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Counseling Children

Play Therapy

Sultan Mizan Institute of Teachers

Education

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Play Therapy General

Definition

Satu bentuk terapi yang menggunakan

tindakan bermain pasir, cerita dongeng,

seni, dan kewayangan menggalakkankomunikasi pada kanak-kanak yang

mempunyai kemahiran verbalization tidak

mencukupi atau tidak matang atau yang

berlebihan dgn kata-kata keranamempertahankan diri.

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The Purpose of Play

Therapy untuk membolehkan kanak-kanak secara tidak

langsung menyatakan fikiran dalaman,

ketakutan, kebimbangan, dan perasaan marah

dan bersalah untuk membantu kanak-kanak mencapai tugas-

tugas pembangunan melalui modaliti yang

dilindungi di mana mereka boleh belajar untuk

menangani kesukaran di sini dan sekarang (bilikmainan sebagai tempat perlindungan)

untuk membantu kanak-kanak mengurangkan

kebimbangan dan menyelesaikan konflik

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The Process of Play Therapy

Ungkapan metafora peristiwa

menyedihkan membolehkan kanak-kanak

untuk keadaan luar dan angan sakitmereka supaya mereka lebih berkesan

boleh mengawal dan belajar cara-cara

penyesuaian untuk menghadapi ia.

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Play TherapyMain adalah kaedah utama untuk bekerja

dengan kanak-kanak berusia 2 -12 keranaterhad perkembangan kognitif dan keupayaanyang terhad untuk dgn kata-kata fikiran danperasaan, dan kerana ia adalah merupakansebahagian daripada kehidupan kanak-kanakdan juga sebagai kaedah semula jadipembelajaran dan yang berkaitan.

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Adlerian PlayMenggunakan teknik-teknik untuk menyediakan

galakan

mendedahkan buruj keluarga

menggalakkan ingatan awal

mendedahkan matlamat tingkah laku kanak-

kanak

membentuk hipotesis tentatif tentang kelakuankanak-kanak

mendidik semula kanak-kanak.

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Gestalt Play (Oaklander) menggunakan teknik bermain yang

memberi tumpuan kepada:

mewujudkan perhubungan di

mengukuhkan rasa kanak-kanak daripada diridan sokongan-

ungkapan emosi yang menggalakkan

mengajar kanak-kanak untuk memupuk diri.

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Cognitive-Behavioral Play

(Tanda buruk) memberi tumpuan kepada:

pemikiran kanak-kanak, perasaan, fantasi,

dan persekitaran

mengajar lebih tingkah laku penyesuaian

melalui pemodelan, peranan bermain,

tingkah laku dan tanggungan luar jangka

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Family Play

(Busby dan Lufkin) mendapatimaklumat tentang perhubungan

keluarga dan mengenal pasti temayang sama.

Matlamat (Anderson) termasuk:

memahami suasana emosi keluarga

jangkaan peranan

imej diri

struktur.

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Child-Centered Play(Landreth) memberi tumpuan kepada:

hubungan dan menyampaikan

penyayang tanpa syarat danpenerimaan, hormat, dan kesabaran

membenarkan anak-anak untukmembawa hubungan danmenyelesaikan masalah merekasendiri

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The Role of Play

"Main mata wang kanak-kanak"

Bermain adalah:

menyeronokkan

spontan

sukarela

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The Role of Play

Main tidak mempunyai matlamat, tujuan,atau orientasi tugas

Bermain adalah satu cara semula jadi untukkanak-kanak kepada:

berkomunikasi

Melakonkan bahan sensitif

Keselamatan Keuntungan (kawan khayalan)Membina keyakinan diri (penguasaan)

Main membolehkan kanak-kanak untukbereksperimen dengan cara-cara baruberfikir & berkelakuan

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Criteria for Play

tidak literal

Pleasure

Motivasi

intrinsik

fleksibiliti

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Stages of Play

Functional (Sensorimotor): Repetitionand exploration

[0 - 2]Constructive/Productive (Creative)[2-4]

Dramatic/Reproductive (Realistic)[4-7]

Games with Rules[7-12]

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Types of MaterialsReal-life toys: doll house, telephone, etc.

Acting Out/Aggressive Release Toys:

handcuffs, toy guns and knives, drums,

etc.

Creative Expression/Emotional Release

Toys: chalk, magic markers, scissors,

paper, blocks, hand puppets, Play-Doh,

etc.

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Characteristics of Play

Healthy Play

Relate freely

Conversational

SpontaneousDirect & open

Play alone or with you

Disturbed Play

Uncomfortable

wants to be told what to

doQuestions or demands

Aggressive

Play alone or under

your control

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Characteristics of Play

Healthy

Play as exploration

feelings

temporary tensions

temporary conflicts

Themes

are direct

expression

able to express

negative feelings,

but also positive

feelings about sameperson

Disturbed

Play is intense

Themesare diffuse

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Stages of the Therapeutic

ProcessOpen and permissive atmosphere for

relationship building, focusing on the feelingsthat play behavior evokes, open-endedquestions, developing hypotheses

More directive play, testing hypotheses,exploration of feelings and behavior - activeprobing

Engagement of the child in more systematicallystructured play sequences related to the conflict;use of systematic desensitization

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Play Techniques

Play Interview

Counselor interviews child during play

Balloon Bursting in Structured Playhelps inhibited children become more

assertive

Playhousesshows home relationships

gives insight into childs view of ideal home

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Play TechniquesPuppets

may be used to talk about difficult issues

a variety of 15-20 puppets recommended

counselor interviews the child after the story is

told through the puppets

Telephone

children may imitate parents on the phone ortalk to an imaginary or lost friend or loved one

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Play Techniques Sandplay

allows counselor access to childs world while promoting

understanding & self-discovery

Waterplaycan be an outlet for releasing aggression or for

relaxation

Food

counselor explores with child various reactions to food

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Play TechniquesFinger Painting

can help child express feelings, overcome

inhibitions, reveal fantasies

child tells the story of the painting and theteacher asks for clarification and feelings

color chosen and how the picture is drawn may

be of importance

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Play TechniquesSquiggle Technique

Counselor draws a squiggle (straight, curved, or

zigzag line) and asks child to complete a

drawingchild tells a story about the squiggle with the

Counselor asking for clarification

process is then reversed; the Counselors story

may be interpretative or make suggestions

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Play TechniquesArt and Music Therapy

family drawings are often helpful in

understanding family dynamics

music can often reduce tension, stress, oranxiety

The Emotional Barometer

child is asked to give an indication of how he orshe feels and how things are going

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Play TechniquesRole Playingused to act out situations or rehearse new

learning

may help Counselor understand how childperceives the world and relates to others

Family Word Association Gamechild draws a picture of family, friends, or

school and selects a card with an adjectiveword on it to describe the person(s)

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Play TechniquesMagicmay be used to track relationship skills or

promote awareness

involve the child in the magic, choosing thetricks carefully to achieve a specific goal

Ventriloquismfigures may help in gathering information from

resistant children, to teach social skills, or toexplore ways for solving problems

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Play TechniquesBoard Games

build relationships

promote emotional growthenhance communication

help children with anxietypromote socialization

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Play TechniquesCompetitive Playmay be therapeutic and help with socialization

skills, but negative effects on esteem and

attitude should be consideredGroup Play Therapychildren with similar problems and/or similar

backgrounds may benefit from group play by

sharing experiences and benefiting from therole modeling of others