7 Key Principles That Make ...
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Web Designer's Online Resource
Oct 15
7 Key Principles That Make A Web Design Look Good
Posted in How To's
79 Comments
By Juul Coolen
Everyone and their grandfather (and dog) seems to have a website these days. The Web is getting more crowded by the day,
with literally dozens of websites being added as you read this article. It is becoming harder and harder to get noticed among
the masses.
Fortunately for us designers, not everyone seems to understand what makes or breaks a Web design. Granted, Web
design is to a large extent a creative process and can therefore be called more art than science. But because it is intrinsically
a medium of presentation, some rules (or at least principles) apply. By following some simple pointers, anyone should be able
to create a visually pleasing design and take one step closer to fame. Okay, its not thatsimple, and talent and experience do
matter, but anyone can turn their home page into something prettier within mere minutes.
So what makes something pretty? It is not Flash. Not to say that Flash has no merit, but Flash alone doesnt make a design
good; some nasty Flash websites are out there. Also, one doesnt have to be a great illustrator to make appealing designs.
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Instead, look at Web design as a symbiosis of different elements. No single element counts the most; rather, the sum of the
elements makes a design look good.
These elements are the 7 key principles that make a Web design look good:
Balance,
Grid,
Color,
Graphics,
Typography,White space,
Connection.
1. Balance
Balance is all about ensuring that your design does not tip to one side or the other. It is like the balance ofweight in
achieving symmetry or asymmetry.
Example
Look at the dog in the header graphic of Khoi Vinhs Subtraction website below. I took this example from The Principles of
Beautiful Web Design by Jason Beaird. Jason points out how the cross to the right makes up for the added visual weight thatthe dog provides on the left. It is a small but not insignificant detail. See for yourself by hiding the cross with your hand.
This is what we call asymmetrical balance, and this is what balance is about. If youre not careful about how you lay things
out, the design will become unbalanced rather quickly. You can manipulate the visual weight of a design in many ways, such
as with color, size and the addition or removal of elements. If you were to make the cross, say, a vibrant orange, it would
become heavier and perhaps throw the layout off balance again. Achieving asymmetrical balance is an especially delicate
matter that takes time to fine-tune and a somewhat trained eye to really pull off.
Here below is another example ofsymmetrical balance, this one by The First Twenty. Although the header graphic is
asymmetrically balanced (can you spot how its done?), the rest of the design lower down has symmetrical columns.
Asymmetrical balance might be harder to pull off, but it tends to make a design more playful.
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You will find that every design you think looks good has a well-constructed balance underlying it. And every design featured
here scores high on each of the seven principles we discuss. So take a minute to scroll up and down and see for yourself if
they all pass muster.
2. Grid
The concept of grids is closely related to that of balance. Grids are a series of horizontal and vertical rulers that help you
compartmentalize a design. Think of columns. Columns improve readability, making a pages content easier to absorb.
Spacing and the use of the Rule of Thirds (or similarGolden Ratio) make everything easier on the eye.
The Rule of Thirds and Golden Ratio account for why sidebars, for example, are usually about a third of the width of the
page and why the main content area is roughly equal to the designs width divided by 1.62 (equallingphi in mathematics).
We wont get into why this is, but it does seem to hold true in practice. It is also why the subject in professionally taken
photographs is usually positioned not in the middle but at the intersection of an imaginary nine-square grid (three by three,
with two horizontal and two vertical lines).
Example
The grid lends itself particularly well to minimalist designs. 5 Thirty One by Derek Punsalan shows why:
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While the design is not visually impressive in itself, the clear strict structuring of elements makes it easy on the eye. The left
column is roughly twice the size of the right sidebar, which just makes sense and is something to think about when creating
your own designs.
3. Color
What if you changed the base red on the The First Twenty website (above) to lime green? Would it look good? Most likely
not. Because it does not belong to the same color palette (and of course lime green isnt the easiest color to work with).
Websites such as ColourLovers exist for a reason. You cant just pick your colors Rambo-style, guns blazing. Some colors go
well together, others dont. A lot of theories on colors and their combinations exist, including conventions on monochrome
and contrasting schemes, but a lot comes down to common sense and having a feel for it.
