3music Grade 10 Lm - Qtr 2 (8 Apr 2015)

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Quarter II: AFRO-LATIN AMERICANAND POPULAR MUSIC

CONTENT STANDARDS

The learner demonstrates understanding of...1. Characteristic features of Afro-Latin American music and Popular

music.

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

The learner...1. Performs vocal and dance forms of Afro-Latin American music and

selections of Popular music.

LEARNING COMPETENCIES

The learner...1. Observes dance styles, instruments, and rhythms of Afro Latin

American and popular music through video, movies and liveperformances.

2. Describes the historical and cultural background of Afro-LatinAmerican and popular music.

3. Listens perceptively to Afro-Latin American and popular music.4. Dances to different selected styles of Afro-Latin American and popular

music.5. Analyzes musical characteristics of Afro-Latin American and popular

music.6. Sings selections of Afro-Latin American and popular music in

appropriate pitch, rhythm, style, and expression.7. Explores ways of creating sounds on a variety of sources suitable to

chosen vocal and instrumental selections.8. Improvises simple vocal/instrumental accompaniments to selected

songs.9. Choreographs a chosen dance music.10. Evaluates music and music performances using knowledge of musical

elements and style.

From the Department of Education curriculum for MUSIC Grade 10 (2014)

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All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means - electronic or mechanical including photocopying without written permission from the DepEd Central Office.

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MUSIC OF AFRICA

Music has always been an important part in the daily life of the African, whether forwork, religion, ceremonies, or even communication. Singing, dancing, hand

clapping and the beating of drums are essential to many African ceremonies, includingthose for birth, death, initiation, marriage, and funerals. Music and dance are also importantto religious expression and political events.

However, because of its wide influences on global music that has permeated contemporaryAmerican, Latin American, and European styles, there has been a growing interest in itsown cultural heritage and musical sources. Of particular subjects of researches are itsrhythmic structures and spiritual characteristics that have led to the birth of jazz forms.

African music has been a collective result from the cultural and musical diversity of themore than 50 countries of the continent. The organization of this continent is a coloniallegacy from European rule of the different nations up to the end of the 19th century,whose vastness has enabled it to incorporate its music with language, environment, politicaldevelopments, immigration, and cultural diversity.

TRADITIONAL MUSIC OF AFRICA

African traditional music is largely functional in nature, used primarily in ceremonialrites, such as birth, death, marriage, succession, worship, and spirit invocations. Othersare work related or social in nature, while many traditional societies view their music asentertainment. It has a basically interlocking structural format, due mainly to its overlappingand dense textural characteristics as well as its rhythmic complexity. Its many sources ofstylistic influence have produced varied characteristics and genres.

Some Types of African Music

AfrobeatAfrobeat is a term used to describe the fusionof West African with black American music.

Apala (Akpala)Apala is a musical genre from Nigeria in theYoruba tribal style to wake up the worshippersafter fasting during the Muslim holy feast ofRamadan. Percussion instrumentation includesthe rattle (sekere), thumb piano (agidigbo), bell(agogo), and two or three talking drums. Yoruba Apala Musicians


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AxeAxe is a popular musical genre from Salvador, Bahia, and Brazil. It fuses the Afro-Caribbean styles of the marcha, reggae, and calypso.

JitJit is a hard and fast percussive Zimbabwean dancemusic played on drums with guitar accompaniment,influenced by mbira-based guitar styles.

JiveJive is a popular form of South African musicfeaturing a lively and uninhibited variation of thejitterbug, a form of swing dance.

JujuJuju is a popular music style from Nigeria that relies on the traditional Yoruba rhythms,where the instruments in Juju are more Western in origin. A drum kit, keyboard, pedalsteel guitar, and accordion are used along with the traditional dun-dun (talking drum orsqueeze drum).


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Kwassa KwassaKwassa Kwassa is a dance style begun in Zairein the late 1980’s, popularized by KandaBongo Man. In this dance style, the hips moveback and forth while the arms move followingthe hips.

MarabiMarabi is a South African three-chordtownship music of the 1930s-1960swhich evolved into African Jazz.Possessing a keyboard style combining

American jazz, ragtime and blues with African roots, it is characterized by simple chordsin varying vamping patterns and repetitive harmony over an extended period of time toallow the dancers more time on the dance floor.

LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC INFLUENCED BY AFRICAN MUSIC

ReggaeReggae is a Jamaican sound dominated by bass guitarand drums. It refers to a particular music style that wasstrongly influenced by traditional mento and calypsomusic, as well as American jazz, and rhythm and blues.The most recognizable musical elements of reggae areits offbeat rhythm and staccato chords.

SalsaSalsa music is Cuban, Puerto Rican, and Colombiandance music. It comprises various musical genresincluding the Cuban son montuno, guaracha,chachacha, mambo and bolero.


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SambaSamba is the basic underlying rhythm that typifies most Brazilian music. It is a lively andrhythmical dance and music with three steps to every bar, making the Samba feel like atimed dance. There is a set of dances—rather than a single dance—that define the Sambadancing scene in Brazil. Thus, no one dance can be claimed with certainty as the “original”Samba style.

SocaSoca is a modern Trinidadian and Tobago pop musiccombining “soul” and “calypso” music.

WereThis is Muslim music performed often as a wake-upcall for early breakfast and prayers during Ramadancelebrations. Relying on pre-arranged music, it fusesthe African and European music styles with particularusage of the natural harmonic series.

ZoukZouk is fast, carnival-like hythmic music, from the Creoleslang word for ‘party,’ originating in the Carribean Islandsof Guadaloupe and Martinique and popularized in the1980’s. It has a pulsating beat supplied by the gwo ka andtambour bele drums, a tibwa rhythmic pattern played onthe rim of the snare drum and its hi-hat, rhythm guitar, ahorn section, and keyboard synthesizers.

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VOCAL FORMS OF AFRICAN MUSIC

Maracatu

Maracatu first surfaced in theAfrican state of Pernambuco,combining the strong rhythms ofAfrican percussion instrumentswith Portuguese melodies. Themaracatu groups were called“nacoes” (nations) who paradedwith a drumming ensemblenumbering up to 100,accompanied by a singer, chorus,and a coterie of dancers.

Musical instruments used inMaracatu

The Maracatu uses mostly percussion instruments such as the alfaia, tarol and caixa-de-guerra, gongue, agbe, and miniero.

The alfaia is a large wooden drum that is rope-tuned, complemented by the tarol whichis a shallow snare drum and the caixa-de-guerra which is a war-like snare. Providing theclanging sound is the gongue, a metal cowbell. The shakers are represented by the agbe,a gourd shaker covered by beads, and the miniero or ganza, a metal cylindrical shakerfilled with metal shot or small dried seeds called “Lagrima fre Nossa Senhora.”

Maracatu dance

Alfaia Drum Agbe Sakere

Miniero or GanzaCaixa Gongue

Tarol


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Blues

The blues is a musical form of the late 19th century that has had deep roots in African-American communities. These communities are located in the so-called “Deep South”of the United States. The slaves and their descendants used to sing as they worked in thecotton and vegetable fields.

The notes of the blues create an expressive and soulful sound. The feelings that areevoked are normally associated with slight degrees of misfortune, lost love, frustration,or loneliness. From ecstatic joy to deep sadness, the blues can communicate variousemotions more effectively than other musical forms.

Noted performers of the Rhythm and Blues genre areRay Charles, James Brown, Cab Calloway, ArethaFranklin, and John Lee Hooker; as well as B.B. King, BoDiddley, Erykah Badu, Eric Clapton, SteveWinwood, Charlie Musselwhite, Blues Traveler, JimmieVaughan, and Jeff Baxter. Examples of blues music arethe following: Early Mornin’, A House is Not a Homeand Billie’s Blues.

Soul

Soul music was a popular music genre of the 1950’s and 1960’s. It originated in theUnited States. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues,and often jazz. The catchy rhythms are accompanied by handclaps and extemporaneousbody moves which are among its important features. Other characteristics include “calland response” between the soloist and the chorus, and an especially tense and powerfulvocal sound.

Some important innovators whose recordings in the 1950scontributed to the emergence of soul music included ClydeMcPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles andLittle Richard (who inspired Otis Redding) and JamesBrown were equally influential. Brown was known as the

“Godfather of Soul,” while SamCooke and Jackie Wilson are alsooften acknowledged as “soulforefathers.” Examples of soul musicare the following: Ain’t No MountainHigh Enough, Ben, All I Could Do isCry, Soul to Soul, and Becha by Golly,Wow.

Ray Charles

James Brown

Etta James


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Spiritual

The term spiritual, normally associated with a deeply religious person, refers here to aNegro spiritual, a song form by African migrants to America who became enslaved by itswhite communities. This musical form became their outlet to vent their loneliness andanger, and is a result of the interaction of music and religion from Africa with that ofAmerica. The texts are mainly religious, sometimes taken from psalms of Biblical passages,while the music utilizes deep bass voices. The vocal inflections, Negro accents, anddramatic dynamic changes add to the musical interest and effectiveness of the performance.Examples of spiritual music are the following: We are Climbing Jacob’s Ladder, RockMy Soul, When the Saints Go Marching In, and Peace Be Still.

