ACI 363R-10

Reported by ACI Committee 363

Report on High-Strength Concrete

Report on High-Strength Concrete

First PrintingMarch 2010

ISBN 978-0-87031-254-0

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363R-1

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Report on High-Strength ConcreteReported by ACI Committee 363

ACI 363R-10

This report summarizes currently available information about high-strength concrete (HSC). Topics discussed include selection of materials,concrete mixture proportions, ordering, batching, mixing, transporting,placing, quality control, concrete properties, structural design, economicconsiderations, and applications.

Keywords: concrete properties; economic considerations; high-strengthconcrete; material selection; mixture proportions; structural applications;structural design; quality control.

CONTENTSChapter 1Introduction, p. 363R-2

1.1Historical background1.2Definition of high-strength concrete1.3Scope of report

Chapter 2Notation, definitions, and acronyms,p. 363R-3

2.1Notation2.2Definitions2.3Acronyms

Chapter 3Selection of material, p. 363R-53.1Introduction3.2Cementitious materials3.3Admixtures3.4Aggregates3.5Water

Ronald G. Burg William M. Hale Jaime Morenco Robert C. SinnJames E. Cook Jerry S. Haught Charles K. Nmai Peter G. SnowDaniel Cusson Tarif M. Jaber Clifford R. Ohlwiler Konstantin SobolevPer Fidjestl Daniel C. Jansen Michael F. Pistilli Houssam A. Toutanji

Seamus F. Freyne Anthony N. Kojundic William F. Price Dean J. White IIBrian C. Gerber Federico Lopez Flores Henry G. Russell John T. Wolsiefer Sr.Shawn P. Gross Mark D. Luther Michael T. Russell Paul ZiaNeil P. Guptill Barney T. Martin Jr. Ava Shypula

Michael A. CaldaroneChair

John J. MyersSecretary

363R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT

Chapter 4Concrete mixture proportions,p. 363R-10

4.1Introduction4.2Strength required4.3Test age4.4Water-cementitious material ratio4.5Cementitious material content4.6Air entrainment4.7Aggregate proportions4.8Proportioning with supplementary cementitious

materials and chemical admixtures4.9Workability4.10Trial batches

Chapter 5Ordering, batching, mixing, transporting, placing, curing, and quality-control procedures,p. 363R-19

5.1Introduction5.2Ordering5.3Batching5.4Mixing5.5Transporting5.6Placing procedures5.7Curing5.8Quality control and testing

Chapter 6Properties of high-strength concrete,p. 363R-23

6.1Introduction6.2Stress-strain behavior in uniaxial compression6.3Modulus of elasticity6.4Poissons ratio6.5Modulus of rupture6.6Splitting tensile strength6.7Fatigue behavior6.8Unit density6.9Thermal properties6.10Heat evolution due to hydration6.11Strength gain with age6.12Resistance to freezing and thawing6.13Abrasion resistance6.14Shrinkage6.15Creep6.16Permeability6.17Scaling resistance6.18Fire resistance

Chapter 7Structural design considerations, p.363R-35

7.1Introduction7.2Concentrically loaded columns7.3Beams and one-way slabs7.4Prestressed concrete beams7.5Eccentrically loaded columns

Chapter 8Economic considerations, p. 363R-478.1Introduction8.2Cost studies8.3Selection of materials8.4Quality control8.5Conclusions

Chapter 9Applications, p. 363R-519.1Introduction9.2Buildings9.3Bridges9.4Offshore structures9.5Other applications

Chapter 10Summary, p. 363R-54

Chapter 11References, p. 363R-5511.1Referenced standards and reports11.2Cited references

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1Historical background

The use and definition of high-strength concrete (HSC)has seen a gradual and continuous development over manyyears. In the 1950s, concrete with a compressive strength of5000 psi (34 MPa) was considered high strength. In the1960s, concrete with compressive strengths of 6000 and7500 psi (41 and 52 MPa) were produced commercially. In theearly 1970s, 9000 psi (62 MPa) concrete was produced.Today, compressive strengths approaching 20,000 psi(138 MPa) have been used in cast-in-place buildings.Laboratory researchers using special materials and processeshave achieved concretes with compressive strengths inexcess of 116,000 psi (800 MPa) (Schmidt and Fehling 2004).As materials technology and production processes evolve, it islikely the maximum compressive strength of concrete willcontinue to increase and HSC will be used in more applications.

Demand for and use of HSC for tall buildings began in the1970s, primarily in the U.S.A. Water Tower Place inChicago, IL, which was completed in 1976 with a height of859 ft (260 m) and used 9000 psi (62 MPa) specifiedcompressive strength concrete in the columns and shearwalls. The 311 South Wacker building in Chicago,completed in 1990 with a height of 961 ft (293 m), used12,000 psi (83 MPa) specified compressive strength concretefor the columns. In their time, both buildings held the recordfor the worlds tallest concrete building. Two Union Squarein Seattle, WA, completed in 1989, holds the record for thehighest specified compressive strength concrete used in abuilding at 19,000 psi (131 MPa).

High-strength concrete is widely available throughout theworld, and its use continues to spread, particularly in the FarEast and Middle East. All of the tallest buildings constructedin the past 10 years have some structural contribution fromHSC in vertical column and wall elements. The worldstallest building, at 1670 ft (509 m), is Taipei 101 in Taiwan,completed in 2004. The structural system uses a mix of steeland concrete elements, with specified concrete compressivestrengths up to 10,000 psi (69 MPa) in composite columns.Petronas Towers 1 and 2, completed in 1998 in KualaLumpur, Malaysia, used concrete with specified cubestrengths up to 11,600 psi (80 MPa) in columns and shearwalls. At the time of this report, these towers are the secondand third tallest buildings in the world, both at 1483 ft (452 m).The worlds tallest building constructed entirely with areinforced concrete structural system is the CITIC Plaza