4 .1 – Biodiversity in Ecosystems
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Transcript of 4 .1 – Biodiversity in Ecosystems
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4.1 – Biodiversity in EcosystemsIB Topics 2.1.1-2.1.7
Topic – Conservation and Biodiversity
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Biodiversity Species Diversity
The variety of species per unit area
High species diversity = More complex
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Biodiversity Habitat Diversity
The range of different habitats in an ecosystem
High habitat diversity = more niches
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Biodiversity Genetic Diversity
The variety of genes present in a species
High genetic diversity = Better survival
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Biodiversity Hotspots Areas of high biodiversity
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Natural Selection New species arise through natural selection The fittest organisms survive and have more
offspring, changing species over time
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Isolation and Natural Selection Isolation leads to
speciation (forming new species)
Isolation: Fences/roads/deforestation Deserts Rivers Islands
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Plate Tectonics and Speciation Movement of tectonic
plates creates mountains, oceans, valleys, islands
This leads to speciation
Ex:
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4.2 – Evaluating biodiversity and vulnerabilityIB Topics 2.1.1-2.1.7
Topic – Conservation and Biodiversity
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Extinction Extinct
No members of a species remain
Extinct in the wild No members of a
species remain in the wild
Extirpated Locally extinct
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Mass Extinctions 5 major mass
extinctions Up to 75% of all
species went extinct
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Sixth Mass Extinction Countless extinctions
over the past 10000 years
Climate change & Humans
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Extinction Rate Believed to be 10-100
species per year throughout natural history
Now believed to be much higher 89 mammals over the
past 400 years
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Rainforests Have the highest
biodiversity on Earth 50% of all plant and
animal species Make 40% of Earth’s
oxygen
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Rainforest Loss Up to 1.5 hectares
cleared per second Ranching &
Logging Growing population
living in the rainforest
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Factors that make species prone to extinction:
Small Population Size Limited Distribution Specialists Low Reproductive
Capacity Poor Competitors Large Mammals Valuable Products Altruistic Species
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IUCN Red List International Union
for the Conservation of Nature
Red List: An inventory of all
threatened species
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Determining Conservation Status
Population size Reduction in
population size Geographic range Quality of habitat Probability of
extinction
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Natural Factors that lead to loss of biodiversityNatural DisastersEnvironmental
DisastersHabitat
FragmentationPollution
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Human Factors that lead to loss of biodiversityOverexploitation Invasive SpeciesDiseaseModern
Agricultural Practices
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Factors that make species prone to extinction:
Small Population Size Limited Distribution Specialists Low Reproductive
Capacity Poor Competitors Large Mammals Valuable Products Altruistic Species
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IUCN Red List International Union
for the Conservation of Nature
Red List: An inventory of all
threatened species
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Determining Conservation Status
Population size Reduction in
population size Geographic range Quality of habitat Probability of
extinction
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4.3 – Conservation of biodiversityIB Topics 4.3.1-4.3.5
Topic – Conservation and Biodiversity
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Values of Biodiversity Products:
Timber/medicine Ecosystem
health/productivity Science Education Genetic diversity
Recreation & ecotourism
Aesthetic value Ethical reasons
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Conservation Organizations
NGOs GOs Established
through international agreements
Ex: UNEP, IUCN
Not run by, funded by, or influenced by any country/government
Ex: WWF, Greenpeace
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Conservation Organizations
NGOs Use of media Speed of
response Dimplomatic
constraints Political
influence Enforceability
GOs
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Designing a Protected Area Large vs Small Large vs Many Close vs Separate Clumped vs Spread out Corridors vs Not connected Round vs Other shapes Buffer zone vs No buffer
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Protected Areas The US has 7500+
protected areas covering over 1.25 million square miles
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Zoos & Conservation Zoos bring
awareness to conservation
Zoos can help breed and reintroduce species