3European Conquest of America

8/11/2019 3European Conquest of America

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Chapter 3

The European Conquestof America


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Columbus and the First Encounters

Queen Isabella defeated the last Muslim rulerin Spain in early 1492, and commissionedColumbus to sail West to find the Indies.

Columbus sailed in August with three shipsand 90 men. Columbus landed on a Bahamian Island of

Guanaham on Oct. 12, 1492. He found Fertile soil, fine harbors, lush vegetation, fresh

water, succulent fruits, & exotic birds. Peaceful, friendly and generous natives.


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Columbus and the First Encounters

Columbus then sailed on to the north Coast ofCuba and thought it was Japan (Cipango).

He turned eastward Hispaniola. He then

kidnapped some Taino Indians to take back toSpain.

His 2 nd trip included 17 ships and 1500 menand set sail in late 1493, with tools, domesticanimals, sugarcane, and other plants to setup a colony.


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The Caribbean Colonies

The early settlers supported themselves Panning for gold in interior highlands; Forcing the indigenous population to work;

Ponce de Leon landed in Fl in 1513. Despite legends that he was looking for the

fountain of youth, he was looking for slaves. Florida natives were forcibly removed to work

for Spaniards in the Caribbean.


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The Caribbean Colonies

The indigenous population of the Caribe Radically declined during the 20 years after

1492. The Taino population of Hispaniola dropped

from half a million to only 2,000. The natives were decimated by influenza and

bacterial infections almost immediately. The first outbreak of smallpox came in 1518.


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Bartolom de Las Casas 1474-1566

A true Christian saint. Started out as just another Spanish

Conquistador in 1502 with Nicols de Ovando

Was ordained a Dominican priest in 1507. Accompanied Diego de Velzquez to Cuba

and received an ecomienda and land grant. He became disenchanted and renounced his

encomienda and started a campaign forindian rights. Convinced the king to abolishthe Ecomienda just as Cortez Mx.


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A Brief Account of the Destruction ofthe Indies. [ Kindle Edition ]

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Bartolom de Las Casas 1474-1566

1544 appointed Bishop of Chiapas. Gave him an opportunity to try to influence

Spaniards in Mexico.

He denied last rites to Spaniards whomistreated Indians. He argued that the wealth gained from

exploitation of Indians was ill-gotten andshould be returned to the native Americans.

He was expelled from Mexico and returned toSpain. Black Legend.


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Question for discussion

Can Bartolom de Las Casas beconsidered a man ahead of his time?

Why? Or why not? Are there people in our own time who

resemble Las Casas in their ideas andtactics?

Are they more successful in getting theirideas acorss than he was? Why or whynot?


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The Europeans Arrive

The Portuguese in Brazil The Portuguese were on their way to India

when they discovered Brazil. 1500, Pedro Alvares Cabral s fleet of 13

vessels mistakenly sailed too far west. 1501, the Portuguese returned and began to

set up trading posts. Brazilwood. Disastrous for the indigenous peoples


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The Portuguese in Brazil

The Portuguese were more interested insetting up their trading colonies in Asia. The Portuguese only maintained trading posts

in Brazil until the French began to arrive. 1532 - King Joao sent a large fleet under

Martim Alfonso de Sousa to dislodge the

French and establish a more permanentcolony. A few colonies prospered with sugar mills.


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The Portuguese in Brazil

The development of sugar industry inBrazil was disastrous for the natives. For the first 30 years, the Portuguese lived

and traded peacefully with the Tup Indiansand often even intermarried with them.

Sugar production is labor intensive and led to

the enslavement of most of the Tup peoples. Film: The Mission with Robert De Niro.


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The Spanish in Mesoamerica and theAndes

Corts and the Aztecs The governor of Cuba, Diego Velasquez sent

Hernn Cortez with 11 ships to Mexico toexplore rumors of a large Indian empire.

Cortez found a shipwrecked Spaniard,Jernimo de Aguilar, who spoke Mayan.

He also found a Indian slave woman, laMalinnche, who spoke both Mayan andNahuatl. He burned his ships at Veracruz.