Call and Response

The call and response method is a succession of two distinct musical phrases usuallyrendered by different musicians, where the second phrase acts as a direct commentary onor response to the first. Much like the question and answer sequence in humancommunication, it also forms a strong resemblance to the verse-chorus form in manyvocal compositions. Examples of call and response songs are the following: MannishBoy, one of the signature songs by Muddy Waters; and School Day - Ring, Ring Goes theBell by Chuck Berry.

WHAT TO KNOW

1. Which African music is usually heard on the radios today?

2. Among the types of African music, which is usually known as a type of music thathas originated from Brazil?

3. Which type of music was popularized by Bob Marley?

4. What is the music that is a New York Puerto Rican adaptation of Afro-Cubanmusic?

5. What are the different musical instruments included in the maracatu?


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MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF AFRICA

African music includes all the major instrumental genres of western music, includingstrings, winds, and percussion, along with a tremendous variety of specific African

musical instruments for solo or ensemble playing.

Classification of Traditional African Instruments

A. IdiophonesThese are percussion instruments that are either struck with a mallet or againstone another.

1. Balafon - The balafon is a WestAfrican xylophone. It is a pitchedpercussion instrument with barsmade from logs or bamboo.

The xylophone is originally an Asianinstrument that follows the structure of a piano. It came from Madagascarto Africa, then to the Americas and Europe.

2. Rattles - Rattles are made of seashells, tin,basketry, animal hoofs, horn, wood, metal bells,cocoons, palm kernels, or tortoise shells. Theserattling vessels may range from single to severalobjects that are either joined or suspended in sucha way as they hit each other.

3. Agogo - The agogo is a single bell or multiple bells that had its origins intraditional Yoruba music and also in the samba baterias (percussion)

ensembles. The agogo may be called “theoldest samba instrument based on WestAfrican Yoruba single or double bells.” Ithas the highest pitch of any of the bateriainstruments.

4. Atingting Kon - These are slit gongs used tocommunicate between villages. They were carved outof wood to resemble ancestors and had a “slitopening” at the bottom. In certain cases, their soundcould carry for miles through the forest and evenacross water to neighboring islands. A series of gong“languages” were composed of beats and pauses,making it possible to send highly specific messages.


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7. Shekere - The shekere is a type of gourd and shell megaphonefrom WestAfrica, consisting of a dried gourd with beads woven into a net covering

the gourd. Theagbe is another gourd drumwith cowrie shells usually strung with whitecotton thread. Theaxatse is a smallgourd, held by theneck and placedbetween hand and leg.

8. Rasp - A rasp, or scraper, is a hand percussioninstrument whose sound is produced by scraping thenotches on a piece of wood (sometimes elaboratelycarved) with a stick, creating a series of rattlingeffects.

Gourd shekere

5. Slit drum - The slit drum is a hollow percussioninstrument. Although known as a drum, it is not atrue drum but is an idiophone.

It is usually carved or constructed from bamboo or woodinto a box with one or more slits in the top. Most slitdrums have one slit, though two and three slits (cut intothe shape of an “H”) occur. If the resultant tongues aredifferent in width or thicknesses, the drum will producetwo different pitches.

6. Djembe - The West Africandjembe (pronounced zhem-bay) is one of thebest-known African drums is. It is shaped like a large goblet and playedwith bare hands. The body is carved from a hollowed trunk and is coveredin goat skin.

Log drums come in different shapes and sizes as well:tubular drums, bowl-shaped drums, and friction drums.Some have one head, others have two heads. The biggerthe drum, the lower the tone or pitch. The more tension inthe drum head, the higher the tone produced. These drumsare played using hands or sticks or both; and sometimeshave rattling metal and jingles attached to the outside orseeds and beads placed inside the drum. They aresometimes held under the armpit or with a sling.

Antique wooden rasp


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Luna

B. Membranophones

Membranophones are instruments which have vibrating animal membranes usedin drums. Their shapes may be conical, cylindrical, barrel, hour-glass, globular, orkettle, and are played with sticks, hands, or a combination of both. African drumsare usually carved from a single wooden log, and may also be made from ceramics,gourds, tin cans, and oil drums. Examples of these are found in the differentlocalities – entenga (Ganda), dundun (Yoruba), atumpan (Akan), and ngoma(Shona), while some are constructed with wooden staves and hoops.

1. Body percussion - Africans frequently use their bodies as musicalinstruments. Aside from their voices, where many of them are superb singers,the body also serves as a drum as people clap their hands, slap their thighs,pound their upper arms or chests, or shuffle their feet.

This body percussion creates exciting rhythms which also stir them to action.Moreover, the wearing of rattles or bells on their wrists, ankles, arms, andwaists enhances their emotional response.

2. Talking drum - The talking drum is used to send messages to announcebirths, deaths, marriages, sporting events, dances, initiation, or war.Sometimes it may also contain gossip or jokes. It is believed that the drums

can carry direct messages to the spirits after the death of aloved one.

However, learning to play messages on drums is extremelydifficult, resulting in its waning popularity. An example of thetalking drum is the luna.


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C. Lamellaphone

One of the most popular African percussioninstruments is the lamellaphone, which is a set ofplucked tongues or keys mounted on a sound board.It is known by different names according to the regionssuch as mbira, karimba, kisaanj, and likembe.

Mbira (hand piano or thumb piano) - The thumb pianoor finger xylophone is of African origin and is used

throughout the continent. Itconsists of a wooden boardwith attached staggered metaltines (a series of wooden, metal, or rattan tongues), plusan additional resonator to increase its volume. It is playedby holding the instrument in the hands and plucking thetines with the thumbs, producing a soft plucked sound.

D. Chordophones

Chordophones are instruments which produce sounds from the vibration of strings.These include bows, harps, lutes, zithers, and lyres of various sizes.

1. Musical bow - The musical bow is the ancestor of all string instruments. Itis the oldest and one of the most widely-used string instruments of Africa.

It consists of a single string attachedto each end of a curved stick, similarto a bow and arrow. The string is eitherplucked or struck with another stick,producing a per-cussive yet delicatesound. The earth bow, the mouth bow,and the resonator-bow are the principaltypes of musical bows.

The earth bow, ground bow, or pit harp consist of a hole in the ground, apiece of flexible wood and a piece of chord. The musician plucks the tautstring to accompany his singing. When the half gourd is not buried, theperformer holds the instrument very tightly under his knee flat side down,so that the chord puts enough tension on the wood to bend it into the shapeof a hunting bow.


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A more advanced form of ground bow is made from a log, half a gourd, aflat piece of wood, and cord. The wooden strip is driven firmly into one endof the log and the half gourd is fastened to the log about 2 feet away fromthe wooden strip. The cord, fastened from the wooden strip to the gourd, isstretched so tightly into the shape of a bow. The player holds the instrumenton the ground by placing one leg across the log between the resonatinggourd and the wooden strip.

2. Lute (konting, khalam, and the nkoni ) - The lute, originating from theArabic states, is shaped like the modern guitar and played in similar fashion.

It has a resonating body, a neck, andone or more strings which stretchacross the length of its body andneck. The player tunes the stringsby tightening or loosening the pegsat the top of the lute’s neck.

West African plucked lutes includethe konting, khalam, and the nkoni.

3. Kora - The kora is Africa's most sophisticated harp,while also having features similar to a lute. Its body ismade from a gourd or calabash. A support for the bridgeis set across the opening and covered with a skin thatis held in place with studs. The leather rings around theneck are used to tighten the 21 stringsthat give the instrument a range of overthree octaves. The kora is held uprightand played with the fingers.

4. Zither - The zither is a stringed instrument with varying sizes and shapeswhose strings are stretched along its body. Among the types of Africanzither are the raft or Inangazither from Burundi, thetubular or Valiha zither fromMalagasy, and the harp orMvet zither from Cameroon.

Nkoni

Raft zither

African kora


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E. Aerophones

Aerophones are instruments which are produced initially by trapped vibrating aircolumns or which enclose a body of vibrating air. Flutes in various sizes andshapes, horns, panpipes, whistle types, gourd and shell megaphones, oboe, clarinet,animal horn and wooden trumpets fall under this category.

1. Flutes - Flutes are widely used throughout Africa and either vertical orside-blown. They are usually fashioned from a single tube closed at one endand blown like a bottle.

Panpipes consist of cane pipes of different lengths tiedin a row or in a bundle held together by wax or cord,and generally closed at the bottom. They are blownacross the top, each providing a different note.

Atenteben (Ghana) Fulani Flutes

5. Zeze - The zeze is an African fiddle played with a bow, a small woodenstick, or plucked with the fingers. It has one or two strings, made of steel orbicycle brake wire. It is from Sub-Saharan Africa. It is also known by thenames tzetze and dzendze,izeze and endingidi; andon Madagascar is calledlokanga (or lokango)voatavo.