Find out for yourself what works together. Soak up as many website designs as possible, such as those featured on any of the
many CSS showcase websites (like Best Web Gallery), to get a feel for how colors interact with each other. Pick two or
three base colors at most for your design, and then use tints (which are lighter, mixed with white) and shades (which are
darker, mixed with black) of these base colors to expand the palette where necessary.
Picking nice colors is as important as picking the rightcolors (that is, the right colors for the job). A Web design for a cozy
little restaurant would do well with earthy tones: reds, browns, etc. Of course, there is no such thing as a surefire recipe.
Every color sends out a message, and it is up to you to get the message right.
Example
Bence Kucsan Quommunication website has a color scheme style of his own. Its mainly monochromatic (tints and shades
of a single color) and achromatic (black and white) with a color (red) to stand out:
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The black and white conveys chic and professional, while the red adds the spice that makes certain elements stand out and
keeps the design from looking dull; of course, more than just red makes this design interesting. By the way, one company in
particularpopularized this style.
Speaking of color, WebDesigner Wall by Nick La is pure bliss:
All of those soft pastels make this design shine. At first glance, the color choices may look somewhat arbitrary, but when you
look closely you notice a strictly defined color palette, which is necessary to ensure that all of the elements get along well.
The website, and especially its background, also demonstrates a good combination of colors and graphics, which brings us to
number four
4. Graphics
Okay, great design doesnt needfancy graphics. But poor graphics will definitely hurt a design. Graphics add to the visual
message. Websites like WebDesigner Wall have impressive illustrations, while others are understated.
Example
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Tim van Damme uses only a handful of graphics on his website Max Voltar, but he implements them with the greatest
thought and care. A non-intrusive background image and a sophisticated crown are two of the graphics. Visually, they are
not overly impressive, but they all add to the look and feel of the website, and nowhere is one out of place.
For some time now, Max Voltar has had a different design than the one shown above. But for the two months that this onewas online, it was easily one of my favorites. Because of this and because its use of graphics is so exemplary, I picked it over
the lastest version.
Rogie Kings Komodo Media is a lot more graphics-heavy, perfectly executed from both a technical and thematic standpoint.
You may not be a great illustrator or photographer, but that doesnt mean you cant put great graphics on your website.
Some basic Photoshop skill, possibly some stock images and great taste are all you need. Try to make the graphics go well
together, and make sure they embody the style you are aiming for. We are not all gifted with the same natural ability,though. You can pick up some things by learning from others, but sometimes you just have to pick the style that suits you
best (like a clean style if you are not the greatest of illustrators).
5. Typography
The art of type is a tricky subject to talk about because it encompasses so many elements. While it can be regarded as a
branch of design, one can spend a lifetime mastering all of its aspects. This is not the place to provide a complete typographic
reference, so we will limit our discussion to what will benefit you in the short term.
Web typography is handicapped compared to print typography. The biggest difference is our lack of complete control
over the appearance of type on the Web, due to its dynamic character. Obviously, dynamic rendering has its strenghts, but
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Web designers have little control over the results, at least for now. Missing fonts on the users computer, differences in
browser and platform rendering, and generally subpar support in CSS make Web typography a daunting if not frustrating
task. But while we may have to wait for CSS 3 for Web typography to reach its full potential, we have the means now to
make it look interesting and, more importantly, pretty.
Font Stacks
There are several fairly easy ways to significantly improve your websites typography, three of which well cover here. One
of them is font stacks.
Font stacks are just basic CSS. They let you define the order in which fonts should be rendered. To be precise, we are
speaking of typefaces here, not fonts. For a good summary on this, please refer to Jon Tans Typeface != Font.
body { font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; }
The property above will give the body copy the typeface of Helvetica Neue. This, however, requires that the users
computer has that particular typeface installed. Macs nowadays come with Helvetica (Neue) pre-installed, but most
Windows machines dont.
