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Hes fases sngluharjs

bj ha Gjukehela

SEHZKJG NNN

VZKAPNE?

Jbnternah 6

6.1. Pjfng gafnbe feg bncnfuhtab rjspnraterna :

6.0. Ruker farfngenbj tpnfebj ernljg puhkegar >

6.6. Jgsagfmaknjgte kjbnastgnfejg varg asngtektnfe 16

6

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GJZKEFHGNFA

Jbnterjs?Tjbre Kartg Jsfrn`age

Oes Huns Snjoe @aujhes

Pjahnzabe per?CAJVKxnke Alunrrj, 122=>24 Haknafe-Hjena. Snzfayawww.cajs.js

Jbntabe y feerbngabe per?HZ_G :, V.A. bj JbnfnegjsTasaoj bj ha Snrljg bj ha Ahjlra, 12.0=40< Kabrnb.j-kanh? huzagDhuzag:.jsmttp?//www.huzag:.js

Rtuhe ernlngah? GJZKEFHGNFA

Fepyrnlmt, 1>>=. Kartg Jsfrn`age T, Snjoe @aujhes OH.

V.S.T. G? =>=Fekpesnfng j nhustrafng? HZ_G :, V.A. bj Jbnfnegjs

Nkprnkj? Jlrac, V.A. Kabrnb.

Pjsjrvabes tebes hes bjrjfmes. Gngluga partj bj jsta pu`hnfafng pujbj sjr rjprebufnba gn trags-kntnba jg gngluga cerka e kjbne ahluge, jhjftrgnfe e kjfgnfe, ngfhuyjgbe has cetefepnas, lra`a-fnegjs jg fuahqunjr snstjka bj rjfupjrafng bj ahkafjgaoj bj ngcerkafng sng jh pjrknse jsfrntebjh tntuhar bjh fepyrnlmt.

Ferrjspegbjgfna?

Kartg Jsfrn`age T.Vjrvnfne bj Gjukehela. Mespntah 10 bj Eftu`rj. 0=421 Kabrnb.Rcge. >1 6>4 =0 =1 23> :< 44: @urlesRcge. >2< 0= 1= 44

BNSNVNEG LPZTE

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6

g jh prjsjgtj casffuhe sj jxpegjg bes fases fhgnfes quj mag tjgnbe rjhafng feg jspjfna-

hnbabjs kuy prxnkas a ha Gjukehela feke seg Tjbnatra y Fnrula Rerfnfa. Jg jh prnkjre bj

jhhes sj prjsjgta ug rjfng gafnbe feg bncnfuhtab rjspnraterna ferrjspegbnjgtj a uga bnsphasna `reg-

fepuhkegar. Jstj fegfjpte jglhe`a a hes pafnjgtjs quj prjsjgtag sgtekas rjspnraternes, ahtjrafne-

gjs jg ha rabnelraca bj trax y gjfjsnbab suphjkjgtarna bj exljge ks ahh bj hes 0= bas bj vnba.

Feg ketnve bj jsta prjsjgtafng sj rjahnza uga aftuahnzafng bj has pesn`nhnbabjs tjraputnfas

ngfhuyjgbe vjgtnhafng kjfgnfa, trataknjgte kbnfe y kjbnbas fekphjkjgtarnas.

Jh sjlugbe fase fhgnfe a`erba ug tuker farfngefnbj feg uga prjsjgtafng pefe ma`ntuah jg ugapafnjgtj oevjg. Jstj tuker farfngenbj tpnfe js ug tuker bj `aoe petjgfnah bj kahnlgnbab feg phje-

kercnske hjvj y ausjgfna bj kntesns, he quj he bncjrjgfna bjh farfngenbj atpnfe y hj mafj tjgjr ug kjoer

pregstnfe. Ha rjsjffng qunrrlnfa js ha gnfa tjrapna furatnva y bj`j ngtjgtar sjr jfegknfa y rjs-

pjtar jh kayer perfjgtaoj bj pargqunka. Ter jhhe, ha utnhnzafng bj tfgnfas `regfephstnfas js snjk-

prj rjfekjgba`hj, y jh fnruoage terfnfe bj j tekar jg efasnegjs su bjfnsng ngtraepjraternakjgtj.