2. Horns - Horns and trumpets, found almost everywhere in Africa, arecommonly made from elephant tusks and animal horns. With their variedattractive shapes, these instruments are end-blown or side-blown and rangein size from the small signal whistle of the southern cattle herders to thelarge ivory horns of the tribal chiefs of the interior. One trumpet variety, thewooden trumpet, may be simple or artistically carved, sometimes resemblinga crocodile’s head.


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Kudu horn - This is one type of horn made from thehorn of the kudu antelope. It releases a mellow andwarm sound that adds a unique Africanaccent to the music. This instrument, whichcomes in a set of six horns, reflects the crossof musical traditions in Africa. Today, thekudu horn can also be seen in footballmatches, where fans blow it to cheer fortheir favourite teams.

3. Reed pipes - There are single-reed pipes made from hollow guinea corn orsorghum stems, where the reed is a flap partially cut from the stem near oneend. It is the vibration of this reed that causes the air within the hollowinstrument to vibrate, thus creating the sound.

There are also cone-shaped double-reedinstruments similar to the oboe or shawm.The most well-known is the rhaita orghaita, an oboe-like double reedinstrument from northwest Africa. It is oneof the primary instruments used by

traditional music ensembles from Morocco. The rhaita was even featuredin the Lord of the Rings soundtrack, specifically in the Mordor theme.

4. Whistles - Whistles found throughout the continent may bemade of wood or other materials. Short pieces of horn serveas whistles, often with a short tube inserted into themouthpiece. Clay can be molded into whistles of many shapesand forms and then baked. Pottery whistles are sometimesshaped in the form of a head, similar to the Aztec whistles ofCentral America and Mexico.

5. Trumpets - African trumpets are made of wood, metal, animal horns,elephant tusks, and gourds with skins from snakes, zebras, leopards,

crocodiles and animal hide as ornaments to theinstrument.

They are mostly ceremonial in nature, often used toannounce the arrival or departure of important guests.In religion and witchcraft, some tribes believe in themagical powers of trumpets to frighten away evilspirits, cure diseases, and protect warriors and huntersfrom harm.

African whistle


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African Musical Instruments from the Environment

Many instruments of Africa are made from natural elements like wood, metal, animal,skin and horns, as well as improvised ones like tin cans and bottles. These are

mainly used to provide rhythmic sounds, which are the most defining element of Africanmusic. Africans make musical instruments from the materials in the environment, likeforest areas from where they make large wooden drums. Drums may also be made ofclay, metal, tortoise shells, or gourds. Xylophones are made of lumber or bamboo, whileflutes can be constructed wherever reeds or bamboo grow. Animal horns are used astrumpets while animal hides, lizard skins, and snake skins can function as decorations aswell as provide the membranes for drum heads. Laces made of hides and skins are usedfor the strings of harps, fiddles, and lutes.

On the other hand, bamboo was used to form the tongues of thumb pianos, the frames ofstringed instruments, and stamping tubes. Strips of bamboo are even clashed togetherrhythmically. Gourds, seeds, stones, shells, palm leaves, and the hard-shelled fruit of thecalabash tree are made into rattles. Ancient Africans even made musical instrumentsfrom human skulls decorated with human hair while singers use their body movements toaccompany their singing.

Modern Africans make use of recycled waste materials such as strips of roofing metal,empty oil drums, and tin cans. These people, bursting with rhythm, make music witheverything and anything. At present, new materials that are more easily accessible, suchas soda cans and bottles, are becoming increasingly important for the construction ofpercussion instruments. Some rhythmic instruments like scrapers, bells, and rattles alsoprovide the pitch and timbre when played in an ensemble to provide contrasts in tonequality and character.

WHAT TO KNOW

1. What are the classifications of African music?

2. What are the characteristics of each classification of African music?

3. Name some African musical instruments under the following categories:a. idiophonesb. chordophonesc. membranophonesd. aerophones

4. Describe how African musical instruments are sourced from the environment.Give examples.


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MUSIC OF LATIN AMERICA

The music of Latin America is the product of three major influences – Indigenous,Spanish-Portuguese, and African. Sometimes called Latin music, it includes the

countries that have had a colonial history from Spain and Portugal, divided into thefollowing areas:

a. Andean region (a mountain system of western South America along thePacific coast from Venezuela to Tierra del Fuego) – Argentina, Bolivia,Chile, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela

b. Central America – Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,and Panama

c. Carribean – Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Martinique,and Puerto Rico

d. Brazil

At the same time, because of the inter-racial cross breeding and migration, the above-named countries were also somewhat commonly populated by five major ancestral groupsas follows:

a. Indian descendants of the original native Americans who were the inhabitantsof the region before the arrival of Christopher Columbus

b. African descendants from Western and Central Africac. European descendants mainly from Spain and Portugal but also including

the French, Dutch, Italian, and Britishd. Asian descendants from China, Japan, India, and Indonesia/Javae. Mixed descendants from the above-named groups

INFLUENCES ON LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC

1. Indigenous Latin-American Music

Before the arrival of the Spanish, Portuguese, and other European colonizers,the natives were found to be using local drum and percussion instruments such asthe guiro, maracas, and turtle shells, and wind instruments such as zampona (panpipes) and quena (notched-end flutes) remain popular andare traditionally made out of the same aquatic canes,although PVC pipe is sometimes used due to its resistanceto heat, cold, and humidity. Generally, quenas only areplayed during the dry season. Materials came from hollowtree trunks, animal skins, fruit shells, dry seeds, cane andclay, hardwood trees, jaguar claws, animal and humanbones, and specially-treated inflated eyes of tigers.

Quena


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Zampona Turtle shells

Guiro

The indigenous music of Latin America was largely functional in nature, beingused for religious worship and ceremonies. The use of instruments as well assinging and dancing served to implore the gods for good harvest, victory in battles,guard against sickness and natural disasters, and of course provide recreation.

2. Native American/Indian Music

The ethnic and cultural groups of the principal native Americans share manysimilar yet distinctive music elements pertaining to melody, harmony, rhythm,form, and dynamics. Short musical motives from descending melodic lines werea common feature, where tempo, rhythm, and tone colors vary with the specificoccasion or ritual. Many dance forms were repetitious, while songs had a widerange of volume levels.

Some of the Native American music includes courtship songs, dancing songs,and popular American or Canadian tunes like Amazing Grace, Dixie, Jambalaya,and Sugar Time. Many songs celebrate themes like harvest, planting season orother important times of year.

3. Afro-Latin American Music

The African influence on Latin American music is most pronounced in its rich andvaried rhythmic patterns produced by the drums and various percussioninstruments. Complex layering of rhythmic patterns was a favorite device, where

Maracas


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fast paced tempos add to the rhythmic density. Vocal music was often deep-chested while instrumental music greatly relied on resonant drums and sympatheticbuzzers to produce rich sounds and occasional loud volume levels to reflect theirintensity.

4. Euro-Latin American Music

The different regions of Latin America adopted various characteristics from theirEuropean colonizers. Melodies of the Renaissance period were used in SouthernChile and the Colombian Pacific coasts, while step-wise melodies were preferredin the heavily Hispanic and Moorish-influenced areas of Venezuela and Colombia.Alternating dual meters, such as and , known as “sesquialtera” found inChile and adopted in Cuba and Puerto Rico, were immortalized in the song IWanna Be in America from Leonard Bernstein’s Broadway hit West Side Story.Other European influences were manifested in the texture of Euro-Latin Americanmusic, from unaccompanied vocal solos to those accompanied by stringedinstruments.

5. Mixed American Music

The diversity of races and cultures from the Native Americans, Afro-LatinAmericans, and Euro-Latin Americans account for the rich combinations of musicalelements including the melodic patterns, harmonic combinations, rhythmiccomplexities, wide range of colors and dynamics, and various structural formats.

This musical fusion of Latin America combining native instruments with Europeancounterparts and musical theories was further enriched by the instruments broughtby the African slaves. The result of the massive infusion of African culture alsobrought about the introduction of other music and dance forms such as the Afro-Cuban rumba, Jamaican reggae, Colombian cumbia, and the Brazilian samba.

6. Popular Latin American Music

Latin America has produced a number of musical genres and forms that had beeninfluenced by European folk music, African traditional music, and native sources.Much of its popular music has in turn found its way to the many venues andlocales of America, Europe, and eventually the rest of the world. Its danceablerhythms, passionate melodies, and exotic harmonies continue to enthrall musicand dance enthusiasts worldwide even as the forms themselves undergo constantmodifications that are more relevant to the times. Some of these Latin Americanpopular music forms are tango, bossa nova, samba, son, and salsa.