The beauty of font stacks is that you can define fallbacks, meaning that whenever a defined typeface is missing, the
browser simply looks for the next one in line. Of course, this means the design will not look exactly the same for everyone,
and as such we lose some control yet again. But for those who do not want to resort to another solution (such as image
replacement), this is the best that pure CSS offers at the moment (until the day we can comfortably use @font-face).
Wilson Mineruses the font stack we cited above. Helvetica Neue is an improvement of Helvetica. And while Arial is
installed on almost every computer (at least on Windows and Mac machines) and therefore a popular choice for the Web,
most designers prefer Helvetica to Arial. This way, you get the best of both worlds: Helvetica for those who have it and Arial
in case Helvetica is unavailable.
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Jon Tan uses another interesting font stack for his headings:
body { font-family: baskerville, 'palatino linotype', 'times new roman', serif; }
Only a relatively small number of visitors will see the headers in Baskerville, but that is not a problem. It gives the design anextra bit of character while not hurting anyone who doesnt have it. Again, font stacks are not a perfect solution, but they
do give you an advantage.
Measure and Leading
Measure is the length of lines, and leading is the height (or vertical spacing) of lines. In CSS, measure can be controlled by
defining a width for the containing box (e.g. the paragraph element). Both affect readability. If the lines are too short or too
long, users wont be comfortable reading the content; one often sees this problem with fluid layouts. Between 40 and 80
characters per line seems ideal.
Leading can be increased (or decreased, if you really want to) by defining the line-height CSS property. Generally, a line
height of 1.5 works well for paragraphs. This means that when the size of the text is 12 points, the height of the line becomes
18 points (12 1.5), which gives the text some breathing room.
Hanging Quotes and Bullets
A third way to improve readability is with hanging quotes and bullets. Rather than leave the text of bulleted lists and quotes
with the default alignment, horizontally align it with the rest of the text on the page.
Tim van Damme uses hanging bullets for his latest redesign ofMax Voltar:
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We have added the red line to emphasize how all of the text has been horizontally aligned. By simply setting the
padding-left CSS property of the bulleted list to 0, you can achieve the same result.
Pulling off hanging quotes, on the other hand, is not as straightforward. Most designers resort to a background image for
quotation marks and then align accordingly, as done by Matthew Buchanan:
The hanging quotation mark here does not disrupt the flow of text. Its a detail not often attended to but well worth the
investment.
Print Rules That Do Not Apply
Print and Web are not the same. That seems pretty obvious, but a lot of people treat them as if they were the same. Print isfixed, and the Web is dynamic. Having complete control over how your Web design will look for everyone is
impossible.
Vertical rhythm, proper justified text (with hyphenation and without rivers) and multi-column layouts are just a few of the
features of print that are (almost) impossible on the Web. Thus, we have a lot to look forward to with CSS 3. CSS 3 will
probably not be, however, a be-all and end-all solution, and it will likely be another few years before we can fully take
advantage of it. We simply have to accept these differences for now: dont look at the Web as an online version of print;
rather, use the intrinsic potential of the Web to its fullest.
A Word About Image Replacement
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What about image replacement (the technique of replacing fonts with images)? Weve talked about font stacks, but arent
they inferior to image replacement? Well, that depends on what you think is more important: being able to display the exact
font you want or having dynamic, accessible and SEO-friendly content? Certain image replacement techniques have gotten
pretty advanced, but they still arent as flexible as plain text. Image replacement lends itself well to headers and excerpts, but
it is hardly a solution for body text.
6. White Space
White space, or negative space, has to do with what is not there. Like measure and leading, white space gives text some
breathing room and spatial peace. You can make elements stand out by adding white space around them. Copy, forexample, shouldnt look cramped. To ensure readability, make sure paragraphs have sufficient padding.
Perfume ads or any ad for a luxury product for that matter are known for their use of white space loads of it; and a
serif typeface for good measure.
Example
I suppose its time for a shameless plug. The screenshot above is of my own website Shift (px). The design relies heavily on
typography and white space. White space probably takes up about 50% of the page. White space is one of the easiest
(because you arent really adding anything, are you?) and most effective ways to create a visually pleasing and readable
design.
White space adds a lot of class to a design. Dont be afraid to leave some holes open, even gaping ones. Inexperienced
designers are tempted to put something in every little corner. Design is about communicating a message. Design elements,
therefore, should support this message, not add noise to it.
Another good example of plenty of white space:
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Kyle Meyers Astheria shows that not much is needed for a pleasing design. Some people may confuse minimalist with
simple. But pulling off such a style is neither simple nor easy (even if one does not have to be great with graphics or
illustrations).
7. Connection
Connection is a bit of a made-up term here, but it seems to be the best one for what we mean. Connection here refers to
a Web design that has both unity and consistency. These two attributes demonstrate the profesionalism of a design (and
thus its designer). They are very broad attributes. A design should be consistent in its use of colors, in its range of fonts, with
its icons, etc. All of these aspects count; a design can look great and still suffer from inconsistencies.
When a design is inconsistent, its unity can be lost on the user. Unity is slightly different from consistency. Unity refers to
how the different elements in a design interact and fit together. For example, do the colors and graphics match? Does
everything contribute to one unified message? Consistency, on the other hand, is found between the pages of a design.
Unity is perhaps the more important of the two. Without unity, having a good design is hard. Inconsistency, however, may
look a bit sloppy but may not make the design bad.
Of the seven principles addressed in this article, connection is the most important. Connection has to do with how all
elements come together: balance, grid, colors, graphics, type and white space. It is sort ofthe glue that binds everything
together. Without this glue, the design falls apart. You could have pretty type and a brilliant and meticulously chosen color
palette, but if the graphics are awful or simply dont match or if everything is crammed together without thought, the design
will fail.
This is the hardest part of designing. It is not something that can be easily taught or necessarily be taught at all. A little
natural ability and experience is required. But it is what it is, and it makes a design look good in the end.
Example
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retweet
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We praised Nick Las WebDesigner Wall earlier because of its lovely graphics, but it is also a good example of connection.
When you look closely at the graphics and the style in general, everything has a hand-drawn watercolor look to it: the
articles images, the watercolored background images, the hand-drawn doodles and icons, the styling of the poll, and so on.
The attention to detail makes this design excel.
Further Resources
Five Simple Steps to Designing Grid Systems
A beginners guide to grids.
The Golden Ratio in Web Design
8 Simple Ways to Improve Typography in Your Designs
Fonts and the Web
About the state of fonts on the Web and image replacement.
4 Principles of Good Design for Websites
Four other principles, more from a practical standpoint.
Conclusion
Good Web design is not limited to the seven key principles discussed here. Aspects such as accessibility, readability and
usability play a part, too.
This is the reason why Web design is so difficult. Getting your feet wet in design is easy, especially today, with so many
content management systems, blogging tools and themes readily available. But truly mastering all of the facets of Web design
takes time and, lets be honest, talent. Having the ability to craft pretty designs is just one facet, but an important one.
About the Author
Juul Coolen is a computer science student living in The Netherlands who happens to love design. Besides developing and
designing for the Web, he occasionally blogs on his personal website Shift (px) and tweets @juulcoolen.
(al)
This entry was posted on Thursday, October 15th, 2009 at 4:41 pm and is filed underHow To's. You can follow any responses to this entry
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79 Responses, Add Comment +
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bogdan 15 October 2009
interesting :)
Reply
1.
Jaswinder15 October 2009
Excellent post with some awesome examples more of this please! :)
Reply
G7 16 October 2009
Definitely please more of this. Great tips and though we may all have some scence of this we seem to get caught
up in the bulk.
Reply
2.
InternetHow Blog 15 October 2009
Very good points.
Reply
3.
Pim 15 October 2009
Juul, goed artikel: lekkere brain verfrissing.
We want more!
Reply
4.
izmir winsa 15 October 2009
Great post!!! Thanks
Reply
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Bleyder15 October 2009
Good read!
Reply
6.
designfollow 15 October 2009
big thanks for this info
Reply
7.
