36th Oklahoma AIAA ASME Symposium Handbook

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36th Annual Oklahoma AIAA - ASME Symposium

Saturday, April 16, 2016 School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering

The University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma

In Conjunction With

Oklahoma Section American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics &

Central Oklahoma and Mid-Continent Sections American Society of Mechanical Engineers

For Additional Information, Contact: Mrinal C. Saha, Ph.D.

School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering The University of Oklahoma

865 Asp Avenue Felgar Hall, Room 208A

Norman, Oklahoma 73019 (405) 325-1098 [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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Foreword

The University of Oklahoma School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering along with the Oklahoma Section of the AIAA, and the Central Oklahoma and Mid-Continent Sections of the ASME welcome you to the 36th Annual Oklahoma AIAA - ASME Symposium. The goal for the Symposium is to promote communication, technical interchange, and fellowship among the engineers of Oklahoma’s universities and industries. We are proud that these goals have resulted in 36 successful Symposia with continued contributions by all the engineering schools of Oklahoma and with support by the local AIAA and ASME groups. The exchanges at this Symposium will continue to contribute to advances in engineering education, engineering research and development, and economic development in Oklahoma. Many have helped to make this Symposium successful. We first must thank the presenters and their co-authors for making the effort to share their work with the audience. We also thank you, the audience, for attending. We thank all who have helped to promote the Symposium. On behalf of the local sections of AIAA and ASME, I would like to particularly thank those who took time from their busy schedules to contribute to the Symposium: Session Chairs: Chris Dalton, Brian Elbing, Rong Gan, Jivtesh Garg, Andrea L’Afflitto, Yingtao

Liu, Wilson Merchán-Merchán, Ram Mohan, Khaled Sallam, Li Song, and Alfred Striz

Introduction & Welcome: Dean Thomas Landers, OU Gallogly College of Engineering Luncheon Speaker: Mr. Mike Bergey, Co-Founder, President and CEO of Bergey Windpower Co.,

Norman, Oklahoma Symposium Upekesha Addagatla, Davis Boatright, Jonathan Britton, Miles Burnett, Volunteers: Corey Casey, Alexandra Curry, Karl Geets, Dickens Danson Mugumya,

Constantine Nyalenda, Elizabeth Personette, Travis Phifer, Dustin Rann, Mortaza Saeidijavash, Robinson Shin, and Clayton Smith

OU AME M. Cengiz Altan, Danielle Geier, Thomas Hays, Yingtao Liu, Derek Mehl, Committee: Rebecca Norris, Kumar Parthasarathy, Mrinal Saha, and Zahed Siddique Mrinal C. Saha, Chair, OU Symposium Committee

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36th Annual Oklahoma AIAA - ASME Symposium Saturday, April 16, 2016

Devon Energy Hall (DEH) & ExxonMobil Lawrence G. Rawl Engineering Practice Facility (REPF) School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering at the University of Oklahoma

Norman, Oklahoma

Agenda 8:00 – 8:45 REGISTRATION DEH Atrium 8:45 - 8:55 INTRODUCTION AND WELCOME DEH Atrium

Welcome by Dean Thomas Landers, OU Gallogly College of Engineering

9:00 - 10:15 TECHNICAL SESSIONS A Session 1-A: Nanomaterials and Advanced Composites I DEH 120 Session 2-A: Engineering Education DEH 270 Session 3-A: Design, Modeling and Testing I DEH 130 Session 4-A: Combustion and Flame DEH 220 Session 5-A: Aerospace DEH 420 Session 6-A: Energy and Environment REPF 200

10:15 - 10:30 COFFEE AND REFRESHMENT BREAK DEH Atrium 10:30 - 12:15 TECHNICAL SESSIONS B

Session 1-B: Nanomaterials and Advanced Composites II DEH 120 Session 2-B: Measurement and Characterization DEH 270 Session 3-B: Design, Modeling and Testing II DEH 130 Session 4-B: Multiphase Flow DEH 220 Session 5-B: Biomechanics DEH 420

12:15 - 2:00 LUNCH AND KEYNOTE SPEAKER Wind Power in Oklahoma and Beyond REPF 200 Mr. Mike Bergey, Co-Founder, President and CEO of Bergey Windpower Co., Norman, Oklahoma

2:00 ADJOURNMENT

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36th Annual Oklahoma AIAA - ASME Symposium Keynote Speaker

Mike Bergey

Co-Founder, President and CEO of Bergey Windpower Co.

Wind Power in Oklahoma and Beyond

Abstract: Once ridiculed by Oklahoma’s utilities, wind energy has emerged to be a very significant source of clean, affordable energy in Oklahoma. Twelve years after the first windfarm projects were brought online, all Oklahoma utilities either own windfarms or purchase wind energy and 17% of Oklahoma’s electricity comes from wind. Within 15 years wind energy is likely to be the predominant source of electricity in Oklahoma. We’ll look at the past history and future prospects of wind power in our state.

Bio: A Co-Founder of Bergey Windpower Co. and its’ President & CEO, Mike Bergey is a mechanical engineer and an internationally recognized expert in the fields of small wind systems, distributed generation, and green telecom. He holds one patent, has authored more than 70 technical papers and articles in the field, has provided testimony to the U.S. Congress, and has served as a consultant to a number of U.S. and international agencies. Mr. Bergey has twice served as President of the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) and served on the AWEA Board of Directors from 1981 to 2007. In 1994 he was recognized as the Wind Industry Man of the Year by AWEA. In 1981 he was recognized by AWEA for development of the AWEA Performance Rating Standard, which was the basis for the IEC 61400-12 performance testing standard used for all wind turbines worldwide. He chaired the AWEA Small Wind Standards Committee and led the development of the 2008 AWEA

turbine certification standard (also adopted in the U.K., Japan, and Canada). He is currently in his third term as President of the Distributed Wind Energy Association (DWEA), which represents the small and community wind industry. He is a past President of the Norman, OK Chamber of Commerce.

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Technical Sessions A Schedule 9:00 A.M. 9:15 A.M. 9:30 A.M. 9:45 A.M. 10:00 A.M.

Sessions 1-A: Nanomaterials and Advanced Composites I Location: DEH 120 Chaired by: Jivtesh Garg, University of Oklahoma

Hybrid Nanocomposite Membrane for Sensing Applications W. Shang, Y. Liu The University of Oklahoma

Carbon Nanofiber and PDMS based Nanocomposite with Sensing Functions S. Chowdhury, M. Olima, Y. Liu, M.C. Saha The University of Oklahoma

Effect of Solid Nanoparticles on Oil-Water Emulsion Stability E. Gavrielatos, R. Mohan, O. Shoham The University of Tulsa

High Thermal Conductivity Polyethylene-Graphene Nanocomposites M. Saeidi, J. Garg The University of Oklahoma

Characterization of Hydrophobic Nanoporous Particle Liquids for Energy Absorption Y. Hsu, Y. Liu

The University of Oklahoma

Sessions 2-A: Engineering Education Location: DEH 270 Chaired by: Ram Mohan, University of Tulsa Leveraging Self-Assessment Tools to Evaluate Student Learning in Project-Based Design Courses J. Autrey, F. Mistree, Z. Siddique The University of Oklahoma

Formula SAE Racecar Body G. Armani, T. McCarthy Oral Roberts University

Green Tricycle Design Through Experiential Learning — An Open Courseware Enriching Engineering Curriculum and Entrepreneurship K-H. Chang, J. Bassue The University of Oklahoma

ORU Eternal Flare J. D. Padilla Oral Roberts University

Utilization of Low Cost Additive Manufacturing Solutions B. McCabe, A. Harris, B. Herren, J. Hunt, R. McCabe, C. Monigold, C. Singer, Z. Siddique The University of Oklahoma

Sessions 3-A: Design, Modeling and Testing I Location: DEH 130 Chaired by: Brian Elbing, Oklahoma State University

High Intensity Pressure Transduction in Human Ear Model K. Leckness, D. Nakmali, R. Gan The University of Oklahoma

Capture and Representation of Hierarchical Decision Making Knowledge using Ontology Z. Ming, Y. Yan, G. Wang Beijing Institute of Technology J. H. Panchal Purdue University C. H. Goh

The University of Texas at Tyler J. K. Allen, F. Mistree The University of Oklahoma

Development of a 3-Dimensional Finite Element Model of Chinchilla Cochlea K. Smith, X. Wang, R. Gan The University of Oklahoma

Simulation of Exit Flow for Supersonic Nozzles A. Choudhari, K.A. Sallam Oklahoma State University

Development of a Reference Infrasonic Detection System A. Threatt, B. R. Elbing Oklahoma State University

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9:00 A.M. 9:15 A.M. 9:30 A.M. 9:45 A.M. 10:00 A.M. Sessions 4-A: Combustion and Flame Location: DEH 220 Chaired by: Wilson Merchán-Merchán, University of Oklahoma

Study of Spray Flames of Petroleum/Biofuel Blends in a Porous Media Burner F. Moreno, R.N. Parthasarathy, S. R. Gollahalli The University of Oklahoma

Investigation of Soot Particulates from Co-Flow Diffusion Vaporized Biodiesel and Diesel Air-Flames A. Abdihamzehkolaei, W. Merchán-Merchán The University of Oklahoma

Performance of Palm Methyl Ester Fuels in a Compression Ignition Engine T. Willis, A. Hicks, A. Balakrishnan, R.N. Parthasarathy, S. R. Gollahalli The University of Oklahoma

Effects of Propane Injection on the Performance of Diesel and Palm Methyl Ester in a Compression Ignition Engine A.Hicks, T. Willis, A. Balakrishnan, R.N. Parthasarathy, S. R. Gollahalli The University of Oklahoma

Biodiesel Flames as a Unique Method to Form Hydrophobic Surfaces on Metallic and Non-Metallic Substrates E. Murphy, J. Hua1, S. Zhang, J. Yue, W. Merchán-Merchán The University of Oklahoma

Sessions 5-A: Aerospace Location: DEH 420 Chaired by: Alfred Striz, University of Oklahoma The Bergey Aerospace & OU High Altitude Research Plane (HARP) J. Bassue, K.H. Chang The University of Oklahoma

Design and Analysis of a SpaceX Hyperloop Pod K. Barnett, A. Troche, L. Waite Oral Roberts University

Wastage of Space Launch Capacity T. Boone, D.P. Miller The University of Oklahoma

Analysis of the Momentum Method and Blade Element Theory as Applied to Rotorcraft A. Kocarnik, T. Hays The University of Oklahoma

Development of Operating Envelope Limits for Equipment Tested in a Wind Tunnel O. Sarfraz, C. K. Bach Oklahoma State University

Sessions 6-A: Energy and Environment Location: REPF 200 Chaired by: Li Song, University of Oklahoma Investigation of Methodologies for Minimizing Buildings Electricity Demand and Cost O. Ogunsola, L. Song The University of Oklahoma

Effects of Fuel Unsaturation and Equivalence Ratio on Nitric Oxide Emission From Petro-Biodiesel Flames A. Balakrishnan, R.N. Parthasarathy, S. R. Gollahalli The University of Oklahoma

Survey of Particle Production Rates from Process Activities in Pharmaceutical and Biological Cleanrooms O. Ogunsola, J. Wang, L. Song The University of Oklahoma

On Developing Policies for Sustainable Electrification of Off-Grid Villages in India B. Yadav, P. Sivasubramanian, F. Mistree, J. Allen The University of Oklahoma

Cashew Oven for Carrilho, Brazil D. Brandt, M. Case, T. Dzingai, M. Fulton Oral Roberts University

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Technical Sessions B Schedule 10:30 A.M. 10:45 A.M. 11:00 A.M. 11:15 A.M. 11:30 A.M. 11:45 A.M. 12:00 P.M.

Sessions 1-B: Nanomaterials and Advanced Composites II Location: DEH 120 Chaired by: Yingtao Liu, University of Oklahoma

Investigating Effect of Silane on Viscoelastic Properties of Epoxy Resin after Hygrothermal Degradation L. K. Babu, K. Mishra, S. U. Hamim, R. P. Singh Oklahoma State University

Hydrothermal Synthesis of PZT Nanocrystals for Energy Applications W. Luo, M. Demirtas, I. Byrne, Y. Liu, M. C. Saha The University of Oklahoma

Coupon-based Evaluation of Quasi-Static and Fatigue Behavior of Composite Repair Systems for Pressure Equipment I. Al Naser, M.W. Keller The University of Tulsa

Fabrication and Characterization of Carbon Nanofiber Reinforced Polydimethylsiloxane Thin Films M. Olima, S. Chowdhury, Y. Liu, M.C. Saha The University of Oklahoma

Effect Of Autoclave Cure Pressure on Mechanical Properties and Void Characteristics of Composite Laminates M. Pishvar, M. Amirkhosravi, M. C. Altan The University of Oklahoma

Parameters by Using Approximate Analytical Solutions G. E. Guloglu, M. C. Altan The University of Oklahoma

Effect of Carbon Nanotubes on the Moisture Absorption Behavior of Epoxy Laminates D. Crane, M. C. Altan The University of Oklahoma

Sessions 2-B: Measurement and Characterization Location: DEH 270 Chaired by: Chris Dalton, University of Oklahoma Measurements of Permeation Through Polymeric Membranes in High Pressure and High Temperature Conditions N. Nassr, Z. Siddique, J. Keegan The University of Oklahoma

Effect of Relative Humidity on Mechanical Properties and Morphology of Pan Based Carbon Nanofiber M. S. Demirtas, B. Barua, M. C. Saha The University of Oklahoma

Prepreg Moisture Content and Fabrication Pressure Effects on Fluid Absorption Behavior of Quartz/BMI Laminates K. R. Hurdelbrink II, G. E. Guloglu, Z. Siddique, M. C. Altan The University of Oklahoma Jacob P. Anderson PPG Fiberglass Science & Technology

Characterization of the Velocity Distribution Within a Custom Designed Water Tunnel Y. Farsiani, B. R. Elbing Oklahoma State University

In-Line Testing of Novel Filter Media for Oil-Water Mixtures A. Mule, E. Iski, R. Mohan, O. Shoham, The University of Tulsa S. Odueyungbo Chevron

Characterization of Rotary Seals in Dynamic Aggressive Conditions A. Masters, M. Ramachandran, Z. Siddique The University of Oklahoma

Composite Repair Performance on Eroded and Drilled Flaws O. Ramirez, B. McLaury, M.W. Keller The University of Tulsa

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10:30 A.M. 10:45 A.M. 11:00 A.M. 11:15 A.M. 11:30 A.M. 11:45 A.M. 12:00 P.M.

Sessions 3-B: Design, Modeling and Testing II Location: DEH 130 Chaired by: Khaled Sallam, Oklahoma State University

Design and Modeling of Improved Balanced Feed Manifold C. W. (Paul) Fan, R. S. Mohan, O. Shoham C. Avila The University of Tulsa

Concurrent Design and Analysis of Multistage Manufacturing Processes by MFCD Method J. Milisavljevic, J. K. Allen, F. Mistree The University of Oklahoma S. Commuri University of Nevada

Structural Integrity Analysis of GLCC Separator Inlet S. S. Kolla, R. S. Mohan, O. Shoham The University of Tulsa

Multi-Stage Hot Rod Rolling System Design Using a Goal Oriented Approach A. B. Nellippallil, K. N. Song, J. K. Allen, F. Mistree

The University of Oklahoma C. H. Goh The University of Texas at Tyler

Air Cooled Heat Exchanger Optimization B. Brorman, A. Mackie Oral Roberts University

Valve Flow Meter Enhancement S. Shahahmadi, L. Song The University of Oklahoma

Evaluation of Explicit and Implicit Les Closures for Burgers Turbulence R. Maulik, O. San Oklahoma State University

Sessions 4-B: Multiphase Flow Location: DEH 220 Chaired by: Andrea L’Afflitto, University of Oklahoma Bubble Size and Velocity in a Vibrating Bubble Column Reactor S. Mohagheghian, B.R. Elbing Oklahoma State University

Investigation of Platform To Platform (PTP) Flow

H. Nguyen, R. Mohan, O. Shoham

The University of Tulsa C. Avila Chevron Energy Technology Company

Separation of Oil-Water Mixtures by Electrospun Cellulose Acetate – Polystyrene Filter Media L. Baghernejad, E. Iski, R. Mohan, O. Shoham The University of Tulsa S. Odueyungbo Chevron

Investigation of Crude Oil-Produced Water Emulsions T. Lemma, R. S. Mohan, O. Shoham The University of Tulsa

Microfluidics Assisted Emulsion Formation and the Effect of Various Process Parameters on Droplet Size S. Kole, P. Bikkina Oklahoma State University

Uncertainty Studies of Airflow Measurements in Non-Ideal Conditions in Variable Air Volume Air Handling Units A. R. Prieto, J. Elizondo, L. Song, G. Wang The University of Oklahoma

Sessions 5-B: Biomechanics Location: DEH 420 Chaired by: Rong Gan, University of Oklahoma

Chinchilla Tympanic Membrane Motion in the Presence of Middle Ear Fluid Measured by Scanning Laser Vibrometer S. Jiang, X. Wang, R. Gan The University of Oklahoma

The Mark 3.5 Biomechanical Forearm B. Harrup, A. Tran Oral Roberts University

Dynamic Properties of Human Tympanic Membrane Exposed to High Intensity Sound Exposure W. Engles, X. Wang, R. Gan The University of Oklahoma

Measuring Infant Limb Kinematics M. A. Ghazi, D. P. Miller The University of Oklahoma

Impact of High Intensity Noise Exposure on Chinchilla Hearing Z. Yokell, D. Nakmali, R. Gan The University of Oklahoma

Correlation of ABR, TM Displacement, and Wideband Energy Absorbance in Otitis Media Model in Chinchilla B. Hitt, X. Wang, R. Gan The University of Oklahoma

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SESSION 1-A

Nanomaterials and Advanced Composites I Devon Energy Hall 120

Session Chair: Jivtesh Garg, Ph.D.

The University of Oklahoma [email protected]

Page

1. Hybrid Nanocomposite Membrane for Sensing Applications 10 By W. Shang, Y. Liu, The University of Oklahoma

2. Carbon Nanofiber and PDMS based Nanocomposite with Sensing Functions 11 By S. Chowdury, M. Olima, Y. Liu, M.C. Saha, The University of Oklahoma

3. Effect of Solid Nanoparticles on Oil-Water Emulsion Stability 12 By E. Gavrielatos, R. Mohan, O. Shoham, The University of Tulsa

4. High Thermal Conductivity Polyethylene-Graphene Nanocomposites 13 By M. Saeidi, J. Garg, The University of Oklahoma

5. Characterization of Hydrophobic Nanoporous Particle Liquids for Energy Absorption 14 By Y. Hsu, Y. Liu, The University of Oklahoma


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HYBRID NANOCOMPOSITE MEMBRANE FOR SENSING APPLICATIONS

Wanru Shang and Yingtao Liu *

School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering University of Oklahoma

Norman, Oklahoma 73019 (612) 219-2036 [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Strain sensing is a field that is rapidly advancing as driven by vast applications in aerospace and mechanical structures. Recently significant amount of effort has been reported to develop new piezoresistive strain sensor made from polymers with carbon nanofillers. The widely used nanofillers with high electrical conductivity include carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and other carbon nanoparticles. However, most previous research focused on the improvement of material properties for sensing applications. Limited work balanced the sensor design and material innovation for real time strain sensing. In addition, low velocity impacts can significantly reduce structural strength and therefore increase operation risks and maintenance costs. The monitoring of low velocity impacts is an urgent need in aerospace engineering.

In this paper a nanocomposite system is proposed to accurately measure local strain and impacts in composites. A membrane structure integrating shape memory polymer and graphene will be fabricated and characterized. The optimal fabrication process and the graphene concentration will be investigated to obtain the optimal sensing capabilities. The strain sensing function will be achieved by correlating the piezoresistance variations to the load applied on the sensing area. Due to the conductive network formed by graphene and the tunneling resistance change in neighboring graphene, the electrical resistance measured will show a clear correlation with the load conditions. In order to improve the piezoresistivity, graphene will be uniformly dispersed in PDMS. The characterized membrane structures will be further applied to continuously monitor impact loads, especially focusing on low velocity barely visible damage in composites.

* Member, AIAA and ASME

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CARBON NANOFIBER AND PDMS BASED NANOCOMPOSITE WITH SENSING FUNCTIONS

Shoieb Chowdhury, Mark Olima, Yingtao Liu, and Mrinal Saha School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering

University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019 [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Pressure sensing is a field that is rapidly advancing as driven by vast applications including biomedical devices, industrial automation, human-machine interfacing, and skin-like electronics. Recently significant amount of efforts have been reported to develop new piezoresistive strain sensor made from polymers with carbon nanofillers. The widely used nanofillers with high electrical conductivity include carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and other carbon nanoparticles. However, most previous research focused on the improvement of material properties for sensing applications. Limited work is reported on sensor design and material innovation for real time pressure sensing.

In this paper, a nanocomposite system is proposed to accurately measure pressure generated by normal force. Mimicking the dermal papilla in human skin, a flexible piezoresistive sensor will be developed using PDMS reinforced with conductive carbon nanofibers. The pressure sensing function will be achieved by correlating the piezoresistance variations to the normal force applied on the sensing area. Due to the conductive network formed by carbon nanofibers and the tunneling resistance change when load is applied, the electrical resistance measured will show a clear correlation with the pressure conditions. In order to improve the piezoresistivity, carbon nanofibers will be uniformly dispersed in PDMS. The proposed nanocomposite based pressure sensor will be experimentally characterized under both tensile and compressive loads.

Keywords: Flexible Nanocomposite, Piezoresistance, Pressure Sensor


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EFFECT OF SOLID NANOPARTICLES ON OIL-WATER EMULSION STABILITY

E. Gavrielatos1*, R. Mohan2**, and O. Shoham1 1 McDougall School of Petroleum Engineering, 2 Mechanical Engineering Department, Tulsa University

Separation Technology Projects (TUSTP) The University of Tulsa Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104

(918) 908-0595 [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Emulsions are ubiquitous in oil production operations and in general undesirable for various reasons. These include increased pressure losses leading to reduced oil productivity, pipeline and other equipment corrosion, as well as separation difficulties resulting in increased production costs. Surface active agents (also known as surfactants, like asphaltenes, resins, etc.) and solid particles (for example clays) are naturally present in crude oils. These components can act as stabilizers for oil and water emulsions. Therefore in order to mitigate the aforementioned problems related to emulsions, a better understanding of how emulsions are formed and stabilized is essential.

Emulsion stabilized by solid nanoparticles is a fairly new area of interest for the oil industry. Nanoparticle stabilized emulsions are used, for instance, in enhanced oil recovery operations (EOR) and can be preferable to those stabilized by surfactants. Thus, useful insights regarding emulsion stabilization can be gained by looking into their application in EOR operations. This study focuses on nanoparticle stabilized emulsions and aims to contribute to a deeper understanding as it pertains to the effect of solid nanoparticles on the stability of oil and water emulsions.

Spherical silica nanoparticles are used to stabilize oil and water emulsions and study the separation kinetics and its dependence on solid particle concentration, wettability, and initial dispersion phase. Furthermore, the effect of water content in the emulsion, salinity, presence of surfactant and shear rate on the separation profiles is examined. Mineral oil and distilled water are used as the test fluids. A portable dispersion characterization rig is utilized for the experimental runs and the relevant software is used for data acquisition. All tests are conducted at ambient pressure and temperature conditions. The project rationale and work in-progress results will be presented.

*Corresponding Author: Elias Gavrielatos, Tulsa University Separation Technology Projects (TUSTP) McDougall School of Petroleum Engineering, The University of Tulsa, 800 S. Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK-74104, Ph: (918) 908-0595, [email protected] **ASME Fellow



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HIGH THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY POLYETHYLENE-GRAPHENE NANOCOMPOSITES

M. Saeidi, J. Garg School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering

University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma 73019


ABSTRACT

In this work we investigate the effect of molecular alignment on polymer thermal conductivity. Enhancement of thermal conductivity of polymers can pave way for their application in heat exchangers leading to significant energy savings as processing of polymers consumes significantly less energy compared to metals. Higher thermal conductivity of polymers can also be combined with their structural compliance to develop low thermal resistance thermal interface materials (TIM) for application in electronics packaging. In this work we study thermal conductivity enhancement in high density polyethylene-graphene (HDPE-GNP) polymeric nanocomposites through alignment of both the polymer chains and the dispersed graphene nanopowder along the direction of heat propagation.

Thermal conductivity (k) of bulk polymers is low (<0.5 W/mK) compared to metals (~200 W/mK). However recently the thermal conductivity of a single polymer nanofiber was measured to be 104 W/mK (due to alignment of individual polymer chains). Recent work on thermal conductivity enhancement of bulk polymers has used this idea and focused on alignment of either the polymer chains or the dispersed nanomaterial such as carbon nanotubes yielding thermal conductivities of 4.4 W/mK and 4.87 W/mK respectively. In this work we report the thermal conductivity enhancement due to alignment of both the polymer chains and the dispersed graphene nanomaterial.

Dispersion of graphene nanopowder into the polymer matrix is achieved through melt-extrusion. The microstructure of the prepared nanocomposite is studied using both scanning electron microscope (SEM) and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM).

Thermal conductivity of both the pristine polymer and polymer nanocomposite is measured both before and after inducing alignment. The thermal conductivity along the direction of alignment is measured using Angstrom method. The method involves applying a periodic heat wave to one of the pulse. By measuring the amplitude ratio and the phase difference between the temperatures signals at two different locations along the polymer its thermal diffusivity can be extracted.

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CHARACTERIZATION OF HYDROPHOBIC NANOPOROUS PARTICLE LIQUIDS FOR ENERGY ABSORPTION

Yi Hsu, Yingtao Liu


Norman OK 73019 (405) 325-3663

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Recently, the development of hydrophobic nanoporous technologies has drawn increased attention, especially for the applications of energy absorption and impact protection. Although significant amount of research has been conducted to synthesis and characterize materials to protect structures from impact damage, the tradition methods focused on converting kinetic energy to other forms, such as heat and cell buckling. Due to their high energy absorption efficiency, hydrophobic nanoporous particle liquids (NPLs) are one of the most attractive impact mitigation materials. During impact, such particles directly trap liquid molecules inside the non-wetting surface of nanopores in the particles. The captured impact energy is simply stored temporarily and isolated from the original energy transmission path.

In this paper we will investigate the energy absorption efficiency of combinations of silica nanoporous particles and with multiple liquids. Inorganic particles, such as nanoporous silica, are characterized using scanning electron microscopy. Small molecule promoters, such as methanol and ethanol, are introduced to the prepared NPLs. Their effects on the energy absorption efficiency are studied in this paper. NPLs are prepared by dispersing the studied materials in deionized water. Energy absorption efficiency of these liquids are experimentally characterized using an Instron mechanical testing frame and in-house develop stainless steel hydraulic cylinder system.

Keywords: Nanoporous liquids, silica, impact protection, energy absorption


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SESSION 2-A

Engineering Education Devon Energy Hall 270

Session Chair: Ram Mohan, Ph.D.

The University of Tulsa [email protected]

Page

1. Leveraging Self-Assessment Tools to Evaluate Student Learning in 16 Project-Based Design Courses By J. Autrey, F. Mistree, Z. Siddique, The University of Oklahoma

2. Formula SAE Racecar Body 17 By G. Armani, T. McCarthy, Oral Roberts University

3. Green Tricycle Design Through Experiential Learning—An Open Courseware 18 Enriching Engineering Curriculum and Entrepreneurship By K-H. Chang, J. Bassue, The University of Oklahoma

4. ORU Eternal Flare 19 By J.D. Padilla, Oral Roberts University

5. Utilization of Low Cost Additive Manufacturing Solutions 20 By B. McCabe, A. Harris, B. Herren, J. Hunt, R. McCabe, C. Monigold, C. Singer, Z. Siddique, The University of Oklahoma


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LEVERAGING SELF-ASSESSMENT TOOLS TO EVALUATE STUDENT LEARNING IN PROJECT-BASED DESIGN COURSES

Jackson Autrey1, Farrokh Mistree, PhD2, Zahed Siddique, PhD3 School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering


ABSTRACT In AME4163 – Principles of Engineering Design students are given a design challenge in order to prepare them for their capstone design experience and help them transition to junior engineers in industry. Our principal pedagogical goal in this course is to have students, working in teams, internalize five principles of engineering design which deal with forming a team and outlining the problem, ideating and evaluating concepts, assessing their concepts on a technical and practical level until they have refined them into a singular feasible design, constructing and testing a prototype until it is competition ready and following that with a post-mortem analysis, and finally reflecting and articulating the lessons that they learned in the process. We provide the following learning objectives to help students internalize these principles:

1. Internalize the principles of engineering design and learn how to identify and develop career sustaining competencies.

2. Learn through doing (reading, designing, building, testing, and post-project analysis), reflecting and internalizing the principles of design.

3. Learn to frame, postulate a plan of action, implement the plan of action for the capstone project in the capstone course in Spring 2016.

4. Transition from being a student to a junior engineer in a company. Throughout the course, we require students to complete assignments which map to the steps of a highly-structured design process and formulate learning statements both as individuals and as teams. These statements are a mechanism by which students explicitly describe their learning in the context of particular experiences. Further, the students complete periodic self-assessment surveys to evaluate their confidence in various domain-specific areas of competency on a seven-point Likert scale. At the conclusion of the course, students perform a post-mortem analysis of their device’s success (or failure) and we require them to articulate the most important lessons learned via learning statements in an assignment called the Semester Learning Essay. In this presentation, we cover the relationship between the two instruments of self-assessment (learning statements and surveys) and what we infer about the domains of student learning in project-based design courses.

1 Graduate student AME. [email protected] (918) 813-1269 2 L.A. Comp Chair and Professor. Fellow ASME, Associate Fellow AIAA. 3 Dick and Shirley O’Shields Chair and Professor. Member ASME.


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FORMULA SAE RACECAR BODY

Gabriel Armani, Thomas McCarthy Mechanical Engineering Oral Roberts University Tulsa, Oklahoma 74171


ABSTRACT

Formula SAE is a great way for students to participate in an extracurricular activity, which also includes practical applications of theoretical knowledge. The objective of the Formula SAE Racecar Body project was to complete the Oral Roberts University Formula SAE Racecar. The final component to complete the Racecar was the design and construction of an exterior shell. This will allow future students to compete in races as well as have useful methods in designing and building a Racecar. For a Formula SAE Racecar to be functional, the aerodynamics is of great concern.

In order to complete the Racecar Body, initial research was performed on the design of an aerodynamic exterior shell. This research leads to designing an exterior shell in order to achieve a low drag force and low coefficient of drag. The Racecar Body was then CAD modeled and simulated using Solidworks Flow Simulation. The simulations proved that the design was successful. Cost, strength, machinability, and time were then considered with the possible materials to construct the exterior body. Ultimately the material chosen was fiberglass. For fiberglass to be used, a mold must be constructed for the application of fiberglass and resin. To accomplish this, a full-scale model of the exterior racecar body was made out of Styrofoam. The exterior shell was then to be constructed using the full-scale model as a mold with a layer of tin foil between the Styrofoam, fiberglass and resin to prevent a reaction, which will deform the Styrofoam. This leads to the completion of the exterior shell to be placed on the Formula SAE Racecar.


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GREEN TRICYCLE DESIGN THROUGH EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING — AN OPEN COURSEWARE ENRICHING ENGINEERING CURRICULUM AND

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Kuang-Hua Chang and Jawanza Bassue** School of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering


(580) 678-0999 [email protected] & [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Aristotle once said, "For the things we have to learn before we can do them, we learn by doing them" [1]. In this paper, an open courseware that enriches engineering curriculum and entrepreneurship by designing a green tricycle through experiential learning is presented. Experiential learning is learning through reflection on doing, a process through which students develop knowledge, skills, and values from direct experiences outside a traditional classroom setting. A green tricycle, which provides short-range transportation at low cost, powered by green energy and human power, is employed as a platform to empower students with the practice that brings their idea into reality. This courseware composed of ten lessons guides students to design, analyze, and fabricate prototypes of green tricycles using modern computer-aided technology; as well as develop business plans to bring their ideas into practice through entrepreneurial activity. Students will be able to use their laptops with the computer software tools to design the tricycle following the guidance of the courseware, and use the manufacturing facilities available to them to manufacture prototypes of the tricycle. In addition, a learning community is being created for students to learn from each other by discussing ideas, exchanging lessons learned, and sharing practical experiences. The end result is a great experience for young engineers who become confident in the value of their own ideas and have the tools necessary to bring their ideas into practice and eventually commercial products.

References:

[1] Bynum, W. F. and Porter, R. (eds) (2005) Oxford Dictionary of Scientific Quotations. Oxford University Press. 21:9.

** Member, AIAA and/or ASME



19

ORU ETERNAL FLARE

Juan Diego Padilla Engineering Department Oral Roberts University Tulsa, Oklahoma 74171


ABSTRACT

With my fellow teammate, Juan Jose Betancur, the team accepted the challenge of redesigning the symbolic ‘eternal flare’ found at the top of the Praying Tower in the center of Oral Roberts University’s campus. The flare symbolizes the presence of the Holy Spirit on campus and therefore is turned on at all times. The flare was designed and built by John Zink Hamworthy Combustions in 1966.It has been running since then on natural gas. It is a single point unassisted flare which uses a Flame Front Generator to light the pilot releasing around 20 DTH/day. Because of the absurd weather conditions in Tulsa, the flare tends to turn off expelling a lot of unburned natural gas into the environment. The flame generated is often unappealing, as it is small and wavy. This unique symbol costs the university over $20,000 per year, making students ask themselves if it is really what they want their money to be spent in. It was up to the team to design a more efficient, dependable and attractive flare to help both the students and the university maintain this iconic flare up and running at all times leaving no doubt of its worthiness.

The team paired up with John Zink Hamworhty Combustions to take on this project and received an invitation to their Flare School. By attending the flare school, the teammates had a better understanding on how flares worked and were able to brainstorm ideas to solve both the efficiency and the attractiveness problems. The team decided to narrow their scope to create an efficient, highly visible and weather resistant flare system. The project was then split in two parts.

Part one was analyzing existing pilots and ignition systems to suggest the replacements of the current ones. The team decided the pilot that would best fit the necessities for this flare would be a John Zink’s EEP Series Pilot as it is extremely dependable and consumes about 1/7 of the gas used by the current pilot. For the ignition system, the team decided to suggest the installation of two different systems. A slip stream spark as the primary ignition source and a flame front generator as a secondary ignition source. Having these two ignition systems would facilitate lighting the flare in case it goes out.

Part two of the project was to design, manufacture and test different flare tips to create a more attractive flame. Using Solidworks, the team designed 3 different flare tips and analyzed them using CFD provided. After that, the team went on to manufacture each tip using the tools provided in ORU’s Engineering Lab. To test each tip, the team built a setup in which they could switch the tips and observe the different flames produced. Testing took place 3 times, one during a windy day, another during a regular day and a final one during a night. With this, the team recorded their observations and selected the tip that they believed generated the most attractive flame.

The completed project is a suggestions made to the university of changing their flare system to what the team believes will be a more efficient, dependable and attractive flare system. The system described would reduce the consumption of natural gas by about 43%. It will also be safer as the pilot will provide a dependable flame source for the flare. Last but not least, it will create a more attractive flame, making the presence of the Holy Spirit felt throughout the campus.


20

UTILIZATION OF LOW COST ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING SOLUTIONS

B. McCabe**, A. Harris, B. Herren, J. Hunt, R. McCabe**, C. Monigold, and C. Singer Honors Engineering Research Experience with Zahed Siddique, PhD**


Norman, Oklahoma 73072 (240) 575-0285

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Additive manufacturing technology is advancing and becoming more viable for practical applications, thus it is important to push both the high end and low ends of the technological spectrum. Low cost 3D printers are especially relevant because of their availability and popularity with general populations. The technology and its uses need to be investigated further in order to develop new processes to extend 3D printing to a wider range of applications.

The goal for the spring 2016 semester is to design and construct a fully functional, full-sized road bicycle frame utilizing a low cost 3D printer. The low cost printer brings about its own variety of unique challenges such as low print quality, low extrusion temperatures, large extrusion sizes that result in low precision, and small print volume capabilities. Despite these issues, the frame was specially created with design for manufacturing (DFM) principles, taking into consideration the print orientation, print material, as well as special tensile and compressive joint connections. Use of internal structures and concentric structures were investigated to increase strength.

The completion of this project will demonstrate the viable appliactions of additive manufacturing for a wide range of consumers and that the weaknesses and technical limitations of low cost 3D printers can be overcome with engineering principles of design.

*This work has been supported by the Dick and Shirley O’Shields Professorship and the Joe C. and Carole Kerr McClendon Honors College



21

SESSION 3-A

Design, Modeling and Testing I Devon Energy Hall 130

Session Chair: Brian Elbing, Ph.D.

Oklahoma State University [email protected]

Page

1. High Intensity Pressure Transduction in Human Ear Model 22 By K. Leckness, D. Nakmali, R. Gan, The University of Oklahoma

2. Capture and Representation of Hierarchical Decision Making Knowledge 23 Using Ontology By Z. Ming, Y. Yan, G. Wang, Beijing Institute of Technology, J.H. Panchal, Purdue University, C.H. Goh, The University of Texas at Tyler, J.K. Allen, F. Mistree, The University of Oklahoma

3. Development of a 3-Dimensional Finite Element Model of Chinchilla Cochlea 24 By K. Smith, X. Wang, R. Gan, The University of Oklahoma

4. Simulation of Exit Flow for Supersonic Nozzles 25 By A. Choudhari, K.A. Sallam, Oklahoma State University

5. Development of a Reference Infrasonic Detection System 26 By A. Threatt, B.R. Elbing, Oklahoma State University


22

HIGH INTENSITY PRESSURE TRANSDUCTION IN HUMAN EAR MODEL

Kegan Leckness, Don Nakmali, and Rong Gan School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering and OU Biomedical Engineering Center

University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73071

[email protected] 405-325-6668

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The prevalence of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) overseas has resulted in a large number of military personnel returning with blast-related injuries. The most frequent blast-induced injury is hearing damage, and hearing loss is the most common disability among veterans today. Understanding how high-intensity pressure waves interact with the ear is necessary to devise advanced hearing protection mechanisms. To this end, we applied blast data derived from cadaver ear experiments as input to finite element (FE) analyses and investigated blasts’ orientation effects. Materials and Methods: The human ear model consisted of the ear canal, tympanic membrane (TM), ossicular chain with associated suspensory ligaments, and middle ear (ME) cavity. Although no inner ear or cochlea was present in the model, its damping effects on the stapes footplate (at the end of the ossicular chain) were represented by the addition of a mass block-and-dashpots system. Viscoelastic and elastic material properties were prescribed to the TM, ME soft tissues, and ossicles in accordance with literature and experimental data. Experimental blast data (measured just outside of the ear canal) was applied as input to the coupled fluid-structure interaction analyses in FLUENT/ANSYS Mechanical. The model was then validated and used to explore trends in the experimental data. Results and Discussion: The application of experimental waveforms to the ear canal entrance in the model derived the pressure waveforms at P1 (just before the TM) and P2 (in the ME cavity) as well as the response of the TM and ossicular chain. The resulting data was used to compare blasts from different orientations and explain trends seen during experimentation. Conclusion: This research has given insight to the effect of blasts and blast orientation on the ear. Future analyses include evaluating earplugs. *This work was supported by DOD W81XWH-14-1-0228 and NIH R01DC011585.

23

CAPTURE AND REPRESENTATION OF HIERARCHICAL DECISION MAKING KNOWLEDGE USING ONTOLOGY

Zhenjun Ming* Yan Yan School of Mechanical Engineering School of Mechanical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, P.R. China 100081 Beijing, P.R. China 100081 Guoxin Wang Jitesh H. Panchal** School of Mechanical Engineering School of Mechanical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Purdue University Beijing, P.R. China 100081 West Lafayette, Indiana USA 47907 Chung Hyun Goh*** Janet K. Allen**** Department of Mechanical Engineering The Systems Realization Laboratory The University of Texas at Tyler The University of Oklahoma Tyler, Texas USA 75799 Norman, Oklahoma 73019

Farrokh Mistree***** The Systems Realization Laboratory

The University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma USA 73019

ABSTRACT

It is efficacious to capture and represent the knowledge for decision support in engineering design. Ontology is a promising knowledge modeling scheme in the engineering domain. In this paper, an ontology is proposed to capturing, representing and documenting the knowledge related to hierarchical decisions in the design of complex engineered systems. The ontology is developed based on the coupled Decision Support Problem (DSP) construct, taking into consideration the requirements for a computational model that represents the decision hierarchy. Key to the ontology is the concept of two classes, namely, Process which represents the basic hierarchy building blocks where the DSPs are embedded, and Interface which represents the DSP information flows that link different Processes to a hierarchy. The efficacy of the ontology is demonstrated using a portal frame design example.

* This work has been supported by China Scholarship Council. ** ASME Member *** ASME Member **** ASME Fellow ***** ASME Fellow, AIAA Associate Fellow

24

DEVELOPMENT OF A 3-DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF CHINCHILLA COCHLEA

K. Smith, X. Wang, and R. Gan, School of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering and OU Biomedical Engineering Center

The University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma 73019


ABSTRACT

Chinchilla is commonly used in auditory research due to its similarity of hearing range to that of human. Recently, a finite element (FE) model of chinchilla ear was developed in our lab to model sound transmission in both normal and diseased ears. The model used a mass block with dashpots attached at the end of the stapes to simulate the cochlear fluid. To completely model sound transmission from the ear canal to the cochlea, the cochlear structures are needed. These structures include the oval window membrane, round window membrane, scala vestibule (SV) and scala tympani (ST), helicotrema, and basilar membrane (BM). A 3-dimensional cochlea model was developed from X-ray micro-computed tomography images, using Amira visualization software to identify the physical boundaries and reconstruct the cochlea. The geometry model was then imported and meshed using 8-noded hexahedral brick elements in Hypermesh. The model was used to determine the characteristic dimensions of major cochlear components. As a result of the model, the BM length of 18.6 mm, an SV volume of 16.69 mm3, and an ST volume of 9.625 mm3 were determined. This work is now the basis for further studies, incorporating the cochlear model with the middle ear model.

*This work has been supported by NIH R01DC011585.


25

SIMULATION OF EXIT FLOW FOR SUPERSONIC NOZZLES

A. Choudhari, and K.A. Sallam*

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078


ABSTRACT

A computational study of the exit flow for under expanded supersonic nozzle is conducted using ANSYS-Fluent R16.2 student version. The study is motivated by the application of supersonic nozzles in air-breathing propulsion systems, e.g. scramjet engines, ramjet engines and afterburners. The simulation of compressible air injected through an aerated fuel injector into a rectangular chamber was conducted using two-dimensional compressible flow and SST k-ω turbulence model. The test conditions included: jet exit of 1 mm and mass flow arate of 8 x 10-5 kg/s. The computational grid consisted of 55,000 nodes and the solution converged after 300,000 iterations.

The results show that air reaches transonic condition at the injector exit due to the Fanno flow effect in the injector passage. The air exit flow is then alternately expanded by Prandtl-Meyer expansion fan and then compressed by oblique shock waves due to the difference between the back (chamber) pressure and the air pressure. The process then repeats itself and shock (Mach) diamonds are formed downstream of injector exit similar to those typical of exhaust plumes of propulsion system. The contours of the Mach number, static pressure are plotted and compared with theoretical results for under-expanded supersonic nozzles. The agreement of present results with the theory of gas dynamics is excellent.

* Associate Fellow, AIAA, and Member, ASME.

26

DEVELOPMENT OF A REFERENCE INFRASONIC DETECTION SYSTEM

Arnesha Threatt and Brian R. Elbing** Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering

Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078

[email protected]; [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Numerous geophysical and anthropogenic events emit infrasound (acoustic waves below human hearing, <20 Hz), including volcanoes, hurricanes, wind turbines and tornadoes. These sounds can be detected from large distances (in excess of 100 miles) due to low frequency acoustic signals having a very low decay rate in the atmosphere. Thus infrasound could be used for long-range, passive monitoring and detection of these events. The current project’s ultimate aim is to assess the viability of integrating infrasonic sensing with unmanned aerial systems (UAS), which requires a trusted signal for comparison with any work with UAS. Consequently, the current presentation focuses on work establishing a reference infrasonic array as well as a controlled infrasonic source. An array of microphones separated by known distances can be used to locate a given source, which is known as acoustic localization. However, acoustic localization with infrasound is particularly challenging due to contamination from other signals, sensitivity to wind noise and producing a trusted source for system development. Thus the initial testing that will be presented is being performed in a controlled laboratory environment to minimize potential noise sources. A subwoofer is currently being used as our main infrasonic source. Tests comparing the performance of a low cost infrasonic microphone (infra20, Infiltec) with a higher quality half inch microphone (G.R.A.S Type 40AD) will be shown. In addition, the microphones were tested with various windscreen configurations to assess the associated transmission losses and noise reduction. Results from these tests and how they are associated with the overall goal of this project will be discussed in this presentation. *This work was supported by NSF Grant 1539070: CLOUD MAP – Collaboration Leading Operational UAS Development for Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics. ** Member, ASME



27

SESSION 4-A

Combustion and Flame Devon Energy Hall 220

Session Chair: Wilson Merchán-Merchán, Ph.D.


Page

1. Study of Spray Flames of Petroleum/Biofuel Blends in a Porous Media Burner 28 By F. Moreno, R.N. Parthasarathy, S.R. Gollahalli, The University of Oklahoma

2. Investigation of Soot Particulates from Co-Flow Diffusion Vaporized Biodiesel 29 and Diesel Air-Flames By A. Abdihamzehkolaei, W. Merchán-Merchán, The University of Oklahoma

3. Performance of Palm Methyl Ester Fuels in a Compression Ignition Engine 30 By T. Willis, A. Hicks, A. Balakrishnan, R.N. Parthasarathy, S.R. Gollahalli, The University of Oklahoma

4. Effects of Propane Injection on the Performance of Diesel and Palm Methyl Ester 31 in a Compression Ignition Engine By A. Hicks, T. Willis, A. Balakrishnan, R.N. Parthasarathy, S.R. Gollahalli, The University of Oklahoma

5. Biodiesel Flames as a Unique Method to Form Hydrophobic Surfaces on Metallic 32 and Non-Metallic Substrates By E. Murphy, J. Hual, S. Zhang, J. Yue, W. Merchán-Merchán, The University of Oklahoma


28

STUDY OF SPRAY FLAMES OF PETROLEUM/BIOFUEL BLENDS IN A POROUS MEDIA BURNER

F. Moreno*, R.N. Parthasarathy** and S. R. Gollahalli***


Norman, Oklahoma 73019 (405) 325-7016

Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

In recent years, development of clean and efficient combustion methods has been a focus due to environmental and health concerns. Porous media combustion offers a cleaner, and more efficient alternative to conventional combustion techniques, and has been advocated for gas turbines, steam generators and heating systems. The addition of a solid matrix at the combustion front helps recover a fraction of the heat liberated by the reaction. This additional heat is directly transferred into the unburned mixture, which results in the ability to achieve combustion at lower fuel-lean equivalence ratios leading to reduced emissions. Porous media also enhance mixing, as well as evaporation in the case of liquid fuel combustion. The enhanced fuel-air mixing conditions achieved by a porous media burner are favorable and desired for blended fuels. Biofuels, such as soy methyl ester and butanol, are attractive alternates to petroleum fuels. They are renewable and have properties similar to those of petroleum fuels; however, their energy content is lower to that of petroleum fuels. Thus, blends of these alternative fuels with the conventional petroleum fuels may be used in existing combustion configurations without many modifications and without a loss in performance. The objective of this study is to document the combustion characteristics of Jet-A/soy methyl ester/butanol blends in a porous media burner and compare these with those obtained with Jet-A. The set-up consisted of two stainless steel chambers. The upstream chamber housed the porous media; the flames were stabilized in a chamber downstream of the porous media. Two silicon carbide coated carbon-carbon matrix porous media of square cross section were used. The upstream porous medium with a pore size of 31 pores per centimeter was used to increase the evaporation rate of liquid fuel and the downstream porous medium with a pore size of 8 pores per centimeter was used for the combustion of that mixture. Liquid fuel was sprayed using an air-blast atomizer towards the porous media with a heated co-flow environment of air, and the spray subsequently entered the porous media. The liquid, co-flow air and atomization air flow rates were monitored using rotameters. Preliminary results of flame appearance and global emissions are presented.

*Student member, AIAA **Associate Fellow, AIAA and Member, ASME ***Fellow, AIAA and Fellow, ASME, Lesch Centennial Chair




29

INVESTIGATION OF SOOT PARTICULATES FROM CO-FLOW DIFFUSION VAPORIZED BIODIESEL AND DIESEL AIR-FLAMES

Alireza Abdihamzehkolaei, Wilson Merchán-Merchán School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering

University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma, 73019


[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Biodiesel has been recognized as a feasible alternative to diesel fuel due to its particular qualities including reduced particulate emission (carbon particulates) and the fact that it is a renewable energy source. While much research has been conducted on soot formation (pyrolysis, nucleation, coalescence, surface growth, agglomeration, and oxidation) in flames formed using conventional fuels, e.g. diesel, there is relatively little research on the soot formation from alternative fuels. Toward this end, in this experimental study the morphology of carbon particulates formed in co-flow diffusion flames of vaporized canola methyl ester (CME), cotton methyl ester and diesel air flames is reported. Particle diameter, the growth mechanism, degree of agglomeration and particle nanostructure is studied in the vaporized fuel flames. Soot samples are collected directly from the inside of the flame volume using the thermophoretic sampling technique. Soot samples were extracted from the centerline of the flame and analyzed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The TEM images were used to interpret the different mechanisms of inception, growth and oxidation of the soot samples collected from different fuels.

*The support of this work by the National Science Foundation through the Research Grant; CBET-1067395 is gratefully acknowledged.



30

PERFORMANCE OF PALM METYL ESTER FUELS IN A COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE

T. Willis, A. Hicks*, A. Balakrishnan*, R.N. Parthasarathy** S. R. Gollahalli*** School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering



ABSTRACT

Fossil fuels contribute to greenhouse gas emissions which are detrimental to the environment. Research is underway to develop alternate fuels that are environmentally friendly. Palm methyl ester (PME) is a biodiesel that is produced by transesterification of palm oil and is used in parts of Asia. It is produced from a renewable source and is close to carbon-neutral. Its properties are similar to those of diesel and it can be mixed with diesel and used in existing engines with no modifications. In this study, the performance of neat PME (B100), diesel and a blend of diesel and PME (50% by volume) designated as PD50 was studied in a four-stroke single cylinder direct injection compression ignition engine. The air-cooled naturally aspirated Hatz engine had a displacement volume of 280 cm3, bore diameter of 73 mm and a stroke length of 67 mm. A Megatech electric dynamometer was coupled to the engine. The dynamometer provided a means to start the engine by operating it in the motoring mode. After the engine was warmed up and reached steady conditions, the dynamometer provided the loading on the engine in the generator mode. The engine was rated at 5 hp at 3600 rpm.

The mass of the fuel tank was measured over a period of time to determine the fuel mass flow rate. The temperature of the exhaust gases was monitored with a K-type thermocouple inside the exhaust pipe. The air flow rate was determined using an accumulator-venturi nozzle combination connected to the air intake of the engine. The CO, CO2, NOx and HC concentrations in the exhaust gases were measured using a gas exhaust analyzer. The rpm was determined with a stroboscope. The brake specific fuel consumption of neat PME was 10-15% higher than that of diesel due to the lower energy content of PME. The thermal efficiency and the exhaust gas temperatures were comparable for all three fuels. The CO emission index was significantly reduced (one-third to one-half the value for diesel) with pure palm diesel (B100). The NOx emission index of B100 was 30% higher than that of diesel at low engine loads and about 12% lower than that of diesel at high engine loads.

*Student member, ASME **Associate Fellow, AIAA and Member, ASME ***Fellow, AIAA and Fellow, ASME, Lesch Centennial Chair


31

EFFECTS OF PROPANE INJECTION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL AND PALM METHYL ESTER IN A COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE

A. Hicks*, T. Willis, A. Balakrishnan*, R.N. Parthasarathy** and S. R. Gollahalli***


Norman, Oklahoma 73019 (817) 681-7507

Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

NOx and soot emissions are issues in a compression ignition engine due to the heterogeneous nature of the fuel-air mixture in conventional diesel combustion. In recent years, the use of alternate fuels and use of technologies such as low temperature combustion and reactivity controlled compression ignition with natural gas are strategies that have been developed to minimize emissions from these engines. In a companion study, the performance of palm methyl ester (PME) and its blend with diesel in a four-stroke cycle single cylinder direct injection compression ignition engine is reported. In this study, with a combination of these strategies, propane injection before the suction stroke is employed. The air-cooled naturally aspirated Hatz engine had a displacement volume of 280 cm3, bore diameter of 73 mm and a stroke length of 67 mm. A Megatech electric dynamometer was coupled to the engine. The dynamometer provided a means to start the engine by operating it in the motoring mode. After the engine was warmed up and reached steady conditions, the dynamometer provided the loading on the engine in the generator mode. The engine was rated at 5 hp at 3600 rpm. Propane was injected through the air intake from a cylinder, thus providing a mixture of air and propane into the engine. The propane flow rate was monitored using a rotameter. Six propane flow rates, ranging from 0.15 lb/hr to 0.75 lb/hr were studied; the propane mass fraction of the total fuel varied between 0.15 and 0.40.

The mass of the fuel tank was measured over a period of time to determine the fuel mass flow rate. The temperature of the exhaust gases was monitored with a K-type thermocouple inside the exhaust pipe. The air flow rate was determined using an accumulator-venturi nozzle combination connected to the air intake of the engine. The CO, CO2, NOx and HC concentrations in the exhaust gases were measured using a gas exhaust analyzer. The rpm was determined with a stroboscope. The NOx specific index was reduced (by up to half) with the addition of propane; however, the CO emission index was increased by up to 50%. At the lowest propane flow rate, a significant reduction in NOx emission index could be obtained with only a marginal increase in CO emission index.

*Student member, ASME **Associate Fellow, AIAA and Member, ASME ***Fellow, AIAA and Fellow, ASME, Lesch Centennial Chair






32

BIODIESEL FLAMES AS A UNIQUE METHOD TO FORM HYDROPHOBIC SURFACES ON METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC SUBSTRATES

E. Murphy, J. Hua1, S. Zhang2, J. Yue3, and W. Merchán-Merchán Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering



ABSTRACT

A study on the synthesis of hydrophobic films on the surfaces of metallic and nonmetallic substrates using a flame medium formed with canola methyl ester (CME) as a fuel is presented in this work. The surfaces of substrates made of stainless steel (SS), paper and aluminum are coated with combustion by-products to form hydrophobic coats. Stainless steel (SS) disks of up to 19 mm diameter are introduced in a non-premixed co-flow flame formed using the specified biodiesel fuel. Carbon layers of various thicknesses are formed on the surface of the SS disks depending on the flame position and residence time. The region of the smoky biodiesel flame was used to coat the nonmetallic substrates. The contact angle (CA) of water droplets deposited on the carbon film is measured in order to characterize the hydrophobicity of the formed layers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to study the surface morphology of the flame-formed layers. The structure of the carbon particulates forming the coats (particle diameter, degree of agglomeration, internal structure) is studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Analysis from SEM, TEM and CAs is employed to find an ideal flame location and residence time for maximum hydrophobicity of the formed layers.

1Currently at Boston University 2Currently at New York University 3Currently at Duke University *The support of this work by the National Science Foundation through the Research Grant; CBET-1067395 (CBET -1440030) is gratefully acknowledged


33

SESSION 5-A

Aerospace Devon Energy Hall 420

Session Chair: Alfred Striz, Ph.D.


Page

1. The Bergey Aerospace & OU High Altitude Research Plane (HARP) 34 By J. Bassue, K.H. Chang, The University of Oklahoma

2. Design and Analysis of a SpaceX Hyperloop Pod 35 By K. Barnett, A. Troche, L. Waite, Oral Roberts University

3. Wastage of Space Launch Capacity 36 By T. Boone, D.P. Miller, The University of Oklahoma

4. Analysis of the Momentum Method and Blade Element Theory as Applied to Rotorcraft 37 By A. Kocarnik, T. Hays, The University of Oklahoma

5. Development of Operating Envelope Limits for Equipment Tested in a Wind Tunnel 38 By O. Sarfraz, C.K. Bach, Oklahoma State University


34

THE BERGEY AEROSPACE & OU HIGH ALTITUDE RESEARCH PLANE (HARP)

Jawanza Bassue**, K.H. Chang School of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering



ABSTRACT

A cooperative project between Bergey Aerospace Co., Inc. and The University of Oklahoma School of Aerospace Engineering has been established to design, fabricate and fly a High Altitude Research Plane (HARP). Although the aircraft is expected to perform a variety of research roles, the initial purpose is to replace two existing altitude records for propeller-driven aircraft. One is the United States record of 43,699ft, the other the international altitude record of 56,046 ft. The former was set in 1967 with a turbocharged Cessna 210, the latter in 1938 with a Caproni biplane powered by a supercharged Piaggio radial engine. Numerous attempts have been made to retire the international record with modified versions of existing aircraft. None has been successful.

The HARP aircraft is being designed to reach an altitude of 60,000 ft, well above the two existing records as required by both the National Aeronautic Association (US) and the Federation Aeronautique Internationale (Worldwide). It is powered by a Continental GTSIO-520-H engine equipped with an eight foot multi-blade propeller. The high-altitude engine output is boosted by a two-stage intercooled turbocharger system.

The HARP project has been a part of the OU Senior Aerospace Engineering classes for the past three terms, during which the feasibility was established and the preliminary design completed. Detail design is now in progress, and OU fabrication space has been obtained on Max Westheimer Field, the Norman Municipal Airport. A Continental engine has been procured, along with initial components for airframe mock-up and fabrication.



35

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A SPACEX HYPERLOOP POD

K. Barnett**, A. Troche**, and L. Waite** College of Science and Engineering

Oral Roberts University Tulsa, Oklahoma 74171


ABSTRACT

Existing standard modes of transportation of individuals consists of four distinctive types: rail, road, water, and air. These modes of transportation tend to be either comparatively slow (e.g., road and water), pricey (e.g., air), or a mixture of comparatively slow and pricey (i.e., rail). Hyperloop could be a new mode of transport that seeks to solve this problem by being each quick and cheap for individuals and merchandise. The Hyperloop consists of a low pressure tube with capsules or pods that are transported at both low and high speeds throughout the length of the tube.

The Hyperloop pod competition is a competition sponsored by SpaceX that is being held in 2015–2016 where a number of student and non-student teams are participating to design, and possibly build, a subscale prototype transport vehicle to demonstrate technical feasibility of various concepts of the Hyperloop concept. A number of strict competition deadlines had to be met by all competing teams throughout the later months of 2015 and early 2016. All teams were required to submit an initial design package and final design package to SpaceX engineers during this time. In January 2016, the first major competition event took place at Texas A&M University in which engineers discussed design choices with remaining teams. As a result of this part of the competition, only 30 teams were chosen to continue to the final round – the build and test phase to be held in Hawthorne, California.

Team Codex is a Hyperloop pod design competition team from Oral Roberts University in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The original team of only eight undergraduate students was one of the original 24 teams chosen to move on to the final round of the competition at Design Weekend in January. The team, which is the smallest team in the competition, is the only team to have advanced from the state of Oklahoma.

The team utilizes design concepts such as an extremely aerodynamic pod shell modeled after an airfoil, passive magnetic levitation via four large Halbach arrays, a dual wheel quarter pod suspension assembly with adjustable height control, an integrated supporting pod structure, custom ducting and cooling system, and both magnetic and mechanical braking systems for high speed applications.



36

WASTAGE OF SPACE LAUNCH CAPACITY

T. Boone, D.P. Miller School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering



ABSTRACT

The majority of space launches do not utilize the full payload mass capacity of their launch vehicle. This wastage of launch vehicle capacity represents a significant financial loss. A study of space launches between January 1, 2000 and September 29, 2013 shows that the total wastage for unmanned flights with complete data was approximately 654 tons, or 20.38% of total payload capacity, a financial loss of no less than $8.72 billion (2014$). This is greater than the total mass of the International Space Station at 416 tons.

The primary method employed to reduce wastage is launching multiple payloads on a single launch vehicle. Over time, wastage has decreased as the number of payloads per launch has increased. Wastage for low Earth orbit launches decreased from 19.2% to 11.3% over the studied period as the number of payloads per launch increased from 1.45 to 1.84.

In order to determine how much reduction of wastage is possible with this strategy, it is necessary to determine what arrangement of payloads on launch vehicles would reduce wastage to a minimum. Depending on the number of launch vehicle types available, this is either a classical bin-packing problem or a variable bin-packing problem with fixed costs. Variations of the best-fit descending (BFD) algorithm can solve both of these problems. For the payloads launched during the studied interval, the minimum wastage varies depending on the size of the launch vehicle. It decreases with increasing launch vehicle payload to a minimum of 1.55% for a hypothetical launcher with a 20-ton geosynchronous transfer orbit capacity. By comparison, the real wastage to geosynchronous orbit was 21.8%.


37

ANALYSIS OF THE MOMENTUM METHOD AND BLADE ELEMENT THEORY AS APPLIED TO ROTORCRAFT

Andrew Kocarnik* and Dr. Thomas Hays* Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Department


[email protected] [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The design of helicopters has inherent complexities due to the rotational nature of their wings. Employing appropriate analysis methods with accompanying (and proper) assumptions can serve to provide clear information regarding performance characteristics. The following paper offers an overview of basic helicopter engineering principles using two analysis techniques: momentum theory which takes into account overall energy transactions, and the blade element method which is concerned with forces at incremental sections along the rotor airfoils. Hover flight, vertical climbs and descents, and forward flight are discussed along with autorotations. Through the use of a computer program, the lift distribution and required power are presented as aids to understanding helicopter aerodynamics and performance parameters. Furthermore, the computational results are utilized in discussing the advantages and disadvantages of the two aforementioned technical approaches. *Member, AIAA



38

DEVELOPMENT OF OPERATING ENVELOPE LIMITS FOR EQUIPMENT TESTED IN A WIND TUNNEL

Omer SARFRAZ*, Christian K. BACH Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering


(405) 762-2940 *Corresponding Author (email: [email protected])

ABSTRACT

A wind tunnel provides conditioned air at a specific temperature, humidity, and flow rate to allow for testing of heat exchangers over a wide range of operating conditions. Wind tunnels can also be used to test heat exchangers under fouled conditions using a dust injection system. In this paper, a procedure to develop the operating envelope for the tested equipment in a wind tunnel is presented. The temperature and humidity of the air that requires conditioning is controlled and maintained by a conditioning bay. The conditioning bay consists of either a cooling coil or an evaporator, heating elements, and a steam injection system. Therefore, the capacity of the components to be tested inside the wind tunnel is limited by the combined capacity of the cooling coil, heaters, and the steam injection system. For cooling coils or evaporators, an analysis is performed for different sensible heat ratios (SHR), inlet temperatures, and humidity. A similar analysis is performed for sensible heating coils or condensers where the SHR is 1. For a cooling coil or evaporator of a capacity of more than 3 tons, the condition of air inside the wind tunnel can be controlled by heating elements and steam injection system. Low capacity cooling and sensible heating equipment may require operation of the cooling coil, heating elements, and a steam injection depending on the required temperature and humidity in the wind tunnel. The psychrometric and thermodynamic analysis for determining the operating envelope is performed for both heating and cooling equipment. Heat transfer between the wind tunnel and its surroundings is calculated using a simplified heat transfer model adopted from literature.


39

SESSION 6-A

Energy and Environment Rawl Engineering Practice Facility Room 200

Session Chair: Li Song, Ph.D.


Page

1. Investigation of Methodologies for Minimizing Buildings’ Electricity Demand and Cost 40 By O. Ogunsola, L. Song, The University of Oklahoma

2. Effects of Fuel Unsaturation and Equivalence Ratio on Nitric Oxide Emission 41 From Petro-Biodiesel Flames By A. Balakrishnan, R.N. Parthasarathy, S.R. Gollahalli, The University of Oklahoma

3. Survey of Particle Production Rates from Process Activities in Pharmaceutical 42 and Biological Cleanrooms

By O. Ogunsola, J. Wang, L. Song, The University of Oklahoma

4. On Developing Policies for Sustainable Electrification of Off-Grid Villages in India 43 By B. Yadav, P. Sivasubramanian, F. Mistree, J. Allen, The University of Oklahoma

5. Cashew Oven for Carrilho, Brazil 44 By D. Brandt, M. Case, T. Dzingai, M. Fulton, Oral Roberts University


40

INVESTIGATION OF METHODOLOGIES FOR MINIMIZING BUILDINGS ELECTRICITY DEMAND AND COST

O. Ogunsola**, and L. Song, P. E.


Norman, Oklahoma 73019 [email protected]; [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Increasing electricity use in buildings has necessitated the development of efficient methodologies for control and optimization of buildings energy system. As a means of controlling electricity demand when the grid is near capacity, electricity suppliers have introduced time-of-day pricing such that peak electricity is very expensive to consumers. The inefficient operation of Heating, Ventilating and Air-conditioning (HVAC) systems lead to unreasonable electricity consumption during peak periods, which is accompanied by high cost of electricity use. Due to dynamic and thermal coupling between HVAC systems components, optimal control is difficult to achieve. New knowledge and methodologies are required to understand and determine the optimal configuration and operation of building systems components which will lead to minimal cost of electricity.

This study contributes to control and optimization of buildings operation through the development of a cyber-physical system which serves to integrate physical sensor measurement with thermal and mathematical model. The models required limited data for accurate prediction of the performance of air handling unit components such as fans and cooling coils. Model predictive approach was applied to the operation of air handling unit in a multi-zone building and used to identify suitable optimization strategies for multiple thermal zones in a case study building.

Results showed that the simultaneous application of a generic minimization strategy to all the thermal zones in a building may not be optimal, due to unavoidable equipment and inter-zone thermal interactions. The implementation of model predictive controller for the integrated cooling coil, fan, and building load model revealed multiple strategies such as optimal precooling, optimal cooling, temperature floats, set-points adjustment, and temperature recovery/optimal start for the different thermal zones. Overall, this study has helped to answer some important questions about optimal decision making for the air-side operation of air conditioning systems, with tremendous potential for minimizing buildings electricity cost.

* This work has been supported by American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Grant-in-Aid.

** Member, ASME



41

EFFECTS OF FUEL UNSATURATION AND EQUIVALENCE RATIO ON NITRIC OXIDE EMISSION FROM PETRO-BIODIESEL FLAMES

A. Balakrishnan*, R.N. Parthasarathy** and S. R. Gollahalli*** School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering


(405) 325-7016 Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Iodine number is used as a measure of the fuel unsaturation of vegetable oils and fatty acid methyl esters. However, its relevance as a measure of total unsaturation of petroleum fuels like diesel, Jet A and their blends with biodiesels is debatable due to the significant differences in the reactivity of iodine with petroleum fuels. Bromine number, used as a measure of aliphatic unsaturation in petrofuel samples, does not account for the aromatic unsaturation from petroleum fuels. Hence, a common parameter that is relevant for both biodiesels and petroleum fuels needs to be identified to quantify the fuel unsaturation. A parameter, termed “Degree of Unsaturation (DOU),” which accounts for the total unsaturation of the fuel from all sources such as double and triple bonds, aromatics and other ring structures irrespective of the families of the fuels (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, ether or ester) has been used in organic chemistry literature. In this work, DOU is identified as a potential indicator of NOx emissions, particularly from blends of biodiesels with petroleum diesel. DOU can be evaluated based on the average molecular formula of the fuel alone without involving complex and expensive experimental procedures such as those involved in measurement of iodine number.

DOU is observed to strongly correlate with fuel parameters such as cetane and iodine numbers. With an increase in DOU that represents the number of double bonds present in the fatty acid methyl esters, the iodine number increases. The cetane number decreases with the increase of DOU among the neat biodiesels. Furthermore, strong correlations were observed between DOU and the NO emission index on a mass basis (EINO) in prevaporized laminar flames of neat fuels such as soy methyl ester (SME), canola methyl ester (CME), rapeseed methyl ester (RME), palm methyl ester (PME), diesel, and JetA at various equivalence ratios (Φ). EINO is found to increase with DOU for both neat petroleum and biodiesel fuels, but at different rates depending on the equivalence ratio. DOU provides a common platform to compare and quantify the effects of total fuel unsaturation across different fuel families and can be employed as an indicator of NOx emissions.

This work is supported by US DoE and John Zink LLC. *Student member, AIAA and ASME **Associate Fellow, AIAA and Member, ASME ***Fellow, AIAA and Fellow, ASME, Lesch Centennial Chair




42

SURVEY OF PARTICLE PRODUCTION RATES FROM PROCESS ACTIVITIES IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CLEANROOMS

O. Ogunsola**, J. Wang., and L. Song, P.E.


Norman, Oklahoma 73019 [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

ABSTRACT

A cleanroom is a room which is used and constructed in a manner such that the introduction, generation, and retention of airborne particles inside the room are minimized and controlled within certain limits. The level of cleanliness required in cleanrooms makes them energy intensive due to requirements of high airflow rates and system static pressures. According to literature study, cleanroom airflow rates can be 4-100 times greater than conventional Heating Ventilating, and Air-conditioning (HVAC) system operation. The required cleanliness class for a cleanroom is influenced by the nature of processes carried out in the cleanroom and also by the relevant industry and/or ISO standards. Most of these standards were established decades ago without any scientific study or experimental investigations about actual cleanroom operation. Therefore, there are no consensus optimum air change rates for cleanrooms, and the specifications in the standards vary widely from real-world operation.

The aim of this research project was to understand particle sizes, particle generation range and rates for representative processes in pharmaceutical and biotechnological cleanrooms. This was achieved via field measurements and data collection in several pharmaceutical and biotechnology cleanrooms. Field measurements were performed using certified and calibrated particle counters and airflow meters. The airflow data, particle data, and cleanroom air conditions were recorded for both ‘in operation’ and ‘at rest’ in order to deduce the particle generation rate.

Summary tables were generated from series of tables that present reasonably expected ranges of particle generation for several ranges of particle size under ‘typical’ pharmaceutical and biotechnological cleanroom operations. The summary table is expected to serve as a compendium of the data collected in this study and could be used to predict general particle generation rates or ranges for the surveyed processes. The result from this study is fundamental to develop design guidelines that can assist engineers, owners and contractors to arrive at an appropriately sized and efficient cleanroom system.

* This work is part of American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Research Project 1399

** Member, ASME




43

ON DEVELOPING POLICIES FOR SUSTAINABLE ELECTRIFICATION OF OFF-GRID VILLAGES IN INDIA

Bhishek Yadav ([email protected]), Ponsenthil Sivasubramanian ([email protected]),

Farrokh Mistree* ([email protected]), Janet Allen** ([email protected])


ABSTRACT

India is one of the fastest developing economies in the world and is one of the countries that has the potential to become a super power if appropriate policies for development are conceived and implemented. The Modi government has identified the development and distribution of energy as one of its strategic initiatives. Further, the government (in collaboration with the French and Japanese) has launched a massive program on the generation of renewable energy. To promote development, the Modi Government through the Deendayal Upadhayaya Gram Jyoti Yojna” plans to electrify 13,000 villages by 2018. With the current issues and situations present in these villages we believe that there is a need for public-private partnerships that includes social entrepreneurs to take up the task of electrifying these villages with use of renewable energy sources. For sustained growth of the nation, development policies must be anchored in the sustainability construct. We have adopted the People-Planet-Profit construct of sustainable development. We have adopted the dilemma triangle to identify the core issues and dilemmas that must be addressed by a policy aimed at the electrification of off-grid villages in India. We have chosen, as an example, a village called Chottkei, which is an off-grid village in a wildlife sanctuary in Odisha, India. A policy for this village must account for People (improvement in the quality of life), Planet (preservation in the wildlife reserve) and Profit (initial investment followed by economic development). In this talk we present the salient features of a proposed method to define a policy for the electrification of one off-grid village in India taking into account the needs of People, Planet and Profit.

* ASME Fellow, AIAA Associate Fellow ** ASME Fellow





44

CASHEW OVEN FOR CARRILHO, BRAZIL

David Brandt,* Meagan Case,* Tafadzwa Dzingai,* Matthew Fulton* Oral Roberts University

Tulsa, OK 74171 (918) 495-6932 [email protected]

ABSTRACT In order to improve the quality of life of individuals who process cashews as a main source of income in Carrilho, Brazil, a design for a cashew oven was developed by a team of four students from Oral Roberts University. Carrilho has a population of approximately 1000 people, with 80% of that population working full-time to cook and prepare cashews for sale. The current process involves a large volume of smoke being released into the working environment causing respiratory and vision problems among other health concerns. Ground level pollution is also a concern due to the negative byproducts of burning Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL). CNSL is a type of Urushiol, which is the toxic chemical found in the Poison Ivy and Poison Oak plants. This liquid also causes a rash when exposed to skin. If this CNSL is harvested, rather than burned in the process, it can be sold for use in multiple consumer products and commercial and industrial processes. Additionally, many of the villagers have back pain due to bending over an in-ground fire pit. The definition of completeness for this project is to provide an ergonomic, affordable cashew oven for the people of Carrilho, which, in addition to consistently roasting 2 kg batches of cashews, decreases the smoke output into the environment and provides a means for harvesting CNSL for sale as a byproduct. The initial plan was to derive variable-based heat transfer equations for alternative oven designs and simulate designs with CAD software. The oven is simple enough for a typical worker to see that the benefits provided by the oven outweigh the cost of purchasing the oven and learning a new method for cooking cashews. The prototype includes cost-effective and available materials such as a steel drum as the body, coffee cans as a smoke stack, and simple manufacturing methods throughout. The cashews are heated through convection, away from the open flame, so that the CNSL will seep out of the shell into the runoff collection channel without combusting. A physical test, revealed all portions of the definition of completeness were fulfilled. These include a collection of CNSL equal to 10 percent of the entire weight of the batch of cashews. The implications of the results are that income can potentially be increased by approximately one dollar per day, a significant amount considering the current income of twelve dollars per day; the quality of the roasted cashews is improved; respiratory concerns are reduced with a reduction of smoke output; and finally, the process is more comfortable to use because the oven is raised above the ground on a stand. Acknowledgements: Advisor, Dr. Robert Leland; special thanks to Bruno Teles and Dr. Kevin Schneider of Oral Roberts University *Indicates membership in ASME


45

SESSION 1-B

Nanomaterials and Advanced Composites II Devon Energy Hall 120

Session Chair: Yingtao Liu, Ph.D.


Page

1. Investigating Effect of Silane on Viscoelastic Properties of Epoxy Resin after 46 Hygrothermal Degradation By L.K. Babu, K. Mishra, S.U. Hamim, R.P. Singh, Oklahoma State University

2. Hydrothermal Synthesis of PZT Nanocrystals for Energy Applications 47 By W. Luo, M. Demirtas, I. Byrne, Y. Liu, M.C. Saha, The University of Oklahoma

3. Coupon-based Evaluation of Quasi-Static and Fatigue Behavior of Composite 48 Repair Systems for Pressure Equipment By I. Al Naser, M.W. Keller, The University of Tulsa

4. Fabrication and Characterization of Carbon Nanofiber Reinforced 49 Polydimethylsiloxane Thin Films By M. Olima, S. Chowdhury Y. Liu, M.C. Saha, The University of Oklahoma

5. Effect of Autoclave Cure Pressure on Mechanical Properties and Void 50 Characteristics of Composite Laminates By M. Pishvar, M. Amirkhosravi, M.C. Altan, The University of Oklahoma

6. Parameters by Using Approximate Analytical Solutions 51 By G.E. Guloglu, M.C. Altan, The University of Oklahoma

7. Effect of Carbon Nanotubes on the Moisture Absorption Behavior of Epoxy Laminates 52 By D. Crane, M.C. Altan, The University of Oklahoma


46

INVESTIGATING EFFECT OF SILANE ON VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF EPOXY RESIN AFTER HYGROTHERMAL DEGRADATION

Libin K. Babu, Kunal Mishra, Salah U. Hamim, and Raman P. Singh** Mechanics of Advanced Materials Laboratory

School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078


ABSTRACT

Coupling agents such as silane promotes the adhesion and durability between fiber and matrix in composites. It is achieved by surface treatment of fiber with these coupling agents and studies showed that some amount of silane are left unreacted after the surface treatment. This study investigates the influence of silane on the elastic and viscoelastic properties of epoxy resin. The silane used for this work is (3 –Glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane because it is widely used as a coupling agent. 0.5, 1 and 2-weight percentage of silane were added to the neat resin. Cured samples were subjected to water degradation both at room temperature and 50 °C. Weight of samples was recorded periodically to observe weight gain due to water absorption. Elastic and viscoelastic properties of the sample were evaluated using nanoindentation technique.

Results indicate that the addition of silane degraded the mechanical properties of the epoxy resin such as elastic modulus, hardness and creep resistance. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) on the samples indicated that glass transition temperature (Tg) reduces with silane loading. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of the non-degraded and hygrothermally degraded samples showed no substantial chemical change which indicate silane is well consumed in the epoxy resin and also the peak due to presence of silane is masked by epoxide peak.


47

HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF PZT NANOCRYSTALS FOR ENERGY APPLICATIONS

Wenyuan Luo, Mehmet Demirtas, Ian Byrne, Yingtao Liu, Mrinal C. Saha School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering



ABSTRACT

Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) is one of the widely used piezoelectric materials for many engineering and biomedical applications including such as actuators, sensors, and detectors. There is a growing interest in the study of nanoscale PZT due to miniaturization of devices. Recent simulation studies showed unusual phase transition behavior of nanoscale PZT depending on the size of the nanocrystal. To better understand these size effects, it is essential to control synthesis of PZT nanocrystals of different morphologies such as nanocubes, nanorods, and nanowires. However, achievement of different shape morphologies by a simple method remains a challenge due to complex and rigid crystalline structures of the PZT. Hydrothermal methods have unique advantages over other methods such as sputtering and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) as these methods utilize relatively low temperature, usually below 200oC. In addition, these methods allow growing PZT on various substrates without any damage.

In this paper PZT nanostructures will be synthesized using hydrothermal method. A homemade steel autoclave with thick-walled Teflon pressure vessel is used for the hydrothermal reaction. A thermocouple is inserted to monitor the temperature inside the pressure vessel during the reaction. Appropriate amount of precursor solutions along with mineralizers and surfactants are placed inside the Teflon vessel and then the autoclave is heated at different temperatures, heating rates, and cooling rates. KOH is used as mineralizer while PAA and PVA are used as surfactant. Conventional oven is used as heat source. After the reactions, the autoclave vessel is cooled to room temperature and the powder product is washed repeatedly with deionized water and alcohol. The powders are then dried at 60oC in an oven and the dry PZT powders are characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The SEM image is analyzed using ImageJ software for particle size distribution. The details of the experiments, characterization, and particles size distribution will be presented.


48

COUPON-BASED EVALUATION OF QUASI-STATIC AND FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF COMPOSITE REPAIR SYSTEMS FOR PRESSURE

EQUIPMENT

I. Al Naser and M.W. Keller Mechanical Engineering The University of Tulsa

Tulsa, OK 74104 (918) 631-3198

[email protected]

ABSTRACT Pressure vessels and equipment have been in continuous use worldwide since as early as 1890 to transport and store all types of liquid, such as gasoline, water, and others. Because of the ubiquity and age of many of these systems, there has been increasing interest in new approaches to repair and maintain degraded pressure equipment. The most common defect that these systems may face are corrosion or erosion. The corrosion or erosion may start externally or internally in the wall of the vessels, which can degrade the integrity of the pressure system leading to a failure. One approach to the rehabilitation of degraded systems is to use a bonded composite repair. The composite will can halt any external corrosion and has also been shown to repair thorough-wall damage if an internal defect grows to reach the outer wall of the vessel. In this research, we study the behavior of the bonded composite repair technique that has a thru-wall defect. Since the primary failure mode will be an interfacial fracture, quasi-static fracture testing is performed and compared to full-scale tests. A width-tapered double-cantilevered beam specimen is adopted and calibrated for this study. Additionally, we investigate the cyclic fatigue performance of these repairs using a coupon-based approach.


49

FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CARBON NANOFIBER REINFORNCED POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE THIN FILMS

M. Olima, S. Chowdhury, Y. Liu, and M. Saha, Gallogly College of Engineering

School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Norman, Oklahoma 73019


ABSTRACT

This paper focuses on the fabrication and mechanical property characterization of carbon nanofiber (CNF) reinforced polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) thin films for sensing purposes. PDMS polymer is used because of its high elongation, balance mechanical properties, chemical stability, low coefficient of friction, improved wear and abrasion resistance and ease of processing. Sylgard 184 from Dow Corning was used as the base PDMS polymer and CNF (PR-19-XT-LHT) was received from Pyrograf Products Inc. This type of CNF is very fine, highly graphitic, has been heat-treated to temperatures of 1500⁰C thereby producing nanofibers with the highest electrical conductivity. Reinforcing PDMS with high CNF content increases its viscosity to a high level making fabrication of thin film cumbersome. We have developed a process to disperse high volume content CNF (10% by weight and higher) and fabricated large films of about 1.3 mm in thickness, 75 mm wide and 150 mm long. Dog bone samples were extracted from the film according to the ASTM D12-C standard. Uniaxial mechanical tension tests were performed on pure PDMS samples and CNF-PDMS samples. We also performed FEM analysis of the dog-bone sample to predict the stress and strain distribution along the sample. A geometric correction factor of 0.485 was estimated based on FEM and experimental data and was applied to the measured total strain to find the true strain of the gage section. Details of the processing, experiment and data analysis will be presented.

*This work has been supported by Honeywell Federal Manufacturing & Technologies, LLC - Kansas City Plant.


50

EFFECT OF AUTOCLAVE CURE PRESSURE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND VOID CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOSITE LAMINATES

M. Pishvar, M. Amirkhosravi, and M. C. Altan* School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering



ABSTRACT

Autoclave curing is a commonly used fabrication process for high-performance structural composite laminates used in aerospace industry. During the manufacturing, a variety of process parameters such as the temperature and the pressure in the autoclave influence the formation of voids throughout the laminate. In particular, the magnitude of autoclave pressure determines the final fiber volume fraction, overall void content, and mechanical properties, including flexural strength and modulus.

In this study, a number of composite laminates made of IM7/EX-1522, a carbon fiber reinforced epoxy prepreg, are produced by autoclave curing. The influence of different pressures on flexural properties of composite laminate is examined. In addition, void volume fraction as well as shape and size distributions of voids are presented. The experimental results have shown that increasing consolidation pressure during cure alone may not increase all the mechanical properties. Flexural modulus is found to be higher at higher consolidation pressure which is attributed to the higher fiber volume fraction. Unlike the flexural modulus, the flexural strength is significantly affected by the location, size, and shape of the voids. If the magnitude of cure pressure is not chosen properly, elongated voids may form at the fiber-matrix and could lead to considerable reduction of interfacial strength of the composites.

*Fellow, ASME


51

PARAMETERS BY USING APPROXIMATE ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS

G. E. Guloglu and M. C. Altan School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering

University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 (405) 568-0883

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Property degradation in thermosetting composites due to environmental effects have been studied for several decades. In humid and wet environments, degree of property degradation is primarily associated with the amount of absorbed water. Prediction and modeling of liquid penetration in thermosetting composites have been most commonly achieved by one-dimensional Fickian model [1,2]. However, polymeric composites frequently exhibit multi-dimensional and anomalous absorption behavior [3,4]. In order to describe the long-term, non-Fickian behavior, one-dimensional hindered diffusion model (i.e., Langmuir-type diffusion model [4]) was developed which accounts for the hindrance of liquid diffusion due to the chemical interactions between the penetrant and the polymer substrate.

In this study, exact and approximate solutions of three-dimensional hindered diffusion model, which have been proven to accurately describe the absorption kinetics of various polymers and composites [5-8], are introduced. Moisture absorption behavior of quartz/bismaleimide and graphite/epoxy composites are studied to validate the accuracy of the exact analytical solution of three-dimensional hindered diffusion model. Approximate analytical solutions are compared with the exact solutions to study their efficiency and accuracy. The least square error between the analytical solution and experimental data is minimized by the modified steepest descent optimization method to recover diffusion parameters for the composite laminates. A new and efficient numerical method to accelerate the recovery of diffusion parameters from the experimental data is presented for three-dimensional hindered diffusion model.

REFERENCES [1] Shen, C. H. and Springer, G. S. (1976). J. Compos. Matls., 10(1): 2-20. [2] Joliff, Y., Belec, L., Heman, M.B. and Chailan, J.F. (2012). Comp. Mater. Sci., 64: 141-145. [3] La Saponara, V. (2011). Compos. Struct., 93(9): 2180-2195. [4] Carter, H. G. and Kibler, K. G. (1978). J. Compos. Matls., 12(2): 118-131. [5] Grace, L. R. and Altan, M. C. (2014). Polymer Eng. & Sci., 54(1): 137-146. [6] Grace, L. R. and Altan, M. C. (2013). Polymer Composites, 34(7): 1144-1157. [7] Grace, L. R. and Altan, M. C. (2012). Composites A, 43(8): 1187-1196. [8] Guloglu, G. E. and Altan, M. C. (2014). Proceedings of 30th International Conference of the Polymer

Processing Society, Paper #S05-699, Cleveland, OH, USA.


52

EFFECT OF CARBON NANOTUBES ON THE MOISTURE ABSORPTION BEHAVIOR OF EPOXY LAMINATES

Davis Crane and M. Cengiz Altan* School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering


[email protected] [email protected]

ABSTRACT

A number of studies have been recently carried out to investigate the effect of carbon nanotubes on moisture absorption of polymers. Several of these articles report conflicting results on how multi-walled carbon nanotubes affect the moisture absorption dynamics of a composite laminate. For most cases, it is expected to have carbon nanotubes act as a hindrance to the moisture diffusion in the composite, thus delaying the absorption and reducing the bulk diffusion coefficient. However, it is also possible that the nanotubes change the absorption dynamics by leading to a slower but anomalous, non-Fickian absorption behavior. In this study, the effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes have on the moisture absorption properties of an epoxy laminate were presented. A variety of epoxy laminates with differing planar size, thickness, and nanotube content were fabricated for thermogravimetric studies. Test samples with three different planar sizes (0.75″x 0.75″, 1.00″x 0.75″, 1.25″x 1.25″), three different thicknesses (1.5mm, 1.7mm, 2.0mm), and seven different nanotube weight percent levels (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 3.0%) were used. Eight identical samples for each possible combination were prepared to reduce experimental uncertainty, resulting in 504 samples. These samples were initially dried using a vacuum oven, and then placed in a water bath at 25°C where they were weighed periodically. The moisture equilibrium levels consistently showed little change among the samples containing different amount of nanotubes. The samples with 2.0% wt. nanotube absorbed slightly more moisture, stabilizing above 2% wt. moisture level. With differing thicknesses, the rate of moisture intake also changed. The difference in the planar sizes seems to have little effect on the moisture absorption, thus indicating a primarily one-dimensional absorption process.

*Fellow, ASME



53

SESSION 2-B

Measurement and Characterization Devon Energy Hall 270

Session Chair: Chris Dalton, Ph.D.


Page

1. Measurements of Permeation Through Polymeric Membranes in High Pressure 54 and High Temperature Conditions By N. Nassr, Z. Siddique, J. Keegan, The University of Oklahoma

2. Effect of Relative Humidity on Mechanical Properties and Morphology of 55 Pan Based Carbon Nanofiber By M.S. Demirtas, B. Barua, M.C. Saha, The University of Oklahoma

3. Prepreg Moisture Content and Fabrication Pressure Effects on Fluid Absorption 56 Behavior of Quartz/BMI Laminates By K.R. Hurdelbrink II, G.E. Guloglu, Z. Siddique, M.C. Altan, The University of Oklahoma, J.P. Anderson, PPG Fiberglass Science & Technology

4. Characterization of the Velocity Distribution Within a Custom Designed Water Tunnel 57 By Y. Farsiani, B.R. Elbing, Oklahoma State University

5. In-Line Testing of Novel Filter Media for Oil-Water Mixtures 58 By A. Mule, E. Iski, R. Mohan, O. Shoham, The University of Tulsa, S. Odueyungbo, Chevron

6. Characterization of Rotary Seals in Dynamic Aggressive Conditions 59 By A. Masters, M. Ramachandran, Z. Siddique, The University of Oklahoma

7. Composite Repair Performance on Eroded and Drilled Flaws 60 By O. Ramirez, B. McLaury, M.W. Keller, The University of Tulsa


54

MEASUREMENTS OF PERMEATION THROUGH POLYMERIC MEMBRANES IN HIGH PRESSURE AND HIGH TEMPERATURE

CONDITIONS

N. Nassr, Dr. Z. Siddique**, and J. Keegan Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Department



ABSTRACT

Physical properties of polymers, like resistance to harsh chemical and environmental condition make them one of the popular materials used in a range of industries, especially where operational conditional can be extreme. Polymers are widely used in many Oil and Gas applications and equipment. One of the most important challenges in Oil and Gas industry is protecting electrical equipment used in well drilling, production and other harsh environmental conditions. Polymers have good properties for protecting electrical equipment against moisture, gas and other fluid permeation. Gas permeation could be measured using a gas transmission cell. Material manufacturers generally do not provide data on permeation of polymers at a range of high pressure and high temperature conditions.

In this paper we present an experimental set-up to characterize permeation of polymeric materials and how it varies under different pressure and temperature conditions. Measurement of gas permeation in this study has been performed by a high temperature and high pressure gas transmission cell. Helium has been used as permeating gas in our experiments. Constant volume procedure has been used to design this gas transmission cell. While designing the cell, special considerations were made to make the permeation cell appropriate for testing polymer samples in high pressure (up to 1500 psi) and high temperature (up to 120 ◦C) conditions. The cell consists of two vessels, high pressure side and low pressure side vessel. A modular plugin has been designed inside the vessels to make the design compatible for testing polymers with different thicknesses. Pressure change in the lower side of the set-up has been measured by sensitive pressure transducers for the calculation of gas flux and gas permeation coefficient of polymers.

This paper will summarize the results of permeability measurements for several polymer samples at different pressure and temperatures. These results showed that the effects of increasing temperature on gas permeation are prominent compared to effect of increasing pressure. Finally we will use these tests results to develop a predictive model for gas permeation in polymers at different pressure and temperature conditions.

** Member, ASME


55

EFFECT OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND MORPHOLOGY OF PAN BASED CARBON NANOFIBER

Mehmet S. Demirtas, Bipul Barua, Mrinal C. Saha School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering

University of Oklahoma 865 Asp Avenue, Norman, Oklahoma 73019

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) possess superior mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Composite reinforcements, supercapacitors, batteries, membrane filtrations, tissue engineering are a few potential applications of CNFs. Polymer fibers can be produced in nm range produced from precursor solution, and then CNFs are incorporated by consequent heat processes such as stabilization and carbonization from the precursor. The properties of CNFs depend on many parameters not only on the heat treatment conditions but also on the structural and mechanical properties of as-spun precursor nanofibers.

Effect of relative humidity (RH) on morphology, fiber diameter distribution and tensile properties of the as-spun, stabilized and carbonized nanofibers has been investigated. The nanofibers are produced from 10% polyacrylonitrile (PAN) in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution using a homemade electrospinning system. The morphologies of the as-spun nanofibers are varied by changing the relative humidity (RH) from 22% to 60% while keeping all other electrospinning parameters constant. The as-spun nanofibers are subsequently stabilized at 260°C in air for 180 min and carbonized at 1000°C in nitrogen for 60 min. The nanofibers are characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) while tensile properties are measured by dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA).


56

PREPREG MOISTURE CONTENT AND FABRICATION PRESSURE EFFECTS ON FLUID ABSORPTION BEHAVIOR OF QUARTZ/BMI LAMINATES

aKeith R. Hurdelbrink II, aGorkem, E. Guloglu, bJacob P. Anderson, aZahed Siddique*, and aM. Cengiz Altan

a) School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma 73019

b) PPG Fiberglass Science & Technology Shelby, North Carolina 28150


ABSTRACT

Variations in storage conditions or fabrication environment can alter the moisture content of prepregs, which dictates the formation of microvoids during laminate cure. Additionally, processing parameters such as fabrication pressure plays a critical role in the laminate microstructure and mechanical performance. Quartz fiber (AQ581) reinforced Bismaleimide (BMI) is a high-performance composite material commonly used in aerospace applications that require a high TG or good electrical dielectric properties. In addition to moisture, many composite components used in aircrafts are often exposed to other liquid contaminants, such as hydraulic fluids. Due to the relatively specialized nature of quartz/BMI, there has been limited research into the effect of liquid penetrants on quartz/BMI systems.

The subject of this work is the coupled effect of prepreg moisture content and fabrication pressure on the absorption behavior of quartz/BMI laminates when subjected to hydraulic fluid and moisture contamination. Prepreg sheets were exposed to four different relative humidity levels (i.e. 2%, 40%, 70%, 99% RH) and subsequently used to fabricate eight-ply laminates at four different cure pressures (i.e. 69, 207, 345, 483 kPa) via a composite hot-press; resulting in 16 unique laminates. Laminate specimens were fully immersed in either an aerospace-grade hydraulic fluid (HF) or distilled water (moisture) for a period of 16 months. The fluid mass gain revealed that the equilibrium fluid content was similar for both fluid contaminants; however the absorption behavior is distinctly different for each fluid. A hindered diffusion model (HDM) was successful in predicting the fluid absorption behavior. Hydraulic fluid absorption specimens had very rapid initial diffusion when the relative humidity exposure level was greater than 40% RH. Model prediction indicates that the equilibrium fluid content (M∞) increased as prepreg relative humidity conditioning increased for both fluid contaminants. The degree of non-Fickian absorption behavior, measured by hindrance coefficient (μ), was shown to increase for moisture specimens and decrease for hydraulic fluid specimens as the relative humidity conditioning level increased. Diffusion coefficients were relative constant regardless of the prepreg conditioning level or fabrication pressure.

* Member, ASME


57

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION WITHIN A CUSTOM DESIGNED WATER TUNNEL

Yasaman Farsiani** and Brian R. Elbing** Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering


(405) 744-5897 [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

A high-Reynolds number, recirculating water tunnel was recently designed, built and installed in the Experimental Flow Physics Laboratory at Oklahoma State University. The tunnel was designed to achieve a Reynolds number of 10 million per unit length, provide optical access for flow visualization and minimize inlet flow non-uniformity. The nominal test section speed range is 1 to 10 m/s, which is achieved with a 150 hp centrifugal pump. The tunnel will primarily be used to study turbulent boundary layers with an emphasis on drag reduction applications. However, prior to performing these studies it is important to characterize the water tunnel. Measurements were conducted with a state-of-the-art particle image velocimetry (PIV) system, which includes a Nd:YAG laser, high resolution sCMOS cameras and commercial software (DaVis) for acquisition and analysis. The test section characterization was performed by measuring the velocity vector field at multiple locations along the test section length. From these velocity fields the flow quality was assessed with measurements of the velocity profile flatness, symmetry and the wall boundary layer thicknesses. These velocity profile measurements were also used to calibrate the pump motor frequency with the centerline velocity. These measurements will be compared against the design calculations used to design the facility.

* This work has been supported by Oklahoma State University. ** Member, ASME



58

IN-LINE TESTING OF NOVEL FILTER MEDIA FOR OIL-WATER MIXTURES*

A. Mule1, McDougall School of Petroleum Engineering

E. Iski2, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry R. Mohan3, Department of Mechanical Engineering

O. Shoham4, McDougall School of Petroleum Engineering and S. Odueyungbo, Chevron The University of Tulsa Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104


ABSTRACT

Oil-water separation continues to be a challenge in the petroleum industry. From water treatment at offshore, optimized oil recovery during various stages of production and storage issues to oil spills and concerns for marine life – the applications are plenty. In particular, membrane technology has garnered attention for oil-water separation in recent years because it is effective, cheap, has massive scale up potential and can be implemented at different stages of petroleum production.

Development of filtration membranes using polymer-based nanofibers has several advantages. The raw materials are available in abundance, the membranes have high separation efficiencies due to specialized surface properties and they are cost-effective. This presentation focuses specifically on the ongoing work for implementation under flowing conditions of ultra lightweight highly selective filter media for oil-water mixtures developed by Baghernejad, et al., 2015*. It intends to scale up the technology of membrane fabrication using electrospinning to enable installation in pipelines. One of the primary objectives involves designing of a suitable mechanical housing taking into account geometrical constraints, high durability and reconditioning considerations. Further, this project aims to develop an operational envelop for the membrane in order to provide guidelines for its deployment at different flow rates, operating pressures and concentrations of oil-in-water (or water-in-oil) emulsions.

∗ Baghernejad, L.; Iski, E.; Mohan, R.; Shoham, O.; Odueyungbo, S. Highly Selective, Ultralight, Electro-Spun filter Media for Separating Oil-Water Mixtures, Patent Pending, 2015; This work has been supported by Chevron Tulsa University Center of Research Excellence (TU-CoRE)

1 MS Student in McDougall School of Petroleum Engineering 2 Assistant Professor of Chemistry 3 Fellow, ASME; Professor of Mechanical Engineering 4 F. M. Stevenson Presidential Chair Professor of Petroleum Engineering


59

CHARACTERIZATION OF ROTARY SEALS IN DYNAMIC AGGRESSIVE CONDITIONS

Anna Masters, Madhumitha Ramachandran, and Zahed Siddique** School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering

University of Oklahoma Norman, OK

(405)-325-5011 [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The oil and gas industry is one of the largest industries in the world; it is an industry that our everyday lives depend on especially in the United States .The constant need for technology advances is more critical than ever in the oil and gas industry. Supplier companies develop and maintain a wide range of tools and equipment such as compressors, valves, and various types of drilling machinery. These tools are subjected to a very aggressive and dynamic environment that involves pressure and temperature changes, and these conditions cause many of the components within the rotary drills to fail making the drill out of service. Rotary seals located within the equipment have proven to cause large issues, and therefore will be the focus of this research. The rotary seal primary role within the drilling equipment is to provide lubrication for the shaft and to protect the mechanical components from the aggressive environment. The aggressive dynamic conditions of downhole drilling can cause these seals to build up friction and eventually fail due to wear and extended periods of sitting dwell. The buildup of friction and wear can cause issues such as high torque in both the initial break out torque and during the operational steady state torque. An experimental test set-up was developed to measure torque to address these issues in dynamic condition such as changing of temperature and rotational speed at constant pressure. The data collected from the experimental set-up was used to identify trends. Data results showed increasing torque with temperature and sitting dwell time. A theoretical model was used to validate and better understand the data trends identified. We believe with this theoretical model, we can help identify the important parameters of the seal, and help for future design of rotary seals. * This work has been supported by Schlumberger, Inc.; We also thank Dr. Raghu Madhavan for his

guidance and support for the project.

** Member, ASME


60

COMPOSITE REPAIR PERFORMANCE ON ERODED AND DRILLED FLAWS

O. Ramirez, B. McLaury, and M.W. Keller Mechanical Engineering The University of Tulsa

Tulsa, OK 74104 (918) 631-3198

[email protected]

ABSTRACT Erosive flows are common in many industries and these flows can quickly deteriorate piping at bends, transitions, and, if conditions are correct, straight line sections. Repairs of erosive defects have traditionally required the use of replacement or welded repairs to restore the system to the original state. However, recent developments have introduced the use of composite materials to repair damaged pipelines. These repairs have become more cost effective and efficient as research has improved the design and installation approaches for these systems. Many of these repairs are installed on erosion, or corrosion, damage that is on the interior of the pipe and can become through-wall. Currently, the testing and design qualification of repairs for through-wall defects are performed using simulated flaws manufactured by drilling through the pipe wall. This creates straight-sided flaws with significant remaining stiffness, very different from the diffuse, uneven flaws produced by erosion or corrosion. In this study the performance of through-wall composite repairs installed on flaws generated by an erosion process in straight and elbows specimens is investigated. Hydrostatic pressure testing is performed in both eroded and drilled flaws to obtain and compare the failure pressures. Digital image correlation is performed to understand the development of strains in the repair and to provide a quantitative comparison between the two flaw types. Finite element analysis is carried out to simulate the opening strains at interface between the composite and the substrate for both eroded and drilled defects.


61

SESSION 3-B

Design, Modeling and Testing II Devon Energy Hall 130

Session Chair: Khaled Sallam, Ph.D.

Oklahoma State University [email protected]

Page

1. Design and Modeling of Improved Balanced Feed Manifold 62 By C.W. (Paul) Fan, R.S. Mohan, O. Shoham, C. Avila, The University of Tulsa

2. Concurrent Design and Analysis of Multistage Manufacturing Processes by 63 MFCD Method By J. Milisavljevic, J.K. Allen, F. Mistree, The University of Oklahoma, S. Commuri, The University of Nevada

3. Structural Integrity Analysis of GLCC Separator Inlet 64 By S.S. Kolla, R.S. Mohan, O. Shoham, The University of Tulsa

4. Multi-Stage Hot Rod Rolling System Design Using a Goal Oriented Approach 65 By A.B. Nellippallil, K.N. Song, J.K. Allen. F. Mistree, The University of Oklahoma, C.H. Goh, The University of Texas at Tyler

5. Air Cooled Heat Exchanger Optimization 66 By B. Brorman, A. Mackie, Oral Roberts University

6. Valve Flow Meter Enhancement 67 By S. Shahahmadi, L. Song, The University of Oklahoma

7. Evaluation of Explicit and Implicit Les Closures for Burgers Turbulence 68 By R. Maulik, O. San, Oklahoma State University


62

DESIGN AND MODELING OF IMPROVED BALANCED FEED MANIFOLD1

Chen Wei (Paul) Fan2, Ram S. Mohan3 and Ovadia Shoham2 Carlos Avila, Chevron

McDougall School of Petroleum Engineering The University of Tulsa Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104

(918)631-2288 [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Manifolds are utilized in the Petroleum Industry to gather production from various pipelines, which operate under different flow conditions. The objective of the manifold is to split the combined flow into several gas/liquid outlets to downstream facilities, such as separator trains. An existing Balanced Feed Manifold (BFM) is re-designed in order to obtain improved splitting performance. The diameter of the connecting sections between the main manifold and the secondary liquid manifold is increased in order to avoid gas entrapment in the connecting sections resulting in gas carry-under. Also, globe valves are installed at the BFM gas and liquid outlets, to provide a better control of the outlet gas and liquid splitting ratios.