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Corts and the Aztecs

Aztec Messengers begged Corts not toventure on toward Tenochtitlan

Cortes disassembled his ships (all but one

small one) and started up the mountainstoward the capital of the Incan empire.

He formed an alliance along the way withsubject enemies of the Incas; Tlaxcala.

Corts attacked and massacred severalthousand warriors at Cholula as an example.


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On Nov. 19, 1519, Moctezuma met Cortez onthe causeway at the Southern edge ofTenochitlan and offered them hospitality and

lodging in the city center. Corts felt vulnerable and kidnapped the

emperor to insure the Spaniards safety. This state of affairs lasted for several months. Spring of 1520, Governor Velasquez sent an

expedition from Cuba to arrest Corts.


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Leaving 80 men to guard Moctezuma, Cortstraveled back to the coast and defeated thenew arrivals.

When Corts arrived back in Tenochitlan heattempted to restore peace. He broughtMoctezuma out to talk to his people.

Noche Triste June 20, 1520.

They retreated to Tlaxcala were they planneda new attack.

May 1521, The attack on Tenochtitlan.


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The attack on Tenochtitlan.

Corts built boats to attack by water. The Spaniards had a clear advantage with

swords, pikes, horse, mastiffs and armour adeof steel against cotton armor.

The 550 Spaniard were accompanied by10,000 Tlaxcalan warriors.

The Aztecs offered fierce resistance and the

fighting was hand-to-hand and block by block. Fighting ended on August 13, 1521 when the

new king, Cuauhtemoc was captured.


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f


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New Spain and the Search for OtroMxico

Spaniards reasoned that there might beOtros Mxicos. This initiated a franticsearch for other empires.

Corts went to Honduras in 1524. Pedro de Alvarado founded Guatemala

City in 1524. Nuo de Guzmn founded Guadalajara

and Francisco de Montejo = Yucatn.


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S i d h S h f O


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New Spain and the Search for OtroMxico

1520s an attempt was made to establish aSpanish colony in South Carolina. Numerous expeditions explored Florida.

Nez Cabeza de Vaca shipwreaked on thecoast of Texas after leaving Florida. He spent several years walking back to Mexico

City. Francisco Vzquez de Coronado traveled to

New Mexico and Hernando de Soto traveled asfar as Colorado.


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Search for Otro Mexico


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The Incas peaked and began to decline Huayna Capac was the son of the previous

ruler, Tpac Inca, and the grandson ofPachacuti, who began the dramatic expansionby conquest of the Inca Empire. Oldest sonwas Ninan Cuyochic. Both died in 1528 .

European disease arrived before the Spanish. Another legitimate son, Huscar, and

illegitimate, Atahualpa, fought to inherit.


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The Pizarros and the Incas 1523, Spaniards in Panama heard rumors

about a large empire to the South. 1531,Francisco Pizarro sailed with 180 men

to the Coast of Peru. (Atualpa & Huscar) Pizarro found them sick and in confusion.

Pizarro seized Cuzco, killed Ataluhapa. 1536, Manco Inca led a revolt; civil war also

broke out among the Spaniards.


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Villacamba


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Building a Colonial Society

Conquistadors, Encomenderos, andNative Peoples By 1542 Peru had 467 grantees, and in

Mexico and C.A. there were 600. The King of Spain was not happy and wanted

to end the encomendero system.

Trim the power of the encomenderos. After Corts victory, he was forced to keep it

to use as leverage over the Conquistadors.


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Encomenderos and New Laws 1542

Under the influence of Bartolome de LasCasas , King Charles of Spain issued NewLaws in 1542 limiting ecomiendas to tribute

only, and eliminating forced labor. Inheritance of ecomiendas was restricted. Further enslavement of native Americans was

forbidden. New Laws were never issued in the

Portuguese Empire.


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A Multiracial Society in Formation

A Multiracial Society in Formation A new cadre of Spanish bureaucrats arrived

in the Americas.

Thousands of peasant Spaniards flocked tothe Americas after rich silver lodes werefound.

Spanish artisans. 90 percent of the Spanish immigrants were

male. This led to interracial cohabitation.