RK 15 October 2009
I love these blogger circle jerks. They all compliment each others blog designs like its the only right way to do things.
Reply
8.
Monica Escaler 15 October 2009
Excellent information, useful! Thank you
Reply
9.
Most Interesting Ideas 15 October 2009
Absolutely agree with author
Reply
10.
Noel Wiggins 15 October 2009
fantastic outline for what goes into great website design.
And yes it is great for us designers that a lot of folks out there dont know how to design great sites. Even when you
expose the mystery I still dont think they can do it with out professional help.
Hope they can try
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Thanks and Regards
Noel
Reply
AtiKuSDesign 15 October 2009
I really love this post. Its full of great advice about the basics that everyone should understand before moving on with
a design.
Thank you
Reply
12.
joyoge bookmark15 October 2009
great post, thank you..
Reply
13.
Mark15 October 2009
Very good principals to take along with you when designing a website. I am becoming better with communicating theneed for whitespace to my clients.
Reply
14.
Amber Weinberg 15 October 2009
Great tips. Its nice to see a website based on typography versus heavy graphics :)
Reply
G7 16 October 2009
Definitely agree. Web designers tend to focus too much on graphics sometimes. I have to admit, I do so myself.
But I have been thinking about text based sites and there appearance online. Nice Post.
Reply
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Andalee Deeds 17 October 2009
I agree its very nice to see some typography and not entirely visual flash based sites. Finding all three things can
be hard 1) SEO 2) Functionality 3) Visual appeal
Reply
Park Rice 15 October 2009
good, now use this info of yours to fix up this crappy blog design
Reply
16.
Beckley 15 October 2009
Step 1: Put a giant banner ad above your headline. ;)
Reply
Si 16 October 2009
yep, its funny how many design blog are implementing massive adverts in very obvious places about the fold.It is starting to get ridiculous haha
Reply
Jason 17 October 2009
Hosting and designing a website isnt cheap, especially when the resources offered to the reader are
FREE.
So the owner puts some ads on the blog to actually recoup expenses, Oh noes!
Go complain elsewhere.
Reply
17.
Saoirse 15 October 2009
Great article!
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I love great typographic-based designs. I dont know what it is about them, but great use of fonts really does it for me.
Im not that clued up on good typography, but the best tip I ever picked up was to be careful when mixing serif and
sans-serif. Personally, I generally use serif for headers, titles, etc and sans-serif for the main bodies of text. I think it
creates a pleasant balance.
Graphics, on the other hand, is my thing! Im not as good at designing them as Id like to be, but I know how to use the
components to put together a great site. I get a lot of stuff from http://www.ThemeForest.net and I have the collection
from http://www.amazingwebgraphicscollection.com I dont think Ive had to design anything from scratch in a long
time!
Reply
bakytn 15 October 2009
Thank you!!!
so useful article.
Reply
19.
Anders Nylander16 October 2009
Have to say, that this was first X things to know before writings that I actually read through! You really had some
good points there that I had to put behind my ear. Thanks!
Reply
20.
drewbeta 16 October 2009
Nice work, I especially like the part about print and web being different. I try to explain this to people all of the time.
there are a lot of print designers who think that they can very easily design a website, but they dont take things like
changing content and consistent interfaces into account.
Reply
21.
Tyler Herman 16 October 2009
Nice Post.
Unrelated: Is anyone else having the fonts on the site look very illegible(italic and very light weight). Im using the
latest version of Firefox (mac). Firebug says Helvetica Neue but it is way too light to be the normal weight. Everything
looks fine in Safari, but not FF. Havnt checked any other browsers.
Reply
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Danny 16 October 2009
I would be careful with specifying helvetica neue in your font stacks, as a print designer I have various weights
activated, normally postscript versions, and that leads to them rendering like crap, especially in FF.
Reply
Teiosanu George 16 October 2009
Great article! Will apply these on my website. Got a lot of things to learn from this article. Made me review my stance
on web design
Reply
23.
Marcel 16 October 2009
7: The word you are looking for is:
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gestalt
It is one of the first concepts that is taught in design.
