4 Key Principles for A

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4 Key Principles for a

Low Waste Society

Everything is connected.

There is no away for the waste we produce

Dilution is not always the solution to pollution

The best and cheapest way to deal with waste

and pollution is to produce less pollutants and

reuse and recycle most of the materials we use


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Roles and Responsibilities

Waste Generator must:

Conduct waste determination

Document waste determination Maintain a list of waste streams with hazard status

and proper disposal method

Waste Determination Documentation

Waste stream description Physical state

Process generating the waste

Results of waste determination steps

Attach, as applicable: MSDSs or other technical or manufacturers data

Laboratory report and data

Waste profile


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Solid waste management This is the collection, storage, transportation and

disposal of waste in such a way as to render theminnocuous to human and animal life, ecology and

the environment generally.

Objectives

1. Elimination of health hazards2. Prevent degradation and pollution of natural environment

3. Employment opportunities

4. Enhance supply of raw materials through salvaging and recycling

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Solid waste management

Waste management now involves anintegrated approach

The ideal strategy should be

1. Avoidance of waste generation

2. Minimize waste generation

3. Recycle and reuse

4. Treat

5. Dispose

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5

Pollution-Prevention Hierarchy


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General Awareness

Bill of Lading descriptions must follow a

specific order

Proper Shipping Name

Hazard Class

Identification Number

Packing Group

Reportable Quantity (RQ) (only if applicable)


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General Awareness

Example:

Sulfuric Acid, 8, UN1830, PGII, RQ

Proper Shipping

Name(From

49CFR172.101)Hazard Class(8 =

Corrosive

Material)Identification

Number Packing

Group

Reportable Quantity exceeded

in shipment (Sulfuric Acid RQ =

1000 lbs.)


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Security Transportation security has become an important issue

HazMat employees must be aware of potential security

threats associated with the shipment of hazardous materials

Never accept shipments of materials without a proper Bill of

Lading

Never accept shipments sent to an unfamiliar recipient

without verification

Verify that the carrier is properly licensed for hazardous

materials transportation

Refer to the OCC Emergency Response Plan for appropriate

contacts if a suspicious or improperly prepared package is

received


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12 Principles Applied to Redesigned

Shaw Carpet Tiles

4.6 billion lb carpet to U.S. landfills annually

Redesigned for recycle

Nylon 6 or Nylon 6,6 carpet

PVC plastisol backing replaced with branched LDPE

Can disassemble and recycle both nylon and backing

2003 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge winner


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1: Inherently nonhazardous

Replaced virgin calcium carbonate filler with coal

fly ash Replace PVC and phthalate plasticizer with

(mostly) branched LDPE (metallocene catalyst

important)

Less toxic flame retardant (not, Sb2O3, or

proprietary aluminum trihydrate, what is it?)

2: Prevent waste

Recycle everything

Penalized by CPG under RCRA 6002 when

introducing NEW recyclable material !!!


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3: Minimize mass and energy use

Low energy mechanical separation and size

reduction for recycle Nylon sent for depolymerization (Honeywell)?

4: Efficiency

Extrusion coating requires less energy than radiantgas fusing (VOCs)

New tiles are 40% lighter (shipping!)

Telescoping boxes

5: Output pulled rather an input pushed

NA since replacement application


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6: Embedded complexity is investment

Cant make out of one material due to

performance Separating and recycling next best thing

7: Durability, not immortality

These materials are immortal OK because can recycle forever?

8: No unnecessary capacity

NA since replacement market

Problem if try to implement for regular carpet

market


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9: Minimize material diversity

Cant get this down due to performance criteria

Using same backing for multiple products is an example of

this

10: Mass/energy integration

Cooling water in plant in closed loop

Recycling of polymers closes the loop

11: Design for commercial afterlife

Recycling so dont need to worry about afterlife

12: Renewable rather than depleting

Materials used are not renewable

Energy used is not renewable

but company has invested in a wind farm


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TRP Chapter 6.1 14

Physical treatment

Manual separation - removes selected wastes by

visual inspection Sieving and screening (penyarigan/ayakan) -

removes coarse kasar material

Sedimentation - settles solids to separate liquid

Decanting - removes water content Centrifuging - removes water content

Filtration

Solvent extraction

Adsorption Soil washing - extracts soluble contaminants

Sludge drying

Autoclaving - sterilises waste by heat & pressure

Microwave irradiation - sterilisation


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TRP Chapter 6.1 15

Chemical treatment

Chemical reduction and oxidation - uses oxidisingand reducing agents to transform constituents

Neutralisation - adjusts pH to neutral

Precipitation - separates hazardous constituents

from solution Dechlorination - removes chlorine from organic

materials

Hydrolysis - breaks down constituents by adding

water Electrolysis - breaks down chemical compounds

with electrical charge


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TRP Chapter 6.1 16

Physico-chemical treatment

Solvent extraction - uses immiscible solvent to dissolveorganic material in aqueous solution