Ter htnke, y jg rjhafng tak`ng feg fnrula terfnfa, sj prjsjgta ug pafnjgtj varg, oevjg, feg

jgsagfmaknjgte kjbnastgnfe quj ferrjspegbj a uga jgcjrkjbab bj Fasthjkag e mnpjrphasna aglne-

cehnfuhar hngcenbj hefahnzaba, quj tpnfakjgtj acjfta a laglhnes kjbnastgnfes pjre tak`ng pujbj

bjsarrehharsj jg puhkg, phjura e parjb terfnfa, j ngfhuse cujra bjh trax. Rak`ng ha jxrjsns qun-

rrlnfa, fekphjtaba feg rabnetjrapna sn ge cuj pesn`hj uga jxtnrpafng fekphjta, js jh trataknjgte

bj jhjffng.

A`erbakes, as, trjs gujvas sntuafnegjs sngluharjs bj patehela ge ma`ntuah bjh gjukhele y quj

apertag bates bj ngtjrs.

Hes Jbnterjs

Jbnternah

J

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jfng gafnbe bj sjxe cjkjgnge, prjtrknge bj

0< sjkagas bj jbab ljstafnegah, feg pjse bj 3=4 l, quj

nglrjsa per bncnfuhtab rjspnraterna.

Agtjfjbjgtjs e`sttrnfes? jk`araze fegtrehabe feg ag-

hnsns y jfelraca gerkah masta has 0< sjkagas bj ljstafng.

Vj prebufj cnj`rj katjrga y bngknfa utjrnga

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Bnsfusng?

Gertmway jt ah. cujreg hes prnkjres quj ngtrebuojreg jg jh

ae 1>3< jh trknge bj bnsphasna `regfepuhkegar (B@T)

y ha bjsfrn`njreg feke jh bae puhkegar frgnfe quj rj-

suhta bj ha vjgtnhafng kjfgnfa jg prjkatures feg cahherjspnraterne lravj1. Jg ha aftuahnbab may bncjrjgtjs frntj-

rnes bj bjcngnfng jgtrj ha B@T fhsnfa y jh fegfjpte bj

jgcjrkjbab puhkegar frgnfa (JTF). Jh trknge bj B@T

jglhe`a a aqujhhes pafnjgtjs quj prjsjgtag sgtekas rjs-

pnraternes, ahtjrafnegjs jg ha rabnelraca bj trax y gjfjsn-

bab suphjkjgtarna bj exljge ks ahh bj hes 0= bas bj

vnba0, knjgtras quj ha JTF sj rjcnjrj a ha bjpjgbjgfna bj

exljge a uga jbab pestljstafnegah bj 63 sjkagas6.

Jg jstes htnkes aes jh jkphje bj surcaftagtj jxljge,

jh use bj hes fertnfenbjs prjgatahjs y has gujvas tfgnfas

bj vjgtnhafng kjfgnfa mag bnskngunbe ha ngfnbjgfna bj

B@T, sng jk`arle, fegtnga snjgbe ha fekphnfafng kscrjfujgtj bj hes rjfng gafnbes bj kuy `aoe pjse

(8 1.:44 l). Vj jstnka uga ngfnbjgfna bj jgtrj 14%-64%.

Tatelgjsns? hes cafterjs patelgnfes ks nkpertagtjs jg jhbjsarrehhe bj ha B@T seg ha ngkaburjz puhkegar, ha texnfn-

bab bj exljge, jh aretrauka, ha ngcjffng y ha ngchakafng.