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A Multiracial Society in Formation

The children of European men and native American women were known as mestizos .

In Brazil, they were known as mamelucos .

Martn Corts , the son of Hernn Corts andMalinche became a page to King Phillip II.

Also, there was a growing population of freeblacks from Spain as well as enslaved

Africans brought to replace diminishing native American labor. Africans had immunity toEuropean diseases. = mulattos.


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The Spiritual Conquest of LatinAmerica

Revitalization of the Church Monastic orders such as the Franciscans and

Dominicans attempted to rid the church of

corruption and participated in colonization. 12 Franciscan Friars arrived in Mexico in

1524. Augustinians, Dominicans and Jesuitssoon followed.


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Early Evangelization Missionaries faced the daunting challenge of

communicating with their potential converts

The first book printed in Mexico was aNahuatl catechism produced in 1539.

In the 16 th century, universities were

established in Mexico City and Lima andbegan offering courses in Nahuatl andQuechua for men training to become priests.


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The Impact of Evangelization Family & community life changed dramatically Franciscans and Jesuits in Brazil rounded up

Tupis in raids that resembled slave-gatheringexpeditions and then relocated them tocompact mission villages called Aldeias.

The missions also served as tempting targetsfor the slave traders.

Native people s names were changes atBaptism.


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Resistance to Christianity Militant mass rebellions such as Taqui Onkoy

in the Andes in the 1560s which rejected allChristian symbols.

In Brazil, the santidade movement swept the

native Americans (and Africans). Theyescaped the Portuguese and set up their owncommunities. They had their own Pope andbishops and sent out missionaries.

Syncretism: they often conformed outwardlywhile secretly continuing to practice nativereligions beliefs and practices.


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The Consolidation of ColonialEmpires

The Viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru Most powerful colonial officials in 16 th century

were the vice kings in Lima and Mexico City.

1535, Viceroy Mendoza; relegated HernanCorts to the sidelines. Sent Coronado toinvestigate rumors of another empire to thenorth.


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The Viceroyalties of Peru

The consolidation of Peru - less smooth. Blaco Nez Vela assassinated by colonists. 1550 Antonio de Mendoza died after arriving.

1569, the decisive and heavy handed 4 th viceroy, Francisco de Toledo arrived.

Toleda spent 5 years traveling around Peru.

He defeated the rebel state of Vilcamba 1572 Instituted the Mita , a labor draft to supply

labor for the silver mines.


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The Spanish Colonial Bureaucracy

The Spanish Colonial Bureaucracy 1503, Casa de Contratacin. 1524, Council of the Indies. Audiencias (courts) formed in Santo Domingo,

Guadalajara, Quito and Santiago Chile. Provincial governors

Cabildos (Town councils) Obedezco pero no cumplo.


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Royal Government in Brazil

Royal Government in Brazil For the first few decades, Portugal left the

administration of Brazil to entreprenneurs.

The French threat caused Joao to tighten Tom de Sousa royal governor-general Brazil. The king ordered an end to native enslavement.

Royal governors didn t achieve the power ofviceroys of Mexico & Peru in Spanish America.

Sousa founded Bahia in 1549 w/6 Jesuits


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The Church in Spanish America andBrazil

Not all clergy were subject to the samedegree of crown supervision

Pope Alexander VI granted broad powers tothe Monarchs: The Patronato .

In return the church received subsidies. Regu lar clergy (Franciscans and Dominicans) Sec u lar clergy, answered directly to the

bishop of the diocese. There was much competition between regular

and secular clergy and within the order.


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The Spanish and Portuguese Empires Iberia s exclusive claims to the Americas were

shattered in 1607 with the establishment of aBritish settlement at Jamestown .

Pilgrims and Puritans followed in 1620 and

1630. Frenchman Samuel de Champlain sailed up

the St. Lawrence River in 1603 to foundQuebec.

1680s, French explorers had traveled theentire Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico.


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Conclusion

Columbus s voyage launched a military,biological, political, & ideological invasionof the Americas Led to the creation of the first two seaborne

empires of the modern era

The English, French, & Dutch empires

were taking shape as well

3European Conquest of America

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