Flocculation & coagulation - aggregates fine constituents

Stripping / Desorption - separates volatile components from

liquid by passing through gas stream

Membrane-separation - uses semi-permeable memebrane

Leaching - removes soluble components from solid

material

Scrubbing - removes constituents from gas or liquid stream

by contact with washing liquid/slurry or powder

UV Irradiation / Ozonolysis - breaks down hazardous

constituents by ozone/energy

Ion exchange - exchange with dissolved ionic species

through contact with resin


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TRP Chapter 6.1 17

Biological treatmentBiodegradation of organic into simple inorganic

species with suitable microbes

Activated sludge treatment - biodegrades organic

species with bio-active sludge in aqueous phase

Rotating biological contactor- breaks down aqueous

organic species in contact with bacterial rich filter

Aerated lagoons and stabilisation ponds - break

down organic wastes in shallow pools with oxygen

Anaerobic digestion - degrades organic waste in

absence of oxygen

Land application - biodegrades organic matter

through action with soil microbes


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TRP Chapter 6.1 18

Stabilisation and Solidification

Converts waste into insoluble rock-like materials

Stabilisation - treats waste tominimise migration

Solidification - uses cement-based process

Encapsulation - encloses waste within casing orlayer of inert substance

Recommended for inorganic hazardous wastes

A pretreatment step prior to landfill disposal


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Thermal treatment

Thermal treatment of waste:

Incineration

allows energy recovery, materials recycling Pyrolysis

Gasification

allow recovery of useful materials

Co-combustion in cement kilns

Existing lime or cement kilns can be

adapted to burn hazardous wastes

Suitable for interim and long term use

Avoids need for new facility

Saves on fuel costs in cement making


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TRP Chapter 6.1 20

Key considerations

Waste reduction and avoidance by generators

should always be a priority

Role of on-site vs off-site technologies

Need to consider residues from treatment

processes and their disposal

Transitional technologies may be used until final

high-quality installations are available


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Chapter 6.5 Summary

TRP Chapter 6.5 21

Thermal treatment:

is suitable for organic wastes

includes different technologies, all require high

capital investment is highly regulated, requires high operating and

safety standards

needs skilled personnel

has medium to high operating costs

generates useful energy

has by-products which need careful handling

often attracts opposition


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Chapter 6.4 Summary

TRP Chapter 6.4 22

Stabilisation and solidification techniques

Reduce potential for hazardous waste leaching

Improve handling and physical characteristics

May require pre-treatment of wastes eg tochange particle size, pH

Stabilisation is usually followed by solidification

Should be considered as a pre-landfill treatment

process


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Chapter 6.3 Summary

TRP Chapter 6.3 23

Biological treatment of hazardous waste optimises a natural process

is suitable for low concentration organic

wastes eg sludges

requires good control of process conditions is relatively low cost, effective and tolerant to

changes in waste

is most widely used for wastewater treatment

may be on-site or off-site

new applications being developed


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Chapter 6.2 Summary

Physical and chemical treatment includes a

range of cool processing techniques Often used in combination

Suitable for a wide range of waste types

May enable re-use or recycling

Treatment can be on-site or off-site

Processes inevitably generate residues


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TRP Chapter 6.4 25

Key factors

Characteristics of waste

chemical propertiescomposition and concentration

acidity/alkalinity

oxidation/reduction potential

solubilityPhysical properties

state (liquid, sludge or solid)

particle size, shape & distribution

solid contentviscosity

Characteristics of binders

Mode of processing


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TRP Chapter 6.4 26

Waste assessment

Waste sampling and characterisation to determine:

type of contaminants

levels of contamination

spatial distribution of contaminants

presence of possible interference effects

S/S is best suited to largely inorganic wastes


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TRP Chapter 6.4 27

Performance tests

Physical tests

Moisture content

specific gravity

bulk density

permeabilityporosity

strength

durability

Chemical tests

pH

acid neutralisation capacity

oxidation/reduction potential

total organic carbon

oil & grease

volatile organic compounds

metal analysis

Leaching/extraction tests


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Bioremediation Technology

Of all the technologies that have been investigated,bioremediation has been found to be the most cost

effective and environmental friendly treatment option for

many environmental pollutants.

Bioremediation is a pollution control technology that usesbiological systems to catalyze the degradation or

transformation of various toxic chemicals to less harmful

forms.


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Bioremediation Technology Bioreactors technologically are the most

sophisticated category of environmentalbioremediation.

Bioreactors offer a much faster means of waste

biodegradation than land treatment and more control

over reaction conditions and effluent quality thansimple biofilters.

In bioremediation, microorganisms are used to destroy

or immobilize waste materials.

Microorganisms include:Bacteria (aerobic and anaerobic)

Fungi

Algae

Actinomycetes (filamentous bacteria).


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Advantages of Bioremediation

Ecologically sound, a natural process

Target chemicals are detoxified

Economical On-site elimination of waste

Disadvantages of Bioremediation

Research is needed

Slow process

Toxic by-products are produced

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