A total of 60 experimental runs are conducted, with the following BFM configurations: No Valve Manipulation (NVM), Single Valve Manipulation (SVM), and Dual Valve Manipulation (DVM). For NVM, all the gas and liquid outlet valves are fully open in order to check the operability of the BFM without any control. For SVM, data were acquired with only one outlet valve manipulation at a time, either the liquid or the gas valve, in order to achieve equal flow split for the respective phase. For DVM, both the liquid and gas valves are manipulated in order to achieve an equal flow split ratio for both phases at the same time.

NVM runs show an improvement of the liquid phase split, as compared to the original BFM configuration. The SVM results demonstrate that when manipulating either the liquid valve (SVM-L) or the gas valve (SVM-G), the corresponding splitting ratios of both the phases are close to 1. However, the split ratios of the other phases (not manipulated) can be up to 2. A modified methodology for the Molayari (2014) BFM model is presented, for prediction of the manifold diameter and length. The new methodology model is applied for a field case, demonstrating its improvement.

1 This work has been supported by Chevron Tulsa University Center of Research Excellence (TU-CoRE) 2 McDougall School of Petroleum Engineering 3 Fellow ASME, Department of Mechanical Engineering


63

CONCURRENT DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MULTISTAGE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES BY MFCD METHOD

Jelena Milisavljevic*

The Systems Realization Laboratory The University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma 73019

Sesh Commuri Department of Electrical and Biomedical

Engineering University of Nevada

Reno, Nevada

Janet K. Allen**

The Systems Realization Laboratory The University of Oklahoma

Norman, Oklahoma USA 73019

Farrokh Mistree***

The Systems Realization Laboratory The University of Oklahoma

Norman, Oklahoma USA 73019

ABSTRACT

Multistage manufacturing processes (MMP) typically involve multiple stations connected either sequentially or in parallel with one or more manufacturing operations being performed at each station. The overall quality of the finished product is influenced by the selection of the tools and sensors during the design phase of the MMP. While the analysis of probable causes of defects and means of remedying them is fairly well known, there are very few methods for systematically analyzing at design time the selection of tools, sensors and their placement, and their effect on overall cost. Thus, there is a need for a systematic method, such as Method for Concurrent Design (MFCD) that can provide the design engineer an insight into the tradeoffs in the selection of the design parameters and their impact on the overall cost and operation of the MMP. The two requirements that are considered for demonstration are diagnosability, i.e., the ability to detect the occurrence and source of errors, and controllability, i.e., the ability to modify the quality of the output of the MMP. These requirements are usually conflicting in nature. The compromise Decision Support Problem (cDSP) construct is used to determine solution set of design parameters and their associated costs. The efficacy of the MFCD method is demonstrated by using a 3 state MMP process typically encountered during the assembly of automobile parts. The numerical example is used to illustrate how MFCD method can be used to select parameters that reduce the overall cost while simultaneously satisfying all the constraints.

In this talk, we present a method for concurrent design of a mechanical system and a control system in design of MMP. The method embodies instantiation of the compromise Decision Support Problem (cDSP) construct, its execution and the exploration of the solution space.

* This work has been supported by NSF Eager 105268400. ** ASME Fellow *** ASME Fellow, AIAA Associate Fellow

64

STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY ANALYSIS OF GLCC© SEPARATOR INLETi

Srinivas Swaroop Kollaii, Ram S. Mohaniii, and Ovadia Shohamiv Department of Mechanical Engineering

The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104


ABSTRACT

The gas-liquid cylindrical cyclone (GLCC©) is a simple, compact and low-cost separator, which provides an economically attractive alternative to conventional bulky, gravity based separators that are being used for more than a century. Over the past 20 years more than 6,000 GLCC©s have been installed around the world by the Petroleum and related industries spanning a wide range of applications. The GLCC© inlet section design is a key parameter, which is crucial for its performance and proper operation. The two limiting phenomena that occur in the GLCC©, namely the Liquid Carry-Over (LCO) in the gas outlet stream and the Gas Carry-Under (GCU) in the liquid outlet stream are critically dependent on the design of the inlet section. However, to-date no systematic study has been carried out on the structural integrity of the inlet and consequences of its design on the performance of the GLCC© separator.

The design of the GLCC© inlet section under investigation is a 36-inch ID, 1-inch thick with an 18-inch ID inclined (27º), tangential inlet and a reduced area nozzle. This paper presents an insight into the preliminary investigation using one way coupled Fluid Structure Interaction findings based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Structural Analysis simulation results aimed at studying the effect of various parameters on the inlet section structural integrity using ANSYS FEA-CFD simulation tool. The parameters internal pressure, operating temperature and dead weight of the system are taken into consideration for the analysis and varied to study their effects. Another important feature of the study is incorporating the hydrostatic pressure load cases on the structural analysis using the system coupling tool and there by analyzing the stresses and strains developed in the inlet section of the GLCC©. In this study, a series of design modifications have been analyzed directed at strengthening the inlet section of the GLCC©. The results of this study provide a pathway to carry out detailed and methodical analyses of structural integrity of various GLCC© separators under different design specifications aimed at design optimization for field applications.

i This work has been supported by Tulsa University Separation Technology Projects (TUSTP) ii Member, ASME iii Fellow ASME ivMcDougall School of Petroleum Engineering


65

MULTI-STAGE HOT ROD ROLLING SYSTEM DESIGN USING A GOAL ORIENTED APPROACH

Anand Balu Nellippallil1, Kevin N. Song1, Chung Hyun Goh2, Janet K. Allen1*, Farrokh Mistree1**

1The Systems Realization Laboratory @ OU The University of Oklahoma

Norman, OK 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering

The University of Texas at Tyler, TX

ABSTRACT

The steel manufacturing process is characterized by the requirement of expeditious development of high quality products at low cost through effective and judicious use of available resources. Identifying solutions that meet the conflicting commercially imperative goals of such process chains is hard using traditional search techniques. The complexity embedded in such a problem increases due to the presence of large number of design variables, constraints and bounds, conflicting goals and the complex sequential relationships of the different stages of manufacturing. A classic example of such a manufacturing problem is the design of a rolling system for manufacturing a steel rod. This is a sequential process in which information flows from first rolling stage/pass to last rolling pass and the decisions made at first pass influence the decisions that are made at the later passes.

In this talk, we present a method based on well-established empirical models and regression models developed through simulation experiments (finite element based) along with the compromise Decision Support Problem (cDSP) construct to support integrated information flow across different stages of a multi-stage hot rod rolling system. We illustrate the efficacy of the method by carrying out the design of a multi-stage rolling system. The method can be instantiated for other multi-stage manufacturing processes such as the steel making process chain having several unit operations. In future, we plan to use the method for supporting decision workflow in steel making process by formulating cDSPs for the multiple unit operations involved and linking them as a decision network using coupled cDSPs.

* Fellow ASME, Senior Member AIAA **Fellow ASME, Associate Fellow AIAA

66

AIR COOLED HEAT EXCHANGER OPTIMIZATION

Blake Brorman and Alec Mackie


(432)-816-1443 and (972)-978-2378 [email protected] and [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this project is to increase the overall efficiency of Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers (ACHE’s). In order to do so, the pressure drop through the system must be reduced. ACHE’s serve to cool a fluid by passing the fluid through a series of finned tubes upon which cooler air is blown, via fans, to facilitate the heat transfer. An ACHE consists of a header, a rectangular welded box, connected to the fluid inlet and outlet nozzles. The fluid then travels through a series of tubes that are welded to the header box and into a similar header on the opposite side of the heat exchanger. The fluid then performs a 180-degree turn inside this header box and travels back through the tubes to the initial header and the cooled product exits the outlet nozzle. The large fans that cool the fluid are mounted underneath the tube assembly. Different configurations exist with pass plates that redirect the flow inside the header boxes, forcing the fluid to make multiple passes through the tubes in order to enhance heat transfer by increasing the time that the fluid is exposed to the cooling air. While the headers are relatively simple and inexpensive to construct, they create a great deal of pressure drop when moving through the tube bundle of the ACHE.

The goal of this project is to reduce the pressure drop by modifying the construction of key components of the heat exchanger. To accomplish this goal an accurate computer animated design of a heat exchanger and a model of the fluid flow using Computer Fluid Dynamics (CFD) will be used to locate areas of large pressure drop. Then, the shapes of key components will be modified until the flow is optimized to produce a minimum pressure drop for the ACHE. For the scope of this project there will be four main areas that will be analyzed to achieve a decrease in the pressure gradient through the system: change the shape of the entry header box from the inlet to the entrance of tube bundle, change the shape of the return header turning the fluid from one pass to the next pass, change the shape of the gathering box from the last pass to the outlet nozzle, and flare the tube ends to produce eased inlets and outlets of the individual tubes. Through the optimization of each section the overall pressure drop from inlet to outlet nozzle will be measured to determine the how effective each change was on the system. The results of this project will show that by optimizing the flow of the fluid it will reduce the overall pressure drop and increase the efficiency of the ACHE.



67

VALVE FLOW METER ENHANCEMENT

S. Shahahmadi, L. Song, PhD, PE* School of Aerospace and Mechanical

The University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma 73019


ABSTRACT

A virtual water flow meter was developed that uses the chilled water control valve on an air-handling unit as a measurement device. The flow rate of water through the valve is calculated using the differential pressure across the valve and its associated coil, the valve command, and an empirically determined steady-state valve characteristic curve. However, under real operation, the water valves are not at steady state. There are many cases where the valve undergoes dynamic changes. It has been discovered that the valve command signal sent from the control system to the valve does not always represent the physical positioning of the valve accurately. In this paper, Valve dynamic behavior is mathematically described using valve Stiction (S) and deadband (J) to convert valve commands to actual valve positions.

To calculate the S and J parameters, extra measurements need to be taken of the system. Mainly, valve reaction time needs to be measured. To discover which values to use for S and J, very small incremental changes were manually made (via valve command override within the control software) and the actual valve position was closely monitored for any changes. It is unknown for sure if the stiction values are uniform throughout the range of valve movement. Therefore numerous valve command ranges should be examined. In this study, low, medium, and high ranges of valve commands were considered. Accuracy improvement of the virtual flow meter by using converted valve commands is also demonstrated by a case study.

*Member ASME


68

EVALUATION OF EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT LES CLOSURES FOR BURGERS TURBULENCE

Romit Maulik, M.S. and Omer San, Ph.D.

School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 74075


ABSTRACT

In this work, we perform an a-posteriori error analysis on implicit and explicit large eddy simulation closure models for solving the Burgers turbulence problem. Our closure modeling efforts include both functional (eddy viscosity) and structural (approximate deconvolution) models equipped with various low-pass filters. We introduce discrete binomial smoothing filters and an enhanced version of the Van-Cittert algorithm to accelerate the convergence of approximate deconvolution processes. Our implicit modeling efforts consist of various high-order schemes including compact and non-compact fifth-order upwind schemes as well as weighted essential non-oscillatory (WENO) and compact reconstructed WENO (CRWENO) schemes, and the resulting schemes are shown to effectively converge to the direct numerical simulation (DNS) for increasing resolutions. Comparing with DNS and under-resolved DNS computations, our numerical assessments illustrate the ability of these methods to capture the energy content near grid cut-off scale.

It is seen that the approximate deconvolution methodology combined with the use of a sixth order Padé filter gives us the best results for this problem as compared to the binomial filters which tend to be more dissipative than necessary. The WENO and CRWENO schemes are also seen to add more dissipation than is required whereas the compact upwind schemes are seen to be less effective in pileup prevention at grid cut-off. The non-compact fifth order upwind scheme provides us the most accurate capture of the log law scaling for 1-D turbulence in comparison with other implicit schemes.


69

SESSION 4-B

Multiphase Flow Devon Energy Hall 220

Session Chair: Andrea L’Afflitto, Ph.D.


Page

1. Bubble Size and Velocity in a Vibrating Bubble Column Reactor 70 By S. Mohagheghian, B.R. Elbing, Oklahoma State University

2. Investigation of Platform to Platform (PTP) Flow 71 By H. Nguyen, R. Mohan, O. Shoham, The University of Tulsa, C. Avila, Chevron Energy Technology Company

3. Separation of Oil-Water Mixtures by Electrospun Cellulose Acetate-Polystyrene 72 Filter Media By L. Baghernejad, E. Iski, R. Mohan, O. Shoham, The University of Tulsa, S. Odueyungbo, Chevron

4. Investigation of Crude Oil-Produced Water Emulsions 73 By T. Lemma, R.S. Mohan, O. Shoham, The University of Tulsa

5. Microfluidics Assisted Emulsion Formation and the Effect of Various Process 74 Parameters on Droplet Size By S. Kole, P. Bikkina, Oklahoma State University

6. Uncertainty Studies of Airflow Measurements in Non-Ideal Conditions in 75 Variable Air Volume Air Handling Units By A.R. Prieto, J. Elizondo, L. Song, G. Wang, The University of Oklahoma


70

BUBBLE SIZE AND VELOCITY IN A VIBRATING BUBBLE COLUMN REACTOR

Shahrouz Mohagheghian* and Brian R. Elbing** Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering


(405) 744-5897 [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Multiphase contactors are divided into three main types namely, trickle bed reactors, fluidized bed reactors and bubble column reactors. Bubble column reactors (BCR) are multiphase contact reactors that allow mass transport phenomenon and reactions to occur simultaneously. It was discovered in the 1960’s that vibration increases the mass transfer and void fraction in bubble columns. Since then numerous research efforts have focused on vibrating bubble columns. The current work uses a vibrating bubble column capable of generating vibrations between 5-20 Hz with an amplitude of 5 mm of amplitude to study bubble size and terminal velocity under vibration. A series of experiments were conducted successfully to verify a sinusoidal vibration profile using accelerometers and also high speed recording. Compressed filtered air was injected into the column using an orifice tube injector mounted on the bottom of the column, and the volumetric flux rate was monitored with a pressure regulator and flow meter. Two injectors with 0.3 and 0.6mm diameter size were tested while injected air volumetric flow rate varied in the range of 0.06 – 0.12 lit/min, also two column diameter size (2.5 and 6.5 cm) were tested in this work.

Bubble size measurements in the stationary column showed that over the range tested, bubble size increases with increasing gas superficial velocity. On the other hand, no clear conclusion could be made on the effect of injector size. A more detailed investigation with a larger range of data is required. Bubble terminal velocity was reduced as gas flow rate was increased initially due to bubbles traveling in near wall region and as gas flow rate was increased more bubble terminal velocity was increased since inertia forces dominate shear force near wall region. Vibration showed a gradual reduction in bubble velocity as vibration frequency was increased up to 50% at 15 Hz vibrations frequency. At 20 Hz vibration frequency motionless bubbles (levitation condition) was observed in the column reduced bubble velocity in the column means at constant volumetric flow rates of injected gas higher void fraction can be achieved. This is a main mechanism that allows vibration to increase the mass transfer between phases as mass transfer rate increase when more gas is in contact with liquid inside the column. Scaling void fraction with bubble terminal velocity assuming constant bubble terminal velocity in column longitudinal axis direction for a non-vibrating case was successfully conducted and results showed good agreement with experimental measurement of void fraction. Also measured bubble velocity for non-vibrating case was within the range that scaling laws in the literature predicts it.

*Student Member, ASME **Member, ASME



71

INVESTIGATION OF PLATFORM TO PLATFORM (PtP) FLOW*

H. Nguyen, Ph.D**, R. Mohan, Ph.D.***, and O. Shoham, Ph.D. The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104

and C. Avila, Ph.D.

Chevron Energy Technology Company, Houston, TX [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Offshore petroleum production facilities typically consist of a platform to platform (PtP) configuration, which includes a downcomer-pipeline-riser system. Multiphase flow from platform to platform (PtP) can produce problematic flow phenomena, such as unstable flow and generation of severe slugging (PtP-SS) that are currently not predicted. High pressure drop was observed in certain fields at low rates and was believed to be due to wax and sand deposition. However, bleeding the gas from top of the downcomer resolved the problem, demonstrating that the problem was formation of severe slugging. PtP severe slugging occurred in some fields, causing shutdowns and reduction in production rate.

A PtP facility is designed and built to investigate the physical phenomena which happened in the fields under different conditions. The facility consists of three main sections: downcomer, horizontal pipeline and riser. Experiments have been carried out using water and air flowing at varying gas and liquid velocities. The flow patterns in the riser were observed for different operating conditions, namely, periodic bubble flow, dispersed bubble flow, slug flow and severe slugging. A preliminary model has been developed, using modified Boe criterion, to predict the onset of severe slugging in a PtP configuration.

