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Physics 362
Modern Physics Seminars
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Future arguments Introduction to Astronomy
The Michelson-Morley Experiment
Consequences of relativity: relativity and time travel, relativity in everyday life
Measuring distances in astronomy and the Hubble law
X-ray astrophysics
Nuclear Energy Production
Alternate energy sources (wind-mills, solar cells, etc.)
Principles of general relativity
Radiation processes
Neutrinos
Superconductivity
Cosmology
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Today’s seminar The failure of Classical Physics
Classical mechanics and electromagnetism The Michelson-Morley experiment
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The Michelson Interferometer
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Fringe Interference
michel2.mov
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Parallel Fringes
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Fringe position
A change in the distance of one of the
two mirrors introduces a phase change between the
two light beams.
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Fringe position
When the mirror is moved by ½ , the path is change by and the fringe pattern
is moved by one fringe.
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Measuring the Refraction Index
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Measuring the Refraction IndexLight for M1
Light for M2
Screen
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Measuring the Refraction IndexLight for M1
Light for M2
Screen
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Measuring the Refraction IndexLight for M1
Light for M2
ScreenN·
Nm
Na
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Measuring the Refraction IndexL = thickness
n = index of refraction
Number of wavelengths in the block (2 times):Nm=2L/n=2Ln/
Number of wavelengths in same distance without block:Na=2L/=2L/
Phase change (in terms of wavelengths):N=Nm Na=2Ln/2L/2L/(n-1)
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Measuring Distances
Phase change: N =2Ln/2L/2L/(n-1)
The length of an object can be expressed in terms of
the wavelength of light!!!
For this experiment A. A. Michelson received the Nobel Price in 1907.
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The Michelson Interferometer
1881
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The Michelson-Morley Experiment
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The Michelson-Morley ExperimentLight for M1
Light for M2
Screen
If light from M2 is delayed by t
Light for M1
Light for M2
ScreenL=t·c
L
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The Michelson-Morley Experimentv
Mirror
Mirror
Beam Splitter
Screen
1
2
3
u12=c+v
u21=c-v
u13=u31=22 vc
t = t121 = t131 = Lv2/c3
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The Michelson-Morley Experiment
How can we measure the delay?
There is no reference available that is at rest in ether!!!
The experimental apparatus is rotated
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The Michelson-Morley Experiment
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The Michelson-Morley Experiment
Mirror
Mirror
Beam Splitter
Screen
1
2
3
ta = t121 = t131 = Lv2/c3
a = c t
a) v u12=c+v
u21=c-v
u13=u31=22 vc
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The Michelson-Morley Experimentv
Mirror
Mirror
Beam Splitter
Screen1
2
3 tb = t121 = t131 = Lv2/c3
= a - b = Lv2/c2 ~ 0.2 m
b)
b = c t
u12=u21=
u13=c+v
u31=c-v
22 vc
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The Michelson-Morley Experiment
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The Michelson-Morley Experiment
Insert calculation of expected dL