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3D-in-2D Planar View 3D-in-2D Planar View DisplayDisplayInteraction Design Centre, Middlesex University, Interaction Design Centre, Middlesex University, London, UKLondon, UK

A Brief Involvement in the User research and proposal generation

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The Spectrum of The Spectrum of Combined 3D/2D DisplaysCombined 3D/2D Displays 2D plan view displays2D plan view displays 3D virtual world, perspective displays3D virtual world, perspective displays

Side-by-side displaysSide-by-side displays Correlated - Non-correlated

Overlaid displaysOverlaid displays Un-correlated

Integrated displaysIntegrated displays 3D (spatial) visualisations in context of 2D displays 4D (space + time) integration

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The idea proposed: The idea proposed: A visualisation system for air traffic control

Provide support for spatial awareness of dynamic 3D tactical air traffic control situations

Localised 3D perspective view of the airspace displayed in a 3D "bubble”, displayed on demand The 3D visualisation in a 2D plan view radar display, eliminates the need to

shift focus

Integrated within the context and the same visual field of view of a 2D planar ATC radar display. The integration of 3D visualisation in a 2D plan view radar display is

anticipated to eliminate the need to shift focus

Incorporate temporal design in the localised 3D Incorporate temporal design in the localised 3D representation representation To support spatial-temporal reasoning

4Background (i):Background (i):Requirements based on Operational Work Requirements based on Operational Work AnalysisAnalysis

2 Field Studies in Air Traffic Control Centres:2 Field Studies in Air Traffic Control Centres: Ethnographic observations of controllers at work Focus Groups with controllers Critical Decision Making Interviews In depth interviews

Outcomes:Outcomes: Spatial Temporal Framework (Rozzi et. al. 2006; Wong et. al.

2006), to think about classes of Visual Requirements 4D Visual Requirements to support controller’s Spatial temporal

reasoning. Main requirement was to provide:• 2D to maintain control over the all traffics active

in the sector• 3D + Time picture to access detailed information

on demand, in the specific portion of the sector

Carried out prototyping workshop to design and redesign visual concepts

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Background (ii):Background (ii):Why the 3D-in-2D display is Why the 3D-in-2D display is innovativeinnovative??

Previous research directed at:Previous research directed at: Comparing 2D vs 3D Evaluating visuo-spatial tasks and visual search tasks

See Smallman, et al (2001), Xu and Rantanen (2003), Van Orden and Broyles (2000)

Assessing strength of 3D over 2D for assessing tactical situations

3D was found to have advantages over 2D 3D was found to have advantages over 2D (i) Navigation, (ii) spatial awareness, (iii) integration and focussed

attention tasks (see Naikar, 1998, for rigorous review) Minimises interpretive effort for understanding tactical situations

(Haskell and Wickens, 1993; van Orden and Broyles, 2000; Dennehy et al, 1994)

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Drawbacks of 3DDrawbacks of 3D Poor distance estimation in 3D (see Tavanti, 2004, for a review) Distance between objects along line of sight hard to estimate Realism in scene can clutter the display Poor 3D interaction / navigation techniques Selection in 3D is difficult

2D however does not suffer from these problems2D however does not suffer from these problems But due to lack of 3rd dimension, requires greater mental effort to

construct a mental representation

Therefore: integrate 3D into 2D, to take advantage Therefore: integrate 3D into 2D, to take advantage of the synergies that ariseof the synergies that arise

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Bifocal lens applied to London Underground Map(Leung and Apperley, 1994)

Focus and Context Visualization Focus and Context Visualization Techniques_Techniques_FilteringFiltering

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Focus and Context Visualization Focus and Context Visualization Techniques_ Techniques_ DistortionDistortion

(La Mar 2001)

9Focus and Context Visualization Focus and Context Visualization Techniques_ Techniques_ Semantic Depth of Field Semantic Depth of Field (SDOF)(SDOF)

(Tory & Moller, 2004)

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Proof of concept: Proof of concept: MU’s Picture in MU’s Picture in PicturePicture

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Proof of concept: Proof of concept: SA’s Distortion SA’s Distortion LensLens

QuickTime™ and aMicrosoft Video 1 decompressorare needed to see this picture.

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Proof of concept: DV’s LenteProof of concept: DV’s Lente

QuickTime™ and aMicrosoft Video 1 decompressorare needed to see this picture.

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ConclusionConclusion

While there are 3D visualisations and attempts to While there are 3D visualisations and attempts to extend 3D into 4D by including temporal extend 3D into 4D by including temporal representations, none have attempted to integrate representations, none have attempted to integrate and blend 3/4D visualisation within a 2D radar and blend 3/4D visualisation within a 2D radar display.display.

Evaluate current F+C implementationsEvaluate current F+C implementations

Review and construct new F+C display for Air Review and construct new F+C display for Air Traffic ControlTraffic Control