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a. Samba

The samba is a dance form of African originsaround 1838 which evolved into an African-Brazilian invention in the working class and slumdistricts of Rio de Janeiro. Its lively rhythm,consisting of a meter but containing three stepseach that create a feeling of a meter instead,was meant to be executed for singing, dancing,and parading in the carnival. Samba has a numberof variations, so that there is no clear-cut definitionof a single samba form. Its most adventurous kindis known as the batucada, referring at once to alarge percussion ensemble of up to a hundred players, a jam session, or anintensely polyrhythmic style of drumming.

b. Son

The son is a fusion of the popular music or canciones (songs) of Spain andthe African rumba rhythms of Bantu origin. Originating in Cuba, it is usuallyplayed with the tres (guitar), contrabass, bongos, maracas, and claves (twowooden sticks that are hit together). Although the son is seldom heardtoday, its most important legacy is its influence on present-day LatinAmerican music, particularly as the forerunner of the salsa.

c. Salsa

The salsa is a social dance with marked influences from Cuba and PuertoRico that started in New York in the mid 1970’s. Its style contains elements

from the swing dance and hustle as well asthe complex Afro-Cuban and Afro-Carribeandance forms of pachanga and guaguanco.

The execution of the salsa involves shiftingthe weight by stepping sideways, causing thehips to move while the upper body remainslevel. The arms and shoulders are alsoincorporated with the upper body position.In each, a moderate tempo is used while theupper and lower bodies act in seemingdisjoint as described above.

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MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF LATIN AMERICA

The varied cultures developed in Latin America gave rise to different types of windand percussion instruments. As with the African continent, their rich history dating

back thousands of years ago with the Aztec, Maya, and other prehistoric cultural groupsin Latin America understandably generates their own brands of creativity in making music.

In Central America, the ancient civilizations of the Aztec and Maya peoples used variousinstruments mainly for religious functions and usually by professional musicians. As someinstruments were considered holy and it was further believed that music was supposed toglorify the gods, mistakes in playing these instruments were considered offensive andinsulting to them. Some of their instruments include the following:

Tlapitzalli

The tlapitzalli is a flute variety from the Aztec culture madeof clay with decorations of abstract designs or images oftheir deities.

Teponaztli

The teponaztli is a Mexican slit drum hollowedout and carved from a piece of hardwood. It isthen decorated with designs in relief or carved torepresent human figures or animals to be used forboth religious and recreational purposes.

Conch

The conch is a wind instrument made from a seashell usuallyof a large sea snail. It is prepared by cutting a hole in itsspine near the apex, then blown into as if it were a trumpet.

Rasp

The rasp is a hand percussion instrument whose sound isproduced by scraping a group of notched sticks with anotherstick, creating a series of rattling effects.


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Huehueti

The huehueti is a Mexican upright tubular drum used by theAztecs and other ancient civilizations. It is made of woodopened at the bottom and standing on three legs cut from thebase, with its stretched skin beaten by the hand or a woodenmallet.

Whistles

Whistles are instruments made of natural elements suchas bone from animals. The eagle-bone whistle is themost common whose function is to help symbolizethe piece’s purpose.

Incan Instruments

Among the Incas of South America, two instrumental varieties were most common:

a. Ocarina

The ocarina was an ancient vessel flute made of clay orceramic with four to 12 finger holes and a mouthpiecethat projected from the body.

b. Panpipes (Zamponas)

The zamponas were ancient instruments tuned to differentscalar varieties, played by blowing across the tubetop.Typical models were either in pairs or as several bambootubes of different lengths tied together to producegraduated pitches of sound.


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Andean Instruments

The Andean highlands made use of several varieties of flutes and string instruments thatinclude the following:

a. Pitus

The pitus are side-blown cane flutes that are played allyear round.

b. Wooden Tarkas

The tarkas are vertical duct flutes with a mouthpiece similarto that of a recorder, used during the rainy season.

c. Quenas

The quenas are vertical cane flutes with an end-notched made from fragile bamboo.They are used during the dry season.

d. Charango

The charango is a ten-stringed Andean guitar from Bolivia. It is the size of a ukuleleand a smaller version of the mandolin, imitating the early guitar and lute brought bythe Spaniards. It produces bright sounds and is often used in serenades in SouthernPeru.


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Mariachi

The Mariachi is an extremely popular band in Mexico whose original ensemble consistedof violins, guitars, harp, and an enormous guitarron (acoustic bass guitar). Trumpetswere later added, replacing the harp. Mariachi music is extremely passionate and romanticwith their blended harmonies and characterized by catchy rhythms. Its musicians aredistinctly adorned with wide-brimmed hats and silver buttons.

WHAT TO KNOW

1. What are the different musical instruments of Latin American music?2. What are the characteristics of each instrument?

VOCAL AND DANCE FORMS OF LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC

Latin American instruments are extremely useful in adding life, color, and variety totheir many vocal and dance forms which have captured the world’s attention and

affectionate adoption. In the Philippines, many of these characteristics have been takenin, particularly in the Brazilian bossa nova, cha cha, rumba, and the Argentine tango.Other dance forms became locally popular especially in the 1960’s and 1970’s until thearrival of disco and rock music. However, the original Latin dance forms have beenexperiencing constant revivals of their popularity especially in “ballroom dancing” as thetrendier modern styles also fade almost as quickly as they come.

1. Cumbia

Originating in Panama and Colombia, the cumbia became a popular Africancourtship dance with European and African instrumentation and characteristics.It contained varying rhythmic meters among the major locations – meter inColombia; , , and meters in Panama, and meter in Mexico. Instrumentsused are the drums of African origin, such as the tabora (bass drum), claves,

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which are hard, thick sticks that sets the beat, guitar, accordion, clarinet, modernflute, and caja, a type of snare drum.

2. Tango

The word tango may have been of African origin meaning “African dance” orfrom the Spanish word taner meaning “to play” (an instrument). It is a foremostArgentinian and Uruguayan urban popular song and dance that is related to theCuban contradanza, habanera, and Cuban tango, and remains a 20th centurynationalistic Argentinian piece of music that is most expressive. Its maindevelopment was in the slum areas of Buenos Aires, and eventually becamefashionable in Parisian society in the early part of the 20th century, as well as inEngland and other parts of Western Europe.

During the 1890’s, the working class of Buenos Aires, Argentina came across anew kind of rhythm known as the tango, whose choreographic steps followedthe dance trend of the Viennese Waltz and the polka involving close contactbetween the male and female dancers.

Tango later became more intellectual in the 1940’s when more poetic lyrics wereinserted and allowed little freedom. Later in the 1960’s, more improvisation andmovement were incorporated into the form, allowing the singers and dancersmore room for creative expressions.


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3. Cha Cha

The cha cha is a ballroom dance the originated in Cubain 1953, derived from the mambo and its characteristicrhythm of 2 crochets – 3 quavers – quaver rest, with asyncopation on the fourth beat. The cha cha may bedanced with Cuban music, Latin Pop, or Latin Rock.The Cuban cha cha, considered more sensual that maycontain polyrhythmic patterns, has a normal count of‘two-three-chachacha’ and ‘four and one, two, three’.

4. Rumba

The rumba popular recreational dance of Afro-Cuban origin, performed in acomplex duple meter pattern and tresillo, which is a dotted quaver – dotted quaver– dotted semiquaver rhythm. It is normally used as a ballroom dance where a solodancer or couple would be in an embrace though slightly apart, with the rockingof the hips to a fast-fast-slow sequence and often containing cross rhythms.

There is a repetitive melody with anostinato pattern played by the maracas,claves, and other Cuban percussioninstruments. It contains jazz elements thatbecame a model for the cha cha, mambo,and other Latin American dances. It wasalso used for concert music, as it appearedin the Second Piano Concerto of the Frenchcomposer Darius Milhaud.

5. Bossa nova

Bossa nova originated in 1958-59 as a movement effecting a radical change inthe classic Cuban samba. The word bossa comes from the Brazilian capital of Riode Janeiro, which means either “trend” or “something charming,” integratingmelody, harmony, and rhythm into a swaying feel, where the vocal style is oftennasal. The nylon-stringed classical guitar is the most important instrument of thisstyle. Bossa nova contains themes centering on love, women, longing, nature,and youthfulness.

Bossa nova emerged in the 1950’s when a slower, gentler version of the sambabecame popular with the upper and middle class sectors of society. It was musicfor easy and relaxed listening, conducive to romantic dates and quiet moments atthe lounges.


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A foremost figure of bossa nova is AntonioCarlos Jobim, who became famous with hissong Desafinado (1957). He collaborated withVincius de Moraes in the play Orfeu daConceicao (1956), musical recording of Cancaodo Amor Demais (1958), and the song Garotade Ipanema or Girl from Ipanema (1962) thatturned bossa nova’s popularity into a worldwidephenomenon.

In the Philippine pop music scene, Sitti Navarro is asinger who has become known as the “Philippines’Queen of Bossa Nova.” Some of her bossa nova songsinclude Para sa Akin, Hey Look at the Sun, Lost inSpace, and Kung Di Rin Lang Ikaw.

6. Reggae

Reggae is an urban popular music and dance style that originated in Jamaica inthe mid 1960’s. It contained English text coupled with Creole expressions thatwere not so familiar to the non-Jamaican. It was a synthesis of Western American(Afro-American) popular music and the traditional Afro-Jamaican music,containing a western-style melodic-harmonic base with African sounds andcharacteristics, American pop and rock music mannerisms, and a preference for aloud volume in the bass.

The best-known proponent ofreggae music is Bob Marley,a Jamaican singer-songwriter,musician, and guitarist. Heachieved international fame andacclaim for songs such as: OneLove, Three Little Birds; NoWoman, No Cry; RedemptionSong; and Stir It Up.

Antonio Carlos Jobim

Sitti Navarro

Bob Marley


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7. Foxtrot

The foxtrot is a 20th century social dance that originatedafter 1910 in the USA. It was executed as a one step,two step and syncopated rhythmic pattern. The tempovaried from 30 to 40 bars per minute and had a simpleduple meter with regular 4-bar phrases. There was nofixed step pattern, instead borrowing from other danceforms and having a simple forward/backward sequence.The foxtrot gave rise to other dances such as the blackbottom, Charleston, and shimmy.

8. Paso Doble

The paso doble (meaning “double step”) is a theatricalSpanish dance used by the Spaniards in bullfights, wherethe music was played as the matador enters (paseo)and during passes just before the kill (faena).

The dance is arrogant and dignified with a duple meter,march-like character, where the dancer takes strongsteps forward with the heels accompanied by artistichand movements, foot stomping, sharp and quickmovements, with the head and chest held high.

WHAT TO KNOW

1. What are the different vocal and dance forms of Latin American music?

2. What are the characteristics of each vocal and dance form of Latin Americanmusic?

3. Which type of music was popularized by Bob Marley?

4. Which type of music was popularized by Antonio Carlos Jobim?

5. Who is known as the “Philippines’ Queen of Bossa Nova”?


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JAZZ

The arrival of the jazz genre did not come overnight. It was an offshoot of themusic of African slaves who migrated to America. As music is considered a therapeutic

outlet for human feelings, the Africans used music to recall their nostalgic past in theirhome country as well as to voice out their sentiments on their desperate condition at thattime. Since then, these melancholy beginnings have evolved into various more upbeatjazz forms which the world has adopted and incorporated into other contemporary styles.

RAGTIME

Ragtime is an American popular musical style mainly for piano, originating in the Afro-American communities in St. Louis and New Orleans. Its style was said to be a modificationof the “marching mode” made popular by John Philip Sousa, where the effect is generatedby an internally syncopated melodic line pitted against a rhythmically straightforwardbass line. Its music is written unlike jazz which is mainly improvised, and contains regularmeters and clear phrases, with an alternation of low bass or bass octaves and chords.

Foremost exponents of ragtime were Jelly Roll Morton who was an American ragtimeand early jazz pianist and composed Frog I More Rag. Scott Joplin, who also composedthe popular Maple Leaf Rag, Solace, and The Entertainer. Joplin is also knows as the“King of Ragtime.” Ragtime also influenced a number of classical composers, amongthem Erik Satie, Claude Debussy, and Igor Stravinsky, who injected ragtime rhythmicelements in their compositions.

BIG BAND

The term ‘Big Band” refers to a large ensemble form originating in the United States inthe mid 1920’s closely associated with the Swing Era with jazz elements. Relying heavilyon percussion (drums), wind, rhythm section (guitar, piano, double bass, vibes), and

Scott Joplin

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brass instruments (saxophones), with a lyrical string section (violins and other stringinstruments) to accompany a lyrical melody. A standard big band 17-piece instrumentationconsists of the following musical instruments percussion, brass, and woodwindinstrruments: five saxophones (most often two altos, two tenors, and one baritone), four trumpets, four trombones (often including one bass trombone), and a four-piece rhythmsection (composed of drums, acoustic bass or electric bass, piano and guitar). Some bigbands use additional instruments. Big band music originated in the United States and isassociated with jazz and the swing.

Among the great big bands were the Glenn Miller Orchestra (A String of Pearls, MoonlightSerenade, In The Mood, American Patrol, and Smoke Gets in Your Eyes); the CountBasie Orchestra (April in Paris); and the Benny Goodman Orhcestra (Sing, Sing, Sing);while some solo signers such as Cab Calloway (Minnie the Moocher) Doris Day (Stardust,I’m in the Mood for Love); Roy Eldridge, and others also collaborated with big bands.

BEBOP

Bebop or bop is a musical style of modern jazz which is characterized by a fast tempo,instrumental virtuosity, and improvisation that emerged during World War II. The speed

of the harmony, melody, and rhythm resulted in a heavyperformance where the instrumental sound became more tenseand free.

Its main exponents were trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie, alto saxplayer Charlie Parker, drummers Max Roach and Roy Haynes,pianists Bud Powell and Thelonius Monk; guitarist CharlieChristian; tenor sax players Dexter Gordon and Sonny Rollins,who was also a composer; and trombonist JJ Johnson.

Glenn Miller Orchestra

Dizzy Gillespie


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JAZZ ROCK

Jazz rock is the music of 1960’s and 1970’s bands that inserted jazz elements into rockmusic. A synonym for “jazz fusion,” jazz rock is a mix of funk and R&B (“rhythm andblues”) rhythms, where the music used amplificationand electronic effects, complex time signatures, andextended instrumental compositions with lengthyimprovisations in the jazz style.

Popular singer/songwriters Joni Mitchell, TimBuckley, and Van Morrison were among those whoadopted the jazz rock style.

Some popular groups that emerged using the above music styles were the following:

Grateful Dead Cream Blood, Sweat, and Tears Santana Traffic Chicago Steely Dan Lighthouse Frank Zappa Soft Machine Hatfield and the North

WHAT TO KNOW

1. What are the different jazz forms?

2. What are the characteristics of each jazz form?

3. Name one of the Big Bands that became popular.

4. Which type of music was adopted by singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell?

5. Name three of the popular groups that used the jazz rock style.

Joni Mitchell


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POPULAR MUSIC

Popular music literally means “music of the populace,” similar to traditional folk musicof the past. As it developed in the 20th century, pop music (as it has come to be

called) generally consisted of music for entertainment of large numbers of people, whetheron radio or in live performances. From the standard songs and ballads of the legendaryCole Porter, George Gershwin, and Frank Sinatra to the rock and roll craze of ElvisPresley and the Beatles and the present day idols in the alternative music and discomodes, popular music is now shared by the entire world.

BALLADS

The ballad originated as an expressive folksong in narrative verse with text dealing typicallyabout love. The word is derived both from the medieval French “chanson balladee” and“ballade” which refers to a dancing song. Used by poets and composers since the 18thcentury, it became a slow popular love song in the 19th century.

Today, the term ballad now refers to a love song in a slightly pop or rock style, with thefollowing characteristics:

1. Blues BalladsThis is a fusion of Anglo-American and Afro-American styles from the 19th centurythat deals with the anti-heroes resisting authority. The form emphasizes thecharacter of the performer more than the narrative content, and is accompaniedby the banjo or guitar.

2. Pop Standard and Jazz BalladsThis is a blues style built from a single verse of 16 bars ending on the dominant orhalf-cadence, followed by a refrain/chorus part of 16 or 32 bars in AABA form.The B section acts as the bridge, and the piece normally ends with a brief coda.

Some enduring pop standard and jazz ballads include The Man I Love (GeorgeGershwin, above left), Always (Irving Berlin, above center), and In a SentimentalMood (Duke Ellington, above right).


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3. Pop and Rock Ballads

A pop and rock ballad is an emotional love song with suggestionsof folk music, as in the Beatles’ composition “The Ballad of Johnand Yoko” and Billy Joel’s “The Ballad of Billy.” This style issometimes applied to strophic story-songs, such as Don McLean’s“American Pie.”

STANDARDS

In music, the term “standard” is used to denote the most popular and enduring songsfrom a particular genre or style, such as those by Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, and Rodgersand Hart. Its style is mostly in a slow or moderate tempo with a relaxed mood. It alsofeatures highly singable melodies within the range and technical capacity of the everydaylistener.

Among the foremost proponents of this style was FrankSinatra, also known as “Ol Blue Eyes,” “Chairman of theBoard,” or “The Voice.” His genre was categorized as

traditional pop and jazz. Hewas a successful singer, actor,producer, director, andconductor. His hit singlesinclude My Way and Strangersin the Night.

Another well-loved standards singer was American balladeer Nat King Cole. Althoughan accomplished pianist, he owes most of his popular musical fame to his soothing baritonevoice, which he used to perform in big band, vocal jazz, swing. traditional pop, and jumpblues genres. He was the first black American to host his own television show andmaintained worldwide popularity over 40 years past his death. He is widely considered“one of the most important musical personalities in United States history.” His hit songsinclude Unfogettable, Mona Lisa, and Too Young.

Matt Monroe was an English singer who became one of the most popular entertainersin the international music scene during the 1960s. Throughout his 30-year career, hefilled cabarets, nightclubs, music halls, and stadia in Australia, Japan, the Philippines, andHong Kong to Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and the Americas. Among his hit singles

Don McLean

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included Portrait of My Love, Softly as I Leave You, the Jamesbond theme From Russia with Love, Born Free, which became hissignature song, and Walk Away.

Other popular singers of standards were Perry Como, Bing Crosby,Andy Williams, Sammy Davis Jr., Doris Day, Patti Page, BarbraStreisand, and Paul Anka.

ROCK AND ROLL

Rock and roll was a hugely popular song form in the United States during the late 1940’sto the 1950’s. It combined Afro-American forms such as the blues, jump blues, jazz, andgospel music with the Western swing and country music. The lead instruments were thepiano and saxophone, but these were eventually replaced by modern instruments.

In its classic form, rock and roll employed one or two electric guitars (lead, rhythm), astring bass or bass guitar, and a set of drums that provided the rhythmic pattern. Thisform came during the age of technological change when electric guitars were supplementedby amplifiers and microphones to raise the volume. It derived its name from the mot of asonhip on the ocean, “rock and roll.”

The greatest exponent of the rock and roll style was the legendaryElvis Presley. His hit songs such as Heartbreak Hotel and BlueSuede Shoes were complemented by his good looks and elaboratemovements that included hugging the microphone as he sang.

Presley’s style was the precursor of theBritish band known as The Beatles,

whose compositions further boosted rock and roll as the favorite genre of the times.Examples of The Beatles’ songs in this genre are I Saw Her Standing There, Get Back,While My Guitar Gently Weeps, Rock and Roll Music, and Ticket to Ride.

Matt Monroe

ElvisPresley

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The Beatles’ John Lenon and Paul McCartneyas Composers/Songwriters

John Lennon (1940-1980) was an English musician,singer, performer, songwriter and co-songwriter. He wasborn and raised in Liverpool, England. He rose toworldwide fame as a founder member of the rock bandThe Beatles, which was considered as “the mostcommercially successful band in the history of popularmusic.”

Lennon formed as songwriting partnership with Paul McCartney, which is considered as“one of the most celebrated songwriting partnerships of the 20th century.” Lennon’s hitcompositions for the Beatles include Strawberry Fields Forever, Help, In My Life,Tomorrow Never Knows, Rain, Norwegian Road, I am the Walrus, Come Together, You’veGot to Hide Your Love Away, and Happiness is a Warm Gun.

When The Beatles disbanded in 1970, Lennon embarked on a solo career. Among hissolo top billboard hits include Imagine, Mind Games, Power to the People, Dream,Nobody Told Me, Watching the Wheels, Woman, Whatever Gets You Through the Night,and Instant Karma.

In 2002, according to a BBC poll on the 100 Greatest Britons, John was voted in eighthplace. In 2008, Rolling Stone Magazine ranked him the “fifth-greatest singer of all time.”He was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1987; and into theRock and Roll Hall of Fame twice as a member of The Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artistin 1994.

Sir James Paul McCartney (1942- ) is an English singer,songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, co-writer, and composer.Paul gained worldwide popularity and fame as a member ofThe Beatles, which included John Lennon, George Harrison,and Ringo Starr. Beatles was one of the most influential groupsin the history of pop music.

The songwriting partnership with Lennon for the Beatles is one of the most celebratedof the 20th century. McCartney has been “recognized as one of the most successfulcomposers and performers of all time, with 60 gold discs and sales of over 100 millionalbums and 100 million singles of his work with the Beatles and as a solo artist.” It hasbeen known that more than 2,200 artists have covered his Beatles song Yesterday, whichis more than any other copyrighted song in history.

McCartney was a two-time inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member ofThe Beatles in 1988, and as a solo artist in 1999. He is a 21-time Grammy Award winner


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having won both individually and with The Beatles. He has written or co-written 32songs that have reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100.

As of 2014, McCartney had sold more than “15.5 million RIAA-certified units” in theUnited States. He was knighted in England for his services to music. His top hitcompositions for The Beatles include Hey Jude; Fool on the Hill; I’ll Follow the Sun; IWill; I Saw Her Standing There; All My Loving; Paperback Writer; Michelle; EleanorRigby; We Can Work It Out; And I Love Her; Here, There, and Everywhere; PennyLane; and others.

DISCO

The 1970s saw the rise of another form of pop musicknown as “disco.” Disco music pertained to rock musicthat was more danceable, thus leading to the establishmentof venues for public dancing also called discos. The termoriginated from the French word “discotheque” whichmeans a library for phonograph records.

The disco style had a soaring and reverberating soundrhythmically controlled by a steady beat (usually meter)for ease of dancing, and accompanied by strings, horns,electric guitars, and electric pianos or synthesizers.

Famous figures of thedisco genre includeABBA, Donna Summer (“The Queen of Disco”), TheBee Gees; Earth, Wind, and Fire; KC and theSunshine Band; The Village People; and GloriaGaynor, bringing us such hits as Dancing Queen,Stayin’ Alive, Boogie Wonderland, and Hot Stuff.

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The Bee Gees

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POP MUSIC

Parallel with the disco era, other pop music superstarscontinued to emerge. Among them were Neil Sedaka(Laughter in the Rain), Diana Ross and the Supremes (Stopin the Name of Love), Olivia Newton John (HopelesslyDevoted to You), Stevie Wonder (You Are the Sunshine ofMy Life), Elton John (Skyline Pigeon), The Carpenters(We’ve Only Just Begun), and Barry Manilow (Mandy).

Pop superstars in more recent years include solor artistsCeline Dion (My Heart Will Go On), Madonna (MaterialGirl), Whitney Houston (I Will Always Love You), MariahCarey (Hero), Justin Timberlake (Justified), Britney Spears(Oops, I Did It Again), Beyonce (Irreplaceable), Lady Gaga (Bad Romance), and BrunoMars (Just The Way You Are); as well as vocal groups such as Boyz II Men (Four Seasonsof Loneliness), The Backstreet Boys (I Want It That Way), N’Sync (This I Promise You),Destiny’s Child (Survivor), among many others.

Michael Jackson, “The King of Pop”

Perhaps the most popular solo performer of all time is MichaelJoseph Jackson who was born on August 29, 1958 and diedon June 25, 2009. He was an American recording artist,entertainer, singer-songwriter, record producer, musicalarranger, dancer, choreographer, actor, businessman, andphilanthropist.

The seventh child of the Jackson family, he made his debut asan entertainer in 1968 as a member of The Jackson 5. He thenbegan a solo career in 1971 while still a member of the groupand was referred to as the "King of Pop" in subsequent years.

Jackson's 1982 album Thriller remains the world's best-selling album of all time, andfour of his other solo studio albums are among the world's best-selling records: Off theWall (1979), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991), and HIStory (1995).

In the early 1980s, he became a dominant figure in American popular music and culture.He was the first African American entertainer to amass a strong crossover following onMTV. The popularity of his music videos airing on MTV, such as Beat It, Billie Jean, andThriller—widely credited with transforming the music video from a promotional toolinto an art form—helped bring the relatively new channel to fame. Videos such as Blackor White and Scream made Jackson an enduring staple on MTV in the 1990s.

Diana Ross and theSupremes


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With stage performances and music videos, Jackson popularized a number of physicallycomplicated dance techniques, such as the “robot” and the “moonwalk.” His distinctivemusical sound and vocal style influenced many hip hop, pop music, and contemporaryR&B artists across several generations world-wide. Jackson donated and raised millionsof dollars for beneficial causes through his “Heal the World Foundation,” charity singles,and support of 39 charities.

One of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice,his other achievements include “Multiple Guinness World Records”—including one for"Most Successful Entertainer of All Time"—13 Grammy Awards, 13 number one singlesin his solo career, and the sale of 750 million records worldwide. Jackson is one of theworld’s most famous artists because of his highly successful career which made him apart of popular culture for nearly four decades.

At the time of his death, Jackson was preparing for “This Is It,” a series of 50 concertsthat would have been held at The O2 arena in London beginning July 13, 2009, and aworld tour to follow after the series of concerts. After Michael Jackson's death, Billboard'sentire top nine positions on Billboard's Top Pop Catalog Albums chart housed Jackson-related titles on July 1, 2009.

Today’s Pop Music Idols

As the 21st century continues to unfold, moreand more pop groups emerge spanning anentire range of musical styles and genres.There are music groups like Black Eyed Peas,K Pop (Korean), My Chemical Romance, FallOut Boys, The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus,Souja Boy, Train, Maroon 5, and OneDirection.

While solo performers include Adele, TaylorSwift, Ed Sheeran, Rihanna, Chris Brown,Ariana Grande, Justin Beiber, Miley Cyrus,Katy Perry, Nikki Minaj, Selena Gomez, andothers.