Ngkaburjz puhkegar? buragtj has sjkagas 02 a 0= bj

ljstafng sj prebufj jh pjrnebe bj ahvjeharnzafng feg ha

bncjrjgfnafng fjhuhar y jh bjsarrehhe bjh hjfme fapnhar. Jg-

trj has fhuhas, sj bncjrjgfnag has ahvjeharjs tnpe N, quj pjr-

kntnrg jh ngtjrfak`ne lasjese, y has fhuhas tnpe NN, quj

prebufnrg jh aljgtj tjgseaftnve. Jstes prefjses asjluraguga abjfuaba rjhafng bj vjgtnhafng-pjrcusng, prefjses

quj ge sj vjrncnfag ferrjftakjgtj jg jh puhkg ngkabure.

Rexnfnbab bjh exljge? jh exljge a ahtas fegfjgtrafne-

gjs prebufj rabnfahjs hn`rjs, mnpjrphasna bj has fhuhas tn-

pe NN, bjstruffng bj has bj tnpe N y prehncjrafng karfaba

bj gjutrcnhes, kafrcales y cn`re`hastes jg jh ngtjrstnfne

puhkegar.

@aretrauka? jh puhkg ngkabure js sukakjgtj sjgsn-

`hj a hes jcjftes kjfgnfes bj ha vjgtnhafng feg prjsng

pesntnva. Vj prebufj uga karfaba bnstersng bjh r`eh

`regqunah bj`nbe a ha ahta fekphnagfj a gnvjh `regqunehar

y ahvjehar. Feke rjsuhtabe sj cerkag rjas mnpjrbnstjgbn-

bas quj sj ahtjrgag feg zegas bj fehapse quj caverjfjg jh

bjsarrehhe bj jgcnsjka ngtjrtnfnah, gjuketrax y per he

tagte bj kayer bae puhkegar2.

Ngcjffng? sj mag pu`hnfabe tra`aoes quj bjkestrareg ug

rnjsle aukjgtabe bj B@T jg mnoes bj kabrjs feg jvnbjg-

fna bj ferneakgnegntns:. Etres tra`aoes sulnjrjg quj may

ug rnjsle aukjgtabe bj B@T jg gnes fuya va arja js-

ta`a fehegnzaba feg Zrjaphaska urjahytnfuk jg jh ke-

kjgte bjh gafnknjgte3.

Ngchakafng? jg hes htnkes aes sj ma pestuhabe quj jh

prefjse bj ngchakafng js ug kjfagnske nkpertagtj pa-

ra jh bjsarrehhe bj bae puhkegar. Vj ma jgfegtrabe ugaukjgte snlgncnfatnve bj fhuhas ngchakaternas y varnas

fntefngas jg ha va arja bj gnes quj bjspus bjsarre-

hhag B@T. Rak`ng sj utnhnza ha tjecnhnga erah per sus

jcjftes jstnkuhagtjs rjspnraternes y su jcjfte bnurtnfe,

augquj bj`j usarsj feg prjfaufng bj`nbe a sus khtnphjs

jcjftes sjfugbarnes.

Pjfng gafnbe feg bncnfuhtab rjspnraterna

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Fertnfenbjs? aftag kebuhagbe ha rjspujsta ngchakaterna.

Gukjreses tra`aoes mag bjkestrabe ha kjoera bj ha cugfng

puhkegar bjspus bj ha abkngnstrafng bj jstjrenbjs, he quj

cafnhnta ha suprjsng bj ha vjgtnhafng kjfgnfa. Tjre ag ge

sj ma jsta`hjfnbe ha besns, jbab bj use, rlnkjg y burafng

bj su utnhnzafng. Vj rjfeknjgba jh jkphje bj jstjrenbjs s-he bjspus bj has bes sjkagas bj vnba y jg gnes quj tnjgjg

jvnbjgfna fhara bj bae puhkegar prelrjsnve14. Aftuahkjg-

tj sj bnspegj bj hes fertnfenbjs ngmahabes, quj rjbufjg snl-

gncnfatnvakjgtj hes jcjftes sjfugbarnes. Ag ge may bates

prjfnses se`rj ha besns ks aprepnaba, hes bnstngtes tnpes bj

fertnfenbjