improve Power Quality (PQ)To improve Power Quality (PQ)PV
ou
tput
Time
With BESS
Without BESS
Time
Peak Shaving
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Mitigate• Voltage Fluctuation• Voltage dip• Momentum interruption• Load Leveling
4-2-2. Grid connected: Hybrid system: 4-2-2. Grid connected: Hybrid system: Examples (2) Examples (2) : PV+BESS High Quality Power Supply: PV+BESS High Quality Power Supply
Dip Interruption
BESS
力力
Grid
PCS 375kVA (Power Conversion System)
Battery
2000Ah
High Speed SWNormal: closed
Abnormal: OpenedOn Voltage sag,power is supplied by battery.
Critical Load
PV 80kW
Hi-Tech Farm
Max Use
AC433V
DC480V
TR
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Examples (2) Examples (2) : PV+BESS High Quality Power Supply: PV+BESS High Quality Power Supply
PCS (375kVA)PCS (375kVA) - High speed switching - No power interruption
Advanced Battery Advanced Battery SystemSystemCycle-use Lead Acid Battery - Load leveling (100kW, 2.5hr) - PQ protection - EPS (240kW, 10min)
PV (80kW)PV (80kW) - Roof for parking lot - On rooftop of canteen building
Remark:Shown equip. capacity is present targeted value. It will be finalized in detail design stage.
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Examples (2) Examples (2) : PV+BESS High Quality Power : PV+BESS High Quality Power SupplySupply
New s/s building for battery and elec. equip.
PV 70kW
Parking
Office
PV 10kW
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New componentsNew components• NAS battery
– Developed by TEPCO and NGK Insulators Ltd.
– Cycle-use battery– Suitable for load leveling
CELL 50 kW MODULE
Safety Tube
Sodium Flow PathBeta Alumina Electrolyte
Sodium ElectrodeSulfur ElectrodeSafety tubeBeta aluminaElectrolyte
Cell Case
Vacuum ThermalEnclosure (upper)
Main PoleSide Heater
CellPacked Sand Fuse
Vacuum ThermalEnclosure (lower)
Installed underground of an amusement park, Tokyo Dome City LaQua. - Peak shaving - Backup power (10%-720kWh) for selected loads
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New componentsNew components
• Shin-Kobe Electric Machinery, Co., Ltd – Cycle-use lead acid battery– Stationary VRLA batteries for power
storage (LL 1500) – Suitable for load leveling– 1050Ah (25 degree C, 0.23C)– 3,000 cycle (70%DOD)– 10 years lifetime
Source: Shin-Kobe Electric Machinery
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008 4-2-3. Grid connected: Hybrid system: 4-2-3. Grid connected: Hybrid system:
New componentsNew components
• Kawasaki Heavy Industry– Nickel hydrogen battery– Environment Friendliness
(No usage of rare or hazardous material)
– Suitable for load leveling
Source: Kawasaki Heavy Industries
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008 4-2-3. Grid connected: Hybrid system: 4-2-3. Grid connected: Hybrid system:
New componentsNew components
• Power systems Co. Ltd.• Wellgeo series• EDLC (Electrical Double Layer Capacitor)
Source: Power systems Co. Ltd.
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008 4-2-3. Grid connected: Hybrid system: 4-2-3. Grid connected: Hybrid system:
New componentsNew components• Advanced PV module
– CIS/CIGS (cupper-indium-gallium- serene)– Thin-film PV (4 micro-meter [1.47 * 10-4 inch])– 125W– Developed by Honda
Type Crystalline silicon
Amorphous silicon
CIGS compound
Energy used in production
Generation cost
Conversion efficiency
Reliability
CIGS type
Si monocrystal type
- electrode
+ electrode
Buffer
N Si
P Si
CIGS
+ electrode
electrode
+ electrode
Source: Honda Soltec
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008 4-2-4. Grid connected: Hybrid system:4-2-4. Grid connected: Hybrid system:
Planning & designPlanning & designSurvey of various REN
Concept design of the system
Investigation of target site
Determination of equipment spec.
Estimate project cost
Determine operation patternEstimate maintenance cost
Estimate total running cost
Analyze cost/benefit
Effect on environmental protection
Effect on energy conservation
Implementation
System, equip. spec., supplier, capacity, supply characteristics, reliability, cost and so on.
Demand characteristics, energy cost, electricity tariffREN main unit, inverter, grid connection, battery, env. measure
Generation cost, distribution cost, cash flow
Estimate supplied power and energy
• Same as shown in before• Economic efficiency is important. • Compare generating cost with electricity
charge.• Investigate optimal (economical)
operational pattern
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008 4-2-5. Grid connected: Hybrid system: 4-2-5. Grid connected: Hybrid system:
Check list on planning (1)Check list on planning (1)
• Concept and purpose– For what?
Purposed should be shared among concerned parties.– Where?
In existing facility or not? Exact location.– What load?
Characteristics and size of load. Enough space for installed equipment?
– Which system? Isolated or grid-connected? With battery or not?
– When and how much? Construction schedule and cost. Can it be available?
• Same as shown in before• Economic efficiency is important. • Compare generating cost with electricity
charge.• Investigate optimal (economical)
operational pattern
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008
Factories and business establishmentsFactories and business establishments
• Appointment of a qualified person for energy management of type 2 designated factory
• Preparation & Submission of Periodical Reports
Business EstablishmentsBusiness Establishments
Submit periodical reports on the use of energy Prepare and submit mid- and long-term plans for measures to achieve energy conservation targets Appoint energy managers
Energy management at factory (Japanese case)
• Appointment of a qualified person for energy management of type 2 designated factory(Training Required)
• Preparation & Submission of Periodical Reports
• Preparation and Submission of mid- and long-term plans (Participation by a qualified person required)
• Appointment of Energy Manager(Mandatory to possess a license for a qualified person for energy management of type 1 designated factory)
• Preparation & Submission of Periodical Reports
• Formulation & Submission of Mid- and long-term Plans
Factories/business establishments Factories/business establishments with high energy consumptionwith high energy consumption
(( Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories ))
SchoolsDepartment Store HotelOffice Building
FactoriesFactories
2222
• Annual fuel (thermal) use: 3000 kl [679 kilogallon] in crude oil equivalent or larger
• Annual electricity use: 12 million kwh or larger
• Annual fuel (thermal) use: 1500 kl [339 kilogallon] in crude oil equivalent or larger
• Annual electricity use: 6 million kwh or larger
Factories/business establishments with medium Factories/business establishments with medium energy consumptionenergy consumption
(( Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factories ))
Measures
Factories
Business Establishments
Measures Measures
4-2-6. Grid connected: Hybrid system: 4-2-6. Grid connected: Hybrid system: One more resource: Energy conservationOne more resource: Energy conservation
Source: ECCJ
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8 4-2-6. Grid connected: Hybrid system: 4-2-6. Grid connected: Hybrid system: One more resource: Energy conservationOne more resource: Energy conservation
Fuel Economy(km/ )
Energy conservation standard based on the Top Runner Program
Energy conservation effect in comparison with FY2000 (against FY1999 figures for transformers)Energy conservation effect in comparison with FY2000 (against FY1999 figures for transformers)
**Top Runner ProgramTop Runner Program::The concept of the program is that fuel economy standards for vehicles and energy conservation standards for The concept of the program is that fuel economy standards for vehicles and energy conservation standards for electric appliances, etc. shall be set exactly the same as or higher than the best standard value of each product electric appliances, etc. shall be set exactly the same as or higher than the best standard value of each product item currently available in the market. item currently available in the market.
Improving Equipment Efficiency (Japanese case)
2626
Example of Top Runner Program Target
Passenger vehicles (Gasoline and LP gas)
Passenger vehicles (diesel)
Freight vehicles (gasoline)
Freight vehicles (diesel) Air conditioners (cooling
& heating) Air conditioners (cooling
only) TV sets Videocassette recorders Fluorescent lights Copying machines
ComputersMagnetic disc unitsElectric refrigerators/freezersSpace heatersGas cooking appliancesGas water heatersOil water heatersElectric toilet seatsVending machinesTransformers
Source: ECCJ
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2277
4-2-6. Grid connected: Hybrid system: 4-2-6. Grid connected: Hybrid system: One more resource: Energy conservationOne more resource: Energy conservation
Energy-Saving Labeling System (Japanese case) Inform consumers of energy efficiency of home appliances Promote energy-efficient products.
Examples of energy-saving labelingExamples of energy-saving labeling
Label for the product's main unit
As of April 2005, labeling is applied to the following 13 products: air conditioners, refrigerators, freezers, fluorescent lights, TV sets, space heaters, gas cooking appliances, gas water heaters, oil water heaters, electric toilet seats, computers, magnetic disks, and transformers.
Target year FY2005
Energy conservation standard achievement percentage Energy consumption efficiency
Target year FY2005
Energy conservation standard achievement percentage Energy consumption efficiency
Source: ECCJ
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008
Name of Product
Class name: Cooling Capacity 3.6 kW and Free Dimension
Ranking Manufacture
Model Number
Evaluation
Labeling to be indicated
Label Color
Achievement Rate
Average COP in Both Cooling and Heating
APF (Annual Energy Efficiency): Key Factor for Labeling
Expected Annual Electricity Bill
Cooling Heating
Power Consumption (W)
COP
Consumption in Cooling Period(kWh)
Total Consumptionin a year (kWh)
Ave.Min.
Max.
4-2-6. Grid connected: Hybrid system: 4-2-6. Grid connected: Hybrid system: One more resource: Energy conservationOne more resource: Energy conservation
Energy-Saving Labeling System (Japanese case)
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008 4-2-6. Grid connected: Hybrid system: 4-2-6. Grid connected: Hybrid system:
One more resource: Energy conservationOne more resource: Energy conservation
Compact FluorescentLamp (CFL)
Incandescent Bulb
• Comparison between high efficient Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) and normal Incandescent Lamp bulb