One Direction

RihannaEd Sheeran

HIP HOP AND RAP

Hip hop music is a stylized, highly rhythmic type of music that usually (but not always)includes portions of rhytmically chanted words called “rap.” In rapping, the artist speaks


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ALTERNATIVE MUSIC

Alternative music was an underground independent form of music that arose in the 1980’s.It became widely popular in the 1990’s as a way to defy “mainstream” rock music. Thus,it was known for its unconventional practices such as distorted guitar sounds, oppressivelyrics, and defiant attitudes. It was also characterized by high energy levels that bred newstyles such as new wave, punk rock, post-punk, indie rock, gothic rock, jangle pop,noise pop, C86, Madchester, Industrial Rock, and Shoegazing. Examples of alternativemusic are You Belong with Me, Shake It Off.

WHAT TO KNOW

1. Briefly describe the historical and cultural background of African, Latin American,jazz, and popular music.

2. Analyze the musical characteristics of African, Latin American, jazz, and popularmusic.

3. How did the following music reflect life in their respective cultures and theconditions at that time?a. African music – maracatu, blues, soul, spiritual, call and responseb. Latin American Music – cumbia, tango, cha cha, rumba, bossa nova,

reggae, foxtrot, paso doblec. Jazz – ragtime, big band, bebop, jazz rockd. Popular music – ballads, standards, rock and roll, disco, pop, hip hop and

rap, alternative music

along with an instrumental or synthesized beat. Hip hop arose inthe 1970s within the Afro-American and Latino youth in the Bronxarea of New York City. But by the 1980s, it had spread to manyother countries. It has since evolved into a subculture thatencompasses music (rapping, DJing, scratching,and beatboxing); a nearly acrobatic style of dancing,called break dancing; a distinct manner of dress;and graffiti-style artwork.

Among the early hip hop artists were LL Cool Jand Run-D.M.C. While more recent popular namesin this genre have been Beastie Boys, Eminem, andKanye West.

Eminem

KanyeWest


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PHILIPPINE POPULAR MUSIC

The one word that comes to mind when we think of contemporary Philippine music isthe type commonly termed as Original Pinoy Music or Original Philippine Music, or

OPM for short. It was originally used to refer only to Philippine pop songs, particularlyballads, such as those popular after the collapse of its predecessor, the Manila Sound, inthe late 1970s up until the present.

In the 1960s to 1970s, Nora Aunor, Pilita Corrales, Eddie Peregrina, Victor Wood, Asin,APO Hiking Society, and others were highly popular OPM singers. In the 1970s to1980s, the major commercial Philippine pop music artists were Claire dela Fuente, DidithReyes, Rico Puno, Ryan Cayabyab, Basil Valdez, Celeste Legaspi, Hajji Alejandro, ReyValera, Freddie Aguilar, Imelda Papin, Eva Eugenio, Nonoy Zuñiga, and many others.

ORIGINAL PILIPINO MUSIC (OPM)

The 1980s to 1990s are also regarded as the golden era of Philippineballads. Among the classics that emerged were those created by:

Ryan Cayabyab (Kay Ganda ng Ating Musika,Kahit Ika’y Panaginip Lang)

George Canseco (Kapantay ay Langit,Kastilyong Buhangin, Tubig at Langis)

Willie Cruz (Sana’y Wala Nang Wakas,Bituing Walang Ningning)

Jose Mari Chan (Beautiful Girl, Please BeCareful With My Heart, Constant Change)

Gary Valenciano (Sana Maulit Muli)

Most of these compositions made use of Western-typemelody and harmony, while expressing uniquely Filipinoemotions in movingly poetic lyrics. These came to be knownas OPM, and were popularized by solo artists like PilitaCorales, Nora Aunor, Basil Valdez, Celeste Legaspi, HajjiAlejandro, Leah Navarro, Sharon Cuneta, Martin Nievera,Gary Valenciano, ZsaZsa Padilla, Regine Velasquez, andOgie Alcasid.

At the start, OPM was centered in Manila, where Tagalog and English are the dominantlanguages. However, other ethno-linguistic groups such as the Visayan, Bikol,Kapampangan, and Ilocano also began to sing and record their songs in their nativedialects.

Ryan Cayabyab

George Canseco


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Between the 1980s and 1990s, OPM was led by artists such as Martin Nievera, GaryValenciano, Lea Salonga, Regine Velasquez, Sharon Cuneta, Vina Morales, RaymondLauchengco, Francis Magalona, Pops Fernandez, José Mari Chan, Dingdong Avanzado,Janno Gibbs, Ogie Alcasid, Joey Albert, Manilyn Reynes, among many others.

In the 1990s, the famous solo artists and bands included The Eraserheads, SmokeyMountain, Donna Cruz, Jessa Zaragoza, Ariel Rivera, Southborder, Afterimage, AndrewE., Jaya, Rivermaya, Parokya ni Edgar, among many others. Underground bands emergedand along with them were their perceptions of idealism and self-expression.

More recently, OPM stars have included Yeng Constantino, Sarah Geronimo, AisaSeguerra, and international singers Arnel Pineda (of the international rock group, Journey),Charice Pempengco, and others.

PHILIPPINE POP MUSIC

Pop music in the Philippines started as an adaptation or translation, if not completeimitation, of Western hits. It started with Bobby Gonzales’ Hahabol-habol (Hot

Pursuit), a local version of the rock and roll songs of the1950s, and Rico Puno’s Luneta, a local adaptation of TheWay We Were. This immediately clicked with the youth andeventually gained wide acceptance even among the “burgis”(bourgeois or elite) crowd.

Rico J. Puno

GaryValenciano

MartinNievera

Sarah Geronimo Arnel Pineda Charice


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PHILIPPINE JAZZ

Philippine musicians have also been inspired by jazz music. Among them are jazzpianist and recording artist Boy Katindig, who comes from the well-known clan of

musicians that includes jazz piano legend Romy Katindig and saxophonist Eddie Katindig.The Katindig family pioneered Latin jazz in Manila.

Other notable Filipino jazz musicians include Lito Molina, Angel Peña, Emil Mijares, andinternationally known jazz pianist Bobby Enriquez.

The start of the “Manila Sound” in the mid-1970s gave rise to songs using a colloquiallanguage called Taglish, a combination of Tagalog and English. These Filipino lyrics sungto pop melodies resulted in highly singable songs with contemporary appeal.

Among the proponents of the Manila Sound were the Hotdog, Cinderella, The Rainmakers,and the Apo Hiking Society. After waning briefly in the 1990’s, this sound regainedpopularity in recent years with remakes of the 1970’s originals by contemporary rockbands.

Hotdog (above) andThe Apo Hiking Society (right)

BobbyEnriquez

Lito Molina andthe Jazz Friends

Eddie Katindig


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PHILIPPINE ROCK

The year 1973 saw the birth of Philippine or“Pinoy” rock music which successfully merged

the rock beat with Filipino lyrics. This new soundwas introduced by the legendary Juan de la Cruz Band(with their song Ang Himig Natin) which had for itsmembers Joey “Pepe” Smith, Wally Gonzales, andthe originator of Jeproks, Mike Hanopol, who laterbecame a major symbol of Pinoy rock.

Other early exponents of Pinoy rock included the band Maria Cafra; Sampaguita, thefemale rocker; and folk-rock singer Heber Bartolome and his Banyuhay band, whosesongs expressed strong messages of nationalism.

Continuing this legacy of Pinoy rock today are vocal groupsand bands that include River Maya, The Dawn, True Faith,The Eraserheads, Wolfgang, Bamboo, Parokya ni Edgar, Hale,Sandwich, SugarFree, Sponge Cola,and others.

PHILIPPINE ALTERNATIVE FOLK MUSIC

The Philippines also saw the rise of alternative folk musicwhich was different from the traditional and popularform. This new form combined ethnic instrumentationwith electronic accompaniment, while presenting themesor issues of society and the environment. Some of theFilipino composers who championed this style were JoeyAyala, Grace Nono, and Edru Abraham of Kontragapi(“Kontemporaryong Gamelan Pilipino”).

Among other Filipino composers whose styles ranged from folk to semi-ethnic werewereFreddie Aguilar, best known for his song Anak; Yoyoy Villame, composer of Magellan;Florante, composer of Ako’y Isang Pinoy; and Gary Granada, composer of Ka Bayani.

Juan de la Cruz Band

Freddie Aguilar

Parokyani Edgar

Bamboo


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PINOY RAP

In the Philippines, rap was also made popular by such composers and performers asFrancis Magalona (Mga Kababayan Ko and Watawat) and Andrew E (Humanap Ka

ng Pangit).

Francis Magalona was born on October 4, 1964 and died onMarch 6, 2009. He is also known as FrancisM, “MasterRapper,” and “The Man From Manila.” He was a Filipinorapper, songwriter, producer, actor, director, television host,and photographer. He is often hailed as the “King of PinoyRap” and is considered a legend in the Philippine musiccommunity.