Reply
24.
Juul Coolen 16 October 2009
Thanks, Marcel. I have no formal education in design, so thanks for pointing that one out!
Reply
25.
Ben M 16 October 2009
8. Put a whole wall of paneled advertising on your tech blog because it looks sooo great. Then use that as a platform to
sound like you know what youre talking about and pretend like it doesnt cheapen your message.
Reply
26.
moabi 16 October 2009
yep, very good, im even thinking about grids now, though ive never wanted tocongrat !
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Reply
Kristofer 16 October 2009
Nice rundown of the principles. However, I notice that none of the examples have to deal with one real-world issue: ad
placement. What do you do when 25% of the available window at any given time has content you cannot control in
any way?
Reply
28.
Russ 16 October 2009
Its a good article for non designers. Any good designer should know all of this already. And then some.
Reply
29.
SE7EN 16 October 2009
Great article and interesing examples :D
Reply
30.
Sarah Camp 16 October 2009
This is a great breakdown of basic principles of things that go into a good design. Well done!
Reply
31.
Rebeca 16 October 2009
Excellent post. Ive learned a lot in one read :) Thanks!
Reply
32.
Daniel 16 October 2009
Nice post and great examples, thanks!
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Eric B. 16 October 2009
Excellent post! Ive bookmarked this post for future reference ;)
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34.
Delazee 16 October 2009
Superb.
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35.
Siena 16 October 2009
Nice post and superb examples. Good work.
Reply
36.
Los 16 October 2009
I definitely agree with you Mr. Coolen. These seven points are wonderfully explained as well as the way you have
narrated them with examples is very good. Everything is easily understood and there is logic behind everything pointtoo. Also agree to your conclusion that web designing is not that easy as it seems to be. Truly appreciate your article.
Reply
37.
Web Samurai 16 October 2009
Im sorry, but Web Designer Wall looks amazingly ugly to me.
Reply
38.
Mark @ NxT LvL MrktnG 16 October 2009
Nice list. Yes, its really is that simple, eh?
There one more thats worth considering and that is, Target Audience. As they say, Beauty is in eye of the beholder.
And IMHO all (except balance) of the above exist in the context of the beholders, no?
Also, do you consider UX as part of good design? Weve all been on sites that look great but are inappropriate for
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the target and/or are not user friendly.
Reply
Catherine Azzarello 16 October 2009
Good article.
These are all design principals covered in 100/200 level university classes for most BA/BFA disciplines.
Reply
40.
Jonatan Guerra 16 October 2009
Excelent article
Just one thing that you might want to add.
Inside typography, theres a relative new tool thats called SiFR3 (http://wiki.novemberborn.net/sifr3/).
Its great to use instead of image replacement. You might want to check it out and maybe update this article.
Reply
41.
vasudev karthik 16 October 2009
great article :)
Reply
42.
Dario Gutierrez 17 October 2009
Great tips, sometimes we dont look these details.
Reply
43.
All for Design 17 October 2009
One of the best article I have red.
Its a very good overview and the examples have been very well chosen !
Thanks for sharing.
Reply
44.
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Parfume 17 October 2009
Thats one nice post, use it when ever i have to conversionoptimize my websites.
Txh alot!
Reply
45.
wptidbits 17 October 2009
Talents and efforts. These two factor is contributing much in web design. Hope that i can be these people (Nick La and
this post writer). Better be true..
Reply
46.
Juul Coolen 17 October 2009
Thanks all for the kind words, much appreciated! Gives me the energy to keep doing what I do.
Reply
47.
Miroslav Nikolov 17 October 2009
I think you can not subject unique design on some principles. This is only for a good designs.
Reply
48.
Web Design Maidstone Kent 18 October 2009
Really great article and some very good points on whitespace
Reply
49.
Loralyn Tate 18 October 2009
One of the most comprehensive tutorials in a long time. Thanks.
Reply
50.
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Moto Liege 18 October 2009
Nice article, hope to have the time to apply these rules to my website
Reply
51.
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