30 Years of Agricultural Mechanization in The Republic of ...unapcaem.org/Activities...
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30 Years of Agricultural Mechanization
in The Republic of Korea
ESCAP/APCAEMThe 2nd. session of TAC/GB
24-27 Nov. 2003, Beijing, China
Kwang-Jae Choe Ph. D
Senior researcher
National Agricultural Mechanization Research InstituteRural Development Administration
□ Situation of Agriculture
○ Agricultural sector in national economy
Items 2000199019801970
- Population (1,000person)Total 47,27542,86938,12432,241
Agriculture sector 4,032(8.7%)
6,661(15.5%)
10,827(28.4%)
14,422(44.7%)
- Employment (1,000person)Total 21,95018,08513,6879,167
Agricultural sector 2,288(10.9%)
3,237(17.9%)
4,654(34.0%)
4,846(52.9%)
○ GDP (Billion won)Total 517,096178,26236,8572,771
Agricultural sector 23,867(4.6%)
15,592(8.7%)
5,612(15.2%)
645(22.3%)
Items 2000199019801970
Source : MAF, Statistical yearbook of agriculture and forestry 2001
○ Land utilization
Total Paddy field Upland Forest Others
9,940, 790 1,157,306 752,775 6,436,304 1,594,405
(100%) (11.6%) (7.6%) (64.7%) (16.1%)
unit : ha
○ Monthly average temperature
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
0.7 4.3 7.8 14.8 18.1 20.2 24.3 25.3 22.4 17.2 9.0 4.2
Yearly average : 14.1 ℃
unit : ℃
○ Monthly precipitation
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
39.5 45.1 61.9 103.6 100.3 155.5 256.5 230.4 159.1 63.4 58.9 31.0
Yearly total precipitation : 1,305 mm
unit : mm
□ The development of agricultural mechanization
○ Developing stage1960s- Dissemination of disaster prevention agricultural machinery
· Water pump and pest control machinery1970s- Power tiller have replaced the animal force- Mechanization for release the farm labor peak
· For barley harvesting - rice transplanting season1980s- Propagation of rice transplanter and harvester1990s- Mechanization for improving agricultural structure & productivity· Propagation of controlled greenhouse and livestock equipment· Propagation of up-to-dated post-harvest equipment
□ Establishment of infrastructure for agri. mechanization
○ 1st. Stage(1961∼1970)
- Manufacturing of power tiller in 1963
- Inspection of agricultural machinery : IAEU 1963/ NAMIO 1967
- Supply of machinery by bank loan : NACF
- Establish the central agricultural machinery training center : RDA 1969
○ 2nd. Stage(1971∼1980)
- Promotion of farm mechanization
· 5-year farm mechanization plan in 1972
- Promulgation of Agri. Mechanization Promotion Law in 1979
- Provision of agricultural mechanization foundation
· Financial support for manufacture of machinery & marketing
· Repair & maintenance facility and training of agri. machinery
· Inspection and R & D for agricultural machinery
- Development of Joint-use system of agricultural machinery
○ 3rd. Stage(1981∼1990)
- Dissemination of rice transplanter, harvester and tractor
- Increasing establishment of repair & maintenance of machinery
- Extensive establishment of joint-use system
· Mechanized Farming Group, Mechanized Farming Corp. etc
- Promotion of mechanization for up-land farming
- Adoption of tax exempt system for agricultural machinery & fuel
- Lower the interest of agri. machinery purchasing loan rate 10→ 8%
○ 4th. Stage(1991∼2000)
- Promotion of high performance agricultural machinery· Higher the working speed & wider the working width· Increase the riding type machinery
- Propagation of greenhouse engineering
· Steel pipe - pvc house → steel frame - PC and glass house· Development of modern environmental control system
- Introduction of high efficiency livestock equipment· Automatic feeding, milking, egg collecting, etc.· Manure treatment and ventilation system
- Development of rice post-harvest system· Establish the Rice Processing Complex and rice storage-bin
□ Executive systems for mechanization in Korea(1979∼1994)
MAF : Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry RDA : Rural Development Administration NACF : National Agricultural Cooperative Federation (PAC : Primary Agri. Cooperative)NAMIO : Nat’l Agri. Machinery Inspection Office KFMIC : Korea Farm Machinery Industry Cooperative NAMRI : Nat’l Agri. Mechanization Research Institute
MAFPolicy planning
National farmmechanizationcommittee
Execution ofprogram
Research,extension &training
Financialsupport
Production& supply
Qualityinspection
RDANAMRI NACF Manufacturers RDA,
NAMRI
KFMIC A/S serviceProvincialgovernment
ProvincialRDA
ProvincialNACF
Provincialservice center
Regencygovernment
Ruralextensionoffice
PrimaryAgriculturalcooperative
Agent dealer
Farms
□ Dissemination of agricultural machinery
○ Ownership of major agricultural machinery
Power tiller
Tractor
Rice transplanter
Combine harvester
Power sprayer
Power cultivator
Water pump
Grain dryer
Reaper binder
11,884
614
-
-
45,000
-
54,078
-
-
289,779
2,664
11,061
1,121
330,663
-
193,943
1,616
13,652
751,236
41,203
138,405
43,594
680,034
50,699
341,548
17,749
55,575
939,219
191,631
341,978
86,982
600,061
378,814
384,900
55,573
72,315
1970 1980 1990 2000Year
unit : ea.
Items
○ No. of agricultural machinery and supply of tax free fuel
Item 1986 1990 1994 1998
No. of power machinery(1,000 ea.) 1,985 2,475 2,921 3,349
Quantity of tax free fuelsupplied (1,000 ㎘) 266 640 1,238 1,959
Amount of tax free fuelsupplied(billion won) 58.2 112.2 233.8 665.6
○ Agricultural machinery dissemination rate and mechanization level in rice production (2000)
Agriculturalmachinery
Agri. machinerydissemination rate
(%)Farm operations
Mechanizationrate in riceproduction(%)
Tractorspower tillers
13.968.0 Land preparation 100
Rice -transplanters
24.8 Rice transplanting 98
Combines 12.5 Harvesting 99
Grain dryers 4.2 Drying 48
○ Farm power input level per hectare(1996) (ps/ha)
Rep. Korea Japan Italy GermanyFranceEngland America
7.1 12.3 4.0 3.13.63.7 1.4
○ Number of major agricultural machinery manufacturers
ItemsManufacturersItems Manufacturers
Cultivator4Tractor 4
Farm engine3Power tiller 5
Grain dryer5Ricetransplanter 2
Agri. productsdrier5Combine 6
Reaper4Speed sprayer 2
○ Inspection of agricultural machinery by NAMRI
YearBasic
inspection(ea.)
Modelinspection
(ea.)
Pre-shipping inspectionNAMRI Selfinspection inspection
(ea.) (100ea.)
Post-shippinginspection
(ea.)
1967
1970
1980
1990
1996
93
140
-
-
-
-
-
98
267
380
-
67
36
-
-
-
-
-
258
534
-
660
1
5
○ Supply system by agent dealer
Agri. machinery co.
Agent dealer.
End-user(Farmer)
Supply
Supply
Information on supplied quantity
Application for purchasing
· · · · · ·
· · · · · ·
· · · · · ·
· · · · · ·
○ Supply system by agricultural cooperatives
Agri. machinery co.
NACF
Primary agriculturalcooperative
End - user(Farmer)
Contract of suppliedquantity
Information on suppliedquantity
Application
· · · · · · · ·
· · · · · ·
· · · · · · · · · · · · Supplying
Supplying
· · · ·
□ Financial support for agricultural machinery
(No. of machine - 1,000ea., Fund - billion won)
Items ‘61∼66
‘67∼’71
‘72∼’76
‘77∼’81
‘82∼’86
‘87∼’91
‘92∼’96
Power tillerPest control machineWater pumpPower thresherTractorRice transplanterReaper-binderCombineOthersTotal
27
20------
29
166822------
106
1091132618-1--2
269
28620651243
151825
610
377.4---
12.648.218.915.291.8653.2
222.0---
53.714.344.253.0125.5641.3
267.3---
82.5137.421.641.0413.1962.4
Fund SubsidyLoanTotal
0.5-
0.5
4.64.18.7
1.953.255.1
6.1324.3330.4
130.8720.3851.1
173.61,351.11,529.7
1,230.91,940.03,171.4
○ Procedure of loan for farm machinery purchasing
Machinerycompany NACF
Agentdealer
ProvincialNACF
County NACR
PrimaryAgriculturalCooperatives
Farmers
Paying for supplied machineryInformation of supplied quantity
SupplyInformationon suppliedquantity
Remittance
Remittance
Loanedamountsremittance
Application for loan
SupplyApplication
for purchasing
Notice of finished loanLoan documents submit
○ Loan rate and repayment condition (for individual farmers)
Machinery Loan rate(%) Defermentduration(year)
Repayment duration(year)
Power tiller 50∼70 1 6
Tractor 70∼70 1 7
Rice transplanter 80∼90 1 4∼6
Reaper binder 80∼90 1 4∼6
Combine 80∼90 1 6∼7
Power sprayer 70 1 4
Mist & duster 70 1 4
Water pump 70 1 4
Gran dryer 80∼90 1 6∼7
Others 70 1 4∼6
□ Utilization of agricultural machinery○ Purpose of joint-use
- Effective use of machinery- Reduce the crop production cost- Reduce the machinery procurement cost for small scale farmer
○ Government supported by subsidy and loan- For mechanized farming group(MFG) supported (Billion won)
Year No. of MFGTotal Subsidy Loan Farmers
share
‘81∼90 25,970 399.1 156.3 195.9 46.8
‘91∼94 18,990 419.0 146.5 190.6 82.9
Total 44,960 819.0 302.8 386.5 129.7
Financial support
○ Changes of joint-use system of agricultural machinery
Name years Management Cultivatedarea/site
No. of site
Agri machinery joint use club ‘72 Farmers 20∼30 ㏊ 1,012
Farming machinery bank ‘75∼’77 FIC 50 10
Mechanized farming center ‘77∼’81 FIC/AC/V 30 513Integrated mechanization pilot area ‘77∼’81 FIC/AC 300∼1,000 8
Mechanized farming group ‘81∼’94 Farmers 5∼10 44,960
Agricultural corporation ‘91∼ FC 50 1,397
Agricultural machinery bank ‘92∼ AC - 38
Organization of joint use ‘95∼ OF/FCO 10∼30 4,830
FIC : Farmland Improvement CooperativeV : VillageOF : Organizer - Farmers
AC : Agricultural CooperativeFC : Farming CorporationFCO : Farmers - Corporation
□ Repair & Maintenance of agricultural machinery
○ Repair service system for agricultural machinery
Central
Part sale for agricultural machinery
Nationwidemobilerepair-service
Agri. coop. service center,Private repair shop,
Agri. coop. service center,Agent dealer,
Extension office
Manufacturer’smachine part center
Korea agriculturalmachinery industry
cooperative
City & county
TownPart sale & repair
Part sale & repair
Promotion of machine sale
Machine sale & repair
Agri. coop. : Agricultural cooperatives
Province
○ Repair service shops for agricultural machinery
Repair shop
Private Agriculturalcooperatives
Year Agentdealer
In Province
Generalmaintenance shop
Parts center
1972
1975
1980
1985
1990
2000
29 205
137 272
657 508465
692 640
1,624
1,341
701
776
738
1120
21
30
34
27
45
1,671
□ Training of agricultural machinery
○ Training system
RDA
ProvincialRDA
CountyExtension Office
Central
Provincial
City & County
○ Instructors○ Technical license applicants○ Extension workers
○ Village farmers○ Mechanization leader farmer
○ Training repair service○ End - user farmers○ Rural women
·····
·····
○ Agricultural machinery training centers
Type of training centers Number oftraining centers
Government systemCentral Farm Machinery Training Center in RDAProvincial Farm Machinery Training center in PRDACounty Farm Machinery Training Center inExtension Office
Private systemManufacturer’s Training Center (Large Co.)Manufacturer’s Agencies (County level)
19
157
5640
○ Status of agricultural machinery training facilities
Items Central A. M.training center