With the success of his earliest albums, Magalona was thefirst Filipino rapper to cross over to the mainstream. He isalso credited for having pioneered the merging of rap with Pinoy rock, becoming asignificant influence on artists in that genre as well. He was later awarded a posthumousPresidential Medal of Merit “for his musical and artistic brilliance, his deep faith in theFilipino, and his sense of national pride that continue to inspire us.”

Pop Music Collaborations

Philippine pop artists have also collaborated with classical artists and orchestras in anumber of their recordings and concerts. Some of the concerts of Martin Nievera, GaryValenciano, Regine Velazquez, Lea Salonga, and Sharon Cuneta have featured thePhilippine Philharmonic Orchestra, the ABS-CBN Orchestra, and the Manila PhilharmonicOrchestra in performances at the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) and thePhilippine International Convention Center (PICC), both known venues for classical music,as well as at the Araneta Coliseum and Folk Arts Theater (FAT). Classical musicians havealso performed in malls and other commercial venues to popularize classical music, popularmusic, and OPM.

SUMMARY

From theater tunes to rock and roll, pop, standards, hip hop, rap, and contemporaryballads—whether in the West, in the Philippines, or anywhere else in the world—these allprovided a rich and diverse musical background in the development of Philippinecontemporary music. The development of Philippine music was also influenced by thehistory of the country—from its pre-Spanish roots, through the Spanish and Americanperiods, up to the present. It has since evolved to have its own rich and distinct identity.

Francis Magalona


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WHAT TO KNOW

1. How did the different forms of popular music reflect life in the 20th century?2. Differentiate the characteristics of Philippine pop, rock, and rap music.3. What role did media like radio, television, and recordings play in the development

of these different musical genres?4. Describe the “Manila Sound” in Philippine pop music.5. Name some well-known OPM performers.

WHAT TO PROCESS

Class Activity

1. Your teacher will play one recording of each of the following: African Music,Latin American Music, Jazz, Popular Music (standards, rock and roll, disco), andOPM (ballad, Pinoy rock, Pinoy rap). Listen carefully to each recording.

2. Participate in a class discussion on the distinctive features and qualities of eachmusical genre and style.

WHAT TO UNDERSTAND

Activity 1: Making Improvised African and Latin American InstrumentsIndividual or Group Activity

1. Make improvised African or Latin American instruments using dried vegetables,animal hide, wood, strips of roofing metal, tin cans, bamboo, etc.

2. Create a rhythmic/harmonic accompaniment for any song you know using theseimprovised African or Latin American instrument.

3. How did you relate in making improvised African or Latin American musicalinstruments found in the environment?

Activity 2: Choreography to Express the MusicIndividual or Group Activity

1. Conceptualize a choreography to show some dance steps set to the followingmusic:a. Africanb. Latin American


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c. Jazzd. Popular (Pop) Musice. OPM

2. How does it feel to conceptualize the dance movements in each music category?

WHAT TO PERFORM

Group Activities

1. Class Singing Concert – live performance

a. Your teacher will divide the class into four groups.

b. Each group will be asked to draw lots to sing a song from one of the followingmusical genres:For African Music - choose from Kumbaya, Waka Waka, or MbubeFor Latin-American music - One Note SambaFor Jazz - choose from Someone to Watch Over Me by Ella Fritzgerald

or All That Jazz from the movie ChicagoFor Pop and OPM - choose your own song.

c. Decide among your group members which of you will sing, plan thechoreography or movements to accompany the song, play a musicalinstrument, and record the group’s performance on video.

d. Learn your assigned song, using the lyrics on the following pages. Practiceit, with the choreography and accompaniment. Then, perform it in class.

2. Dance Interaction

a. As your group performs in class, invite the other class members to join youin the dance movements or choreography that you have prepared.

b. Do an impromptu selection of “Best Dance Performance” among yourclassmates.

3. Music Video Award

a. During the class performance, the assigned group member(s) will recordyour group’s performance using a mobile phone, tablet, or video camera.


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Kum-ba-ya

Kum-bay-ya is a spiritual song that was first recorded in the 1920s. Itbecame a popular standard campfire song in Girl or Boy Scoutingand during summer camps. The song is originally a simple petition toGod to come and help those in need. This inspiring hymn is heard inmany countries of Central Africa. It has great personal meaning andthe singer often creates his own words as he works or pray. The words“Kum Bay Ya” mean “come by here” or “stay nearby.”

Kum bay ya, my Lord, kum bay ya;Kum bay ya, my Lord, kum bay ya;Kum bay ya, my Lord, kum bay ya

O Lord, kum bay ya.

Someone’s laughing, my Lord, kum bay yaSomeone’s laughing, my Lord, kum bay yaSomeone’s laughing, my Lord, kum bay ya

O Lord, kum bay ya.

Someone’s crying, my Lord, kum bay yaSomeone’s crying, my Lord, kum bay yaSomeone’s crying, my Lord, kum bay ya

O Lord, kum bay ya.

Someone’s praying, Lord, kum bay yaSomeone’s praying, Lord, kum bay yaSomeone’s praying, Lord, kum bay ya

O Lord, kum bay ya.

Someone’s singing, my Lord, kum bay yaSomeone’s singing, my Lord, kum bay yaSomeone’s singing, my Lord, kum bay ya

O Lord, kum bay ya.

b. Simulate a “Music Video Award” event by joining the other groups inpresenting your respective videos in class.

c. The class members will choose the “Best Song Performance” based onhow well the group presented their assigned music genre.


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One Note Samba

Samba de Uma Nota Só ("One-Note Samba") is a song composed byAntonio Carlos Jobim, with Portuguese lyrics by Newton Mendonçaand English lyrics by Jobim. The song title refers to the main melodyline, which at first consists of a long series of notes of a single tone.

This is just a little sambaBuilt upon a single noteOther notes are bound to followBut the root is still that note

Now this new note is the consequenceOf the one we've just been throughAs I'm bound to beThe unavoidable consequence of you

There's so many peopleWho can talk and talk, and talkAnd just say nothingOr nearly nothing

You're a good soldierChoosing your battlesPick yourself upAnd dust yourself offAnd back in the saddleYou're on the frontlineEveryone's watching

Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)FIFA World Cup 2010 Official Anthem

"Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)" or in Spanish, "Waka Waka (Estoes África)" is a song by Colombian singer-songwriter Shakira. It feauturesSouth African band, Freshlyground, and pairs an African Colombianrhythm with a Soca-inspired beat. Its lyrics encourage one to aim forone’s goals, like a soldier on a battlefield. The song was used as theofficial song of the 2010 FIFA World Cup held in South Africa.

You know it's seriousWe're getting closerThis isn’t overThe pressure is onYou feel itBut you've got it allBelieve it


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I have used up all the scaleI know and at the endI've come to nothingI mean nothing

So I come back to my first noteAs I come back to youI will pour into that one noteAll the love I feel for you

Any one who wants the whole showRe mi fa so la ci doHe will find himself with no showBetter play the note you know

So I come back to my first noteI must come back to youI will pour into that one noteAll the love I feel for you

Any one who wants the whole showRe mi fa so la ci doHe will find himself with no showBetter play the note you know

Someone To Watch Over Me

There's a saying old, says that love is blindStill we're often told, "Seek and ye shall find"So I'm going to seek a certain lad I've had in mind

Looking everywhere, haven't found him yetHe's the big affair I cannot forgetOnly man I ever think of with regret

I'd like to add his initial to my monogramTell me, where is the shepherd for this lost lamb?


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There's a somebody I'm longin' to seeI hope that he, turns out to beSomeone who'll watch over me

I'm a little lamb who's lost in the woodI know I could, always be goodTo one who'll watch over me

Although he may not be the man someGirls think of as handsomeTo my heart he carries the key

Won't you tell him please to put on some speedFollow my lead, oh, how I needSomeone to watch over me

Won't you tell him please to put on some speedFollow my lead, oh, how I needSomeone to watch over meSomeone to watch over me

Evaluation of Performing Activities

Rating scale:5 = Very Good 2 = Poor4 = Good 1 = Needs Follow-up3 = Fair

Rate scores are based on the groups’ performance quality.

1. How well did our group perform our assigned music?a. African Music _______________b. Latin American Music _______________c. Jazz _______________d. Pop Music / OPM _______________

2 How well can I identify the different musical genresbased on instrumentation, melody, rhythm, text,timbre, harmony, and purpose? _______________


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3. How well can I describe the characteristics ofeach genre as I listened to the melody,harmony, rhythm, and lyrics? _______________

4. How well did our group perform the differentdance moves for our assigned song? _______________

5. How well can I (individually) sing the followingmusical genres?a. African Music _______________b. Latin American Music _______________c. Jazz _______________d. Popular / Pop Music _______________e. OPM _______________

Teacher’s Rating of the Performance

1. Musicianship (60%) _______________(musical elements, technique)

2. Presentation impact and showmanship (20%) _______________

3. Ensemble coordination and organization (20%) _______________


3music Grade 10 Lm - Qtr 2 (8 Apr 2015)

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