* This project is sponsored by Chevron TU-CoRE (Tulsa University Center of Research Excellence) **Member, ASME; Corresponding Author: Dr. Hung Nguyen, Tulsa University Separation Technology Projects (TUSTP), Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tulsa, 800 S. Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK-74104, Ph: (918) 899-0045, [email protected]. ***Fellow, ASME

72

SEPARATION OF OIL-WATER MIXTURES BY ELECTROSPUN CELLULOSE ACETATE – POLYSTYRENE FILTER MEDIA∗

L. Baghernejad1 and E. Iski2 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry

R. Mohan3, Department of Mechanical Engineering O. Shoham4, McDougall School of Petroleum Engineering and

S. Odueyungbo, Chevron The University of Tulsa Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104


ABSTRACT

Non-woven, electrospun filter media are among the most popular filter media for solid-liquid, solid-gas, liquid-gas and also liquid-liquid separations. Electrospun filter media comprise a large network of micro-/nanoscale fibers, with very small, inter-connected, micro-size pores in between the fibers. The very small diameters of the fibers and the interconnectivity of the pores lead to a high surface area-to-volume ratio and more available active sites. Therefore, electrospun filter media have higher filtration efficiency, as compared to their traditional counterparts. In this work, the separation of oil-water mixtures by electrospun filter media, comprising hybrid membranes of cellulose acetate (CAc) and polystyrene (PS) fibers was investigated. The electrospun, hybrid membranes were treated with commercially available surfactants and had various surface wettability, leading to a hydrophobic-oleophilic, a hydrophilic-oleophobic and a hydrophobic-oleophobic filter medium. These filter media were novel with respect to their material, structural topography and morphology, surface roughness and filtration performance. The oil-water mixtures were dispersions of pure C8 – C16 hydrocarbons and high purity water, at various ratios. High selectivity, high separation efficiency (> 90%) and low pressure drop was observed for the filter media. In these terms, the filter media were able to compete with conventional filter media. ∗ Baghernejad, L.; Iski, E.; Mohan, R.; Shoham, O.; Odueyungbo, S. Highly Selective, Ultralight, Electro-

Spun filter Media for Separating Oil-Water Mixtures, Patent Pending, 2015; This work has been supported by Chevron Tulsa University Center of Research Excellence (TU-CoRE).

1 Postdoctoral Research Associate in Chemistry 2 Assistant Professor of Chemistry 3 Fellow, ASME; Professor of Mechanical Engineering 4 F. M. Stevenson Presidential Chair Professor of Petroleum Engineering


73

INVESTIGATION OF CRUDE OIL-PRODUCED WATER EMULSIONS1

T. Lemma2, R. S. Mohan3, and O. Shoham4

Tulsa University Separation Technology Projects (TUSTP) The University of Tulsa

800 S. Tucker Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104 (918) 808-4198

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

In upstream petroleum production, the formation of emulsions is an undesirable yet unavoidable phenomenon that causes production losses and other problems in different stages of petroleum production. The environmental regulations and production specification requirements make separation of multiphase emulsion into its respective phases, a crucial process in downstream production. Therefore proper understanding of phase separation kinetics and physicochemical aspects of emulsion is necessary to control and optimize the separation process. This study focusses on different emulsions of crude oil-produced water test fluids obtained from a field in Northeast Oklahoma. This experimental investigation of crude oil–produced water emulsion separation is valuable for elucidating scientific solutions to real field conditions that challenge petroleum production.

The current separation study is conducted as part of the Tulsa University Separation Technology Projects (TUSTP) using a state-of-the-art Portable Dispersion Characterization Rig (P-DCR). Effects of the following process parameters, namely, water cut, salinity (NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2), produced water compositions and different shear rates on emulsion separation process are investigated. In order to understand the complex nature of droplet-interface coalescence process of crude oil-produced water system, a fundamental study is conducted using a bench top Coalescence Time Measurement (CTM) device to measure the coalescence time/rate. The experimental results are compared with Jeelani & Hartland (1998) batch separation model.

1 This work has been supported by Tulsa University Separation Technology Projects (TUSTP) 2 Corresponding Author: Tsebaot Lemma, Tulsa University Separation Technology Projects (TUSTP), McDougall School of Petroleum Engineering, The University of Tulsa, 800 S. Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK-74104, Ph: (918) 808-4198, [email protected] 3 Professor of Mechanical Engineering; ASME Fellow 4 F. M. Stevenson Presidential Chair Professor of Petroleum Engineering


74

MICROFLUIDICS ASSISTED EMULSION FORMATION AND THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS PROCESS PARAMETERS ON DROPLET SIZE

Subarna Kole and Prem Bikkina* School of Chemical Engineering,

Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078


ABSTRACT

Emulsions are encountered in a wide range of applications from petroleum production and processing to food, agriculture, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Emulsification and demulsification processes play an especially important role in petroleum industries. Therefore, it is very important to understand the underlying mechanisms behind emulsion formation and stability. There are various methods to carry out emulsion studies and microfluidics is one of them. It is an emerging field gaining widespread popularity due to the various advantages offered over traditional methods, for example; precise control of process conditions, reduced measurement time, use of smaller volumes of process and cleaning fluids, and greater repeatability. This work is focused on the production of highly monodispersed oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions using a custom designed microfluidics facility. Characterization of the resulting emulsions are carried out to find out the effect of flow rate, water/oil fraction, organic phase, type and concentration of salt and surfactant on droplet diameter.

* Member, ASME


75

UNCERTAINTY STUDIES OF AIRFLOW MEASUREMENTS IN NON-IDEAL CONDITIONS IN VARIABLE AIR VOLUME AIR HANDLING UNITS

A. Rivas Prieto*, J. Elizondo, L. Song, PhD, P.E.* and G. Wang, PhD, P.E.* School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering



ABSTRACT

Permanent flow measurements are critical for variable air volume air handling unit controls and operations. In practice, however, the accuracy of airflow measurements is usually compromised by less than ideal measurement locations and insufficient measurement points. Because of extra non-symmetric turbulence at less than ideal measurement locations, a limited number of measurement points usually does not provide full coverage of the velocity distribution in ducts and may lead to significant bias in flow rate measurements. A standard traverse like Equal Area or Log-Tchevycheff could be used to identify representative measurement points by providing a reference mean velocity using one-time traverse measurement under the same flow conditions. However, these selected measurement points might not always represent the mean velocity in ducts under different flow rates due to the non-homothetic velocity distribution changes on a cross-sectional plane under different flow rates. This paper presents a theoretical approach to quantifying overall airflow measurement uncertainty that considers errors caused by non-homothetic velocity distribution changes when fewer measurement points are used. The theoretical analysis for studied four AHUs shows that no prohibitive error can be observed by performing 3-point measurements compared with the pure flow meter errors provided by flow meter manufacturers when flow meters are installed at the inlet of a fan. However, error analysis shows that 9-point measurements are needed for obtaining a 5% margin of error suggested by ASHRAE under low velocities (700 fpm) when the flow meters are installed at the outlet of a fan and measurement locations are at 50% shorter than the required straight duct length as suggested by the ASHRAE Standard.

* Member ASME


76

SESSION 5-B

Biomechanics Devon Energy Hall 420

Session Chair: Rong Gan, Ph.D.


Page

1. Chinchilla Tympanic Membrane Motion in the Presence of Middle Ear Fluid 77 Measured by Scanning Laser Vibrometer By S. Jiang, X. Wang, R. Gan, The University of Oklahoma

2. The Mark 3.5 Biomechanical Forearm 78 B. Harrup, A. Tran, Oral Roberts University

3. Dynamic Properties of Human Tympanic Membrane Exposed to High Intensity 79 Sound Exposure By W. Engles, X. Wang, R. Gan, The University of Oklahoma

4. Measuring Infant Limb Kinematics 80 By M.A. Ghazi, D.P. Miller, The University of Oklahoma

5. Impact of High Intensity Noise Exposure on Chinchilla Hearing 81 By Z. Yokell, D. Nakmali, R. Gan, The University of Oklahoma

6. Correlation of ABR, TM Displacement, and Wideband Energy Absorbance in 82 Otitis Media Model in Chinchilla By B. Hitt, X. Wang, R. Gan, The University of Oklahoma


77

CHINCHILLA TYMPANIC MEMBRANE MOTION IN THE PRESENCE OF MIDDLE EAR FLUID MEASURED BY SCANNING LASER VIBROMETER

S. Jiang**, X. Wang, and R. Gan** School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering

Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering University of Oklahoma

Norman, Oklahoma 73019 (405) 325-6668

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most frequently diagnosed diseases among young children. Middle ear effusion (MEE) contributes to the mobility loss of the tympanic membrane (TM) and in addition, results in conductive hearing loss during the course of AOM. However, the mechanism of how the volume of MEE affects the function of TM remains unclear. The function of TM is to transform the sound pressure waves in the ear canal into the mechanical vibrations of the ossicles, which can be evaluated by its full-field surface motion measured by the scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (SLDV). The broad aim of this study is to characterize how the TM vibration mode changes with the volume of the MEE in chinchilla ears at different frequencies.

Three bullae harvested from euthanized healthy chinchillas were used in this study. Each bulla was mounted on a sample holder with an angle in which the SLDV laser was perpendicular to the tympanic rim. An 80 dB burst chirp (0.1 Hz - 10 kHz) sound stimulus from a speaker was delivered to the TM and calibrated by a microphone. Hematoxylin-colored saline solution was injected into the bullae to simulate the existence of MEE in middle ear. Each bulla was first tested without any MEE to obtain the data at normal conditions. Subsequently, the scanning was repeated with the fluid level in the bulla high enough to reach the umbo. Finally, the bulla was full-filled by the saline and the TM was scanned for the third time.

Normal chinchilla TMs vibrate in the same phase with a maximum amplitude at micron level at low frequencies. As the frequency increases, multiple displacement peaks and short-wavelength traveling waves appear on the surface and their amplitude is progressively decreased. MEE reduces TM mobility and the reduction effect is greater as the fluid volume increases. Vibration modes of TM with MEE measured at low frequencies exhibit high-frequency characteristics observed in normal TM. It can be concluded that MEE induces frequency dependent TM mobility loss and the impairment increases with its volume.

* This work has been supported by NIH R01DC011585.

**Member, BMES


78

THE MARK 3.5 BIOMECHANICAL FOREARM

B. Harrup**, and A. Tran College of Science and Engineering



ABSTRACT

The Mark 3.5 is, simply put, a 3D-printed and bioelectronically controlled prosthetic forearm made to be affordable, compact, functional, and fashionable to wear. Many families that experience traumatic incidents or birth defects simply cannot afford quality prosthetic limbs for themselves or their children, and the limbs that they do have access to are often not very functional, or not very flattering to wear. The purpose of this project, though, is to design a forearm that someone can be comfortable wearing around, and that they can enjoy using especially if they cannot afford a more expensive model.

The forearm was modeled on Solidworks to be fairly easily resizable and so that it could be customized for an individual, and replaced as the person grows, and was made to be 3D-printed as this technology is becoming much more accessible to the public as more people start personal printing businesses across the country. The electrical portion was designed using the Arduino microcontroller platform as it is extremely open-source, and supported by many public forums. The desired movements were achieved using a combination of DC and servo motors controlled with a gyroscopic chip and a myoelectric muscle-sensing chip.

The final arm design costs roughly $165 in electronic parts and between $50 and $150 for all the plastic parts depending on which printing firm is selected, and the quality they offer to print in, for a total cost of between $215 and $315 for the parts of the arm. The final mechanism incorporates a four-bar linkage for fingers that conform to whatever they are gripping, and a planetary gear system for the rotation of the wrist. In addition, the form of the final design is very smooth in terms of contours, and lends itself very well to painting to make the final product fairy fashionable. Overall, the final design meets most of the initial criteria selected for the functions of the arm, and holds many avenues for future expansion and personalization.

* This work has been supported by Oral Roberts University ** Member, AIAA and/or ASME


79

DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF HUMAN TYMPANIC MEMBRANE EXPOSED TO HIGH INTENSITY SOUND EXPOSURE

W. Engles**, X. Wang, and R. Gan** School of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering Center



ABSTRACT

The human ear transfers sound waves from the external ear into mechanical vibrations at the tympanic membrane (TM), which then passes the vibrations through the middle ear into the cochlea. Exposure to high intensity sound has been linked to hearing damage. Reduced hearing can result from damage to the fiber structure of the TM. The use of laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) coupled with inverse – problem solving method to determine the dynamic properties of samples has been demonstrated in previous studies. This study used the same experimental set-up to apply acoustic loading to TM sections over a frequency range of 0.1 - 8kHz. Using a finite – element (FE) model the experiment was simulated to apply the inverse problem solving method. This method uses the first degree generalized standard linear solid model based on the parameters E0, E1, and τ1. With these parameters the storage modulus and loss modulus can be determined. The data presented contributes to the field of soft tissue biomechanics in experimental measurement and understanding the effect of damage to ear tissues.

*This work has been supported by DOD W81XWH-14-1-0228


80

**Member, BMES MEASURING INFANT LIMB KINEMATICS

M. A. Ghazi,* and D. P. Miller* Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering


[email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Motion capture systems, also known as MoCap systems, have been widely available for decades. Generally, these systems are used to capture limb kinematics of the human body in 3D. Common MoCap applications include physical therapy, biomechanics and the movie industry. Traditionally, human body applications have focused on adults. Recent advancements in devices for infant mobility and therapy have driven a need to capture infant limb kinematics as well. One requirement for infant MoCap is that the system should be usable with crawling-age infants onboard a mobile robot. Although MoCap systems are widely available today, they are often unsuitable for use with infants. MoCap systems are generally designed for upright walking adults rather than crawling infants. Furthermore, they are not designed to be portable. A system may have miniature wireless components, but they will usually be accompanied by bulky equipment that needs to be plugged into mains electricity. Traditional MoCap systems can, and have been used with infants. But their usage has been limited to very constrained and restricted infant activity. Part of the recent work on infant mobility has been the development of a portable MoCap system called the Kinematic Suit. It has been designed specifically for infants onboard a mobile robot. The Kinematic Suit is based on MEMS-based inertial measurement units (IMUs). It has proved to be a practical system. Unfortunately, its performance degrades unpredictably under certain environmental conditions. In the above context, our work focuses on developing another MoCap system for crawling-age infants. Depending on the physics involved, every type of MoCap system has its limitations. Therefore, the emphasis of this work is to augment, rather than replace the Kinematic Suit. Alternative MoCap technologies include mechanical systems, markerless vision systems, and marker-based vision systems. This work aims to develop a practical system based on the most suitable MoCap technology.



81

*Member, AIAA IMPACT OF HIGH INTENSITY NOISE EXPOSURE ON CHINCHILLA

HEARING

Z. Yokell**, D. Nakmali, and R. Gan**. School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering and OU Biomedical Engineering Center



ABSTRACT

The middle ear muscle reflex (MEMR) serves a protective function for the ear, contracting in response to high sound levels to damp ossicular motion. This protection, however, is not sufficient to prevent damage from protracted exposure to high intensity noise. In addition to having a protective role in the ear, the MEMR has clinical utility in that its activation threshold has been established as an indicator for the presence of hearing damage. Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a ubiquitous medical complaint in industrialized nations, impacting a significant fraction of Americans. The severity of NIHL is directly proportional to the intensity and exposure time of the offending noise. The Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) has established safe time limits for noise exposure in humans for sound amplitudes from 90-140 dB, beyond which point even impulse noise is deemed dangerous.

Chinchillas are popular animal models for hearing research, but noise exposure tests on chinchillas have primarily been performed using lower amplitude stimulation under 125 dB. The effectiveness of the MEMR in demonstrating hearing damage from sound stimulation above 130 dB was tested in this study. Electromyography (EMG) was used to directly measure the activity of the stapedius muscle and auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing was used to determine the hearing levels of animals. These tests were performed before and after animals underwent noise exposure to determine differences in stapedius function after damage. Exposure to noise from 130-150 dB was shown to cause significant damage to chinchilla hearing, including changes to the behavior of the MEMR. By assessing the diagnostic capacity of the MEMR and the level of damage caused by high intensity sound, this project offers insight into the hazards of high intensity impulse noise.

* This work has been supported by DOD W81XWH-14-1-0228 and NIH R01DC011585.


82

**Member, BMES CORRELATION OF ABR, TM DISPLACEMENT, AND WIDEBAND ENERGY

ABSORBANCE IN OTITIS MEDIA MODEL IN CHINCHILLA

B. Hitt, X. Wang, and R. Gan School of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering Center



ABSTRACT

Otitis media is the most common middle ear disease in young children and often results in conductive hearing loss. Acute otitis media (AOM) commonly leads to negative pressure, effusion, and structural change in the middle ear. The goal of this study is to provide a systematic analysis of the mechanism of conductive hearing loss in AOM. Three groups of measured data, auditory brainstem response (ABR), tympanic membrane displacement (dTM), and wideband energy absorbance (EA) of chinchilla were utilized in AOM model to differentiate between the contributions of middle ear pressure (MEP), effusion (MEE), and mechanical properties of tissue (MP) to the hearing loss. Control, intact OM case (OM-1), pressure-released OM (OM-2), and pressure-released and fluid-drained (OM-3) stages of disease were observed. The differences between Control and OM-1 characterize the combined effect from three variables: MEP, MEE, and M. Differences between OM-1 and OM-2 characterize the effect of only MEP, while differences between OM-2 and OM-3 isolate the effect of MEE. Finally, the differences between OM-3 and Control quantify the effect of M.

The elevation of ABR threshold (ΔHL), loss of TM mobility (ΔdTM), and alteration of energy absorbance (ΔEA) related to MEP, MEE, and MP were quantified across 3 frequency ranges: f1 (<1kHz), f2 (1-4kHz), and f3 (>4kHz). The results demonstrate the correlation between ABR threshold elevation with respect to changes of dTM and EA in AOM ears.

*This work has been supported by NIH R01DC011585.


36th Oklahoma AIAA ASME Symposium Handbook

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