Provincial A. M.training center
(average of total)
County A. M.Training center
(average of total)
Lecture room(㎡) 924 3,092 21,301
Dormitory(㎡) 1,623 7,939 7,939
Workshop(㎡) 1,452 3,181 19,900
Warehouse(㎡) 1,650 5,250 34,217
Agri. machinery(ea.) 128 744 3,669
□ Research and development
○ 1960’s- Testing of agricultural machinery & tools- Development of farm engine
○ 1970’s- Adaptation test of foreign machinery- Localization of tractor, rice transplanter, harvester and combine
○ 1980’s- Development of power tiller and tractor attachment- Development high efficiency rice transplanter and combine
○ 1990’s- Mechanization on vegetable and up-land crop cultivation - R & D for greenhouse and livestock engineering- " for agricultural products post-harvest technology
□ Import & export of agricultural machinery
○ Export of agricultural machinery
(unit:1,000 US$)
Total 523 368 10,448 14,359 134,804
Machinery 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000
Power tiller 523 368 2,470 2,300 2,225
Farm tractor - - 336 1,457 45,143
Farm engine - - 4,200 1,789 1,211
Others - - 3,442 8,813 86,225
○ Import of agricultural machinery
(unit : 1,000US$)
Machinery 1995 1998 1999 2000
Farm tractor 44,622 16,565 27,378 44,456
Rice transplanter 1985 324 421 720
Combine 29,271 3,726 5,907 10,339
Others 5,360 93,108 60,466 76,291
Total 81,238 113,723 94,171 131,806
□ Effect of agricultural mechanization
○ Farm labor input level per hectare (hr/ha)
Crops 1981 1999
Paddy rice : 928 hr → 328 (△65%)
Chinese cabbage : 1,756 → 1,056 (△40)
Red pepper : 2,488 → 2,001 (△20)
Cucumber(greenhouse) : 8,370 → 6,953 (△17)
Apple : 4,145 → 2,342 (△43)
○ Changes of mechanization rate in rice productionunit: %
Year Tillage Transplanting Spraying Harvesting Drying
1985
1990
1995
1998
70
84
97
100
23
78
97
97
68
93
98
99
17
72
95
94
2.1
15
32
39
- The mechanization on rice cultivation was totally promoted.
- The mechanization for up-land crops, horticultural and livestock production have been encouraged
- Year-round glasshouse production system was expanded through the
reduced farm labor
○ Mechanization rate of major farm operation in rice production(1998)
(unit : %)
ItemLand
preparation Transplanting Pest control Harvesting Drying
R. Korea
Japan
100
100
97
99
99
100
94
99
38
89
※ Mechanization rate of farm operations : Korea - 97%, Japan - 99%
○ Ownership rate of major agricultural machinery between Korea and Japan
Ownership Supply rate Ownership Supply rate
Korea(’98) Japan(’95)
TractorPower tillerRice transplanterCombine
(1,000 ea.)15896032578
(%)11.167.923.05.5
(1,000 ea.)2,0601,6691,8351,150
(%)74616640
- The end- users choose high efficiency and convenient machinery
□ Summary1. The agricultural mechanization activity started to supply water
pump and pest control machinery for disaster prevention in the1960’s
2. The agricultural mechanization activity focused to release the labor peak for barley harvesting and rice transplanting season.
In addition, power tiller was supplied to farmers as a basic farmpower for land preparation, water pumping, pest controlling,threshing grain and transportation towards the modernization of rural in the 1970’s
3. The agricultural mechanization has changed from the walkingtype to the riding type agricultural machinery, and it has also changed from the low efficient to the high efficient agriculturalmachinery during the 1980’s.
4. The agricultural mechanization activities focused to up-land crops,and development and dissemination of greenhouse & livestock equipment and engineering, the agricultural products post - harvesttechnology in the 1990’s
5. The agricultural mechanization activities were executed by farmmechanization program during the last three decades which arestrongly supported by government;
- Subsidy and bank loan for procurement of agricultural machinery,- Training of agricultural machinery before deliver of machinery,- Stock spare parts and sufficiency of repair & maintenance system,- Extending joint- use system for effective use of machinery,- R & D for new agricultural mechanization technology
6. The reduced farm labor was effectively used to income generationactivity such as year round greenhouse growing system etc.
1960s
○ Land preparation▷ Oxen-plow(BC50 ~ 1970s)▷ Work eff. : 1.6~3.5hr/10a
Power tiller plow(1959 ~ resent) ◁Work eff. : 2hr/10a ◁
- Local made power tiller showed in 1963 - Wage jumped up 1.8 times for five years since 1965- Started disseminate of power tiller and pest control machinery
○ Water management
▷▷ Wheel type water mill pumpingWheel type water mill pumping((5 ~6ton/hr ))
Power tiller attached water pump ◁(30ton/hr)
○ Rice transplanting and pest controlling
▷ Manual transplanting Work eff. : 12hr/10a
Pest controlling by ◁mist blower - duster
○ Harvesting and transportation
▷ Sickle harvesting(8hr/10a)
Animal and man power ◁transportation
○ Threshing and drying
▷▷ Threshing of rice by power thresher Threshing of rice by power thresher ▷▷ Work Work effeff : 1.3hr/10a: 1.3hr/10a
Sun drying of grain ◁
1970s
○ Land preparation▷ Power tiller rotary▷ Work eff. : 2hr/10a
Tractor plow ◁Work eff. : 20~30min/10a ◁
- Acceleration of the industrialization and urbanization
- Great increase of wage for hiring labor
- Disseminated transplanter and combine harvester
○ Rice transplanting and harvesting
▷ Rice transplanting (4-rows)▷ Work eff. : 30min/10a
Chemical herbicide application ◁
○ Pest controlling
▷ Power tiller attached-power sprayer
High performance ◁sprayer(10min/10a)
▷ Reaper-binder harvesting (50min/10a)
Natural air drying grain-bin ◁
○ Land preparation1980s
▷ Tractor plow (Irang Jang-ki)▷ Work eff. : 10~15min/10a
Tractor rotavator ◁Work eff. : 10~15min/10a ◁
- Accomplished almost total mechanization in rice cultivation exceeding 90% of mechanization rate
- Required the high efficiency and riding type machinery
○ Pest controlling and herbicide application
Herbicide spreading by ◁
mist - blower
▷ Helicopter use pest controlling
○ Rice seedling - nursery growing and transplanting
6-rows riding rice transplanter ◁
▷ Rice seedling nursery ▷ Work eff. : 386box/hr
○ Harvesting and drying
▷▷ Combine (3-row sacking)▷ Work eff. : 30min/10a
Circulation drier ◁
1990s
○ Land preparation and fertilizing
▷ Driven disc plow
Tractor attached ◁fertilizer applicator
○ Dry land & wet land direct rice seeder
▷ Dry land direct seeder▷ Work eff. : 34min/10a
Wet land direct seeder ◁Work eff. : 18min/10a ◁
○ Rice transplanting
▷ High speed rice transplanter▷ Work eff. : 20min/10a
Rice transplanter mounted herbicider ◁Work eff. : transplanting4.6+herbi ◁
0.1hr/ha
- Replaced from four-row walking transplanter to six-rowriding transplanter
○ Pest controlling and harvesting
▷ Riding cultivator mounted boom sprayer(10min/10a)
Combine & container trailer(4Combine & container trailer(4--row) row) ◁◁Work eff. : 15min/10a ◁
- Replaced from two or three-row combine to four-row combine where traveling speed doubled from 0.6m/sec to 1.2m/sec
○ Rice drying-storing and rice processing
▷ Rice drying-storing grain-bin
Rice storing and processing Rice storing and processing ◁◁in Rice Processing Complex in Rice Processing Complex
1990s Up-land crop
▷ Vegetable transplanter
Riding cultivator ◁use vinyl mulching
▷ Peanuts combine harvester
Tractor attached ◁radish harvester
▷ Lily bulb digger
Chinese cabbage harvester ◁
▷ Electrostatic speed sprayer
Young seedlings nursery pot ◁automatic soil & plant filling system
▷Greenhouse spraying system
Plug young-seedling ◁planting machine
▷ Plant factory model
Young seedling growing system ◁in greenhouse
▷ Nondestructive fruit qualityevaluation system
Combine harvester attached ◁straw conditioner
▷Tomato harvesting robot
Satellite guided autonomous ◁tractor
□ Test & evaluation of agricultural machinery
▷ Tractor PTO performance test
Tractor wheel power test ◁
OECD Agricultural tractor test( test codeOECD Agricultural tractor test( test codeⅠⅠ~~ⅧⅧ) )
◀ Crush test for tractorsafety frame
Tractor draw bar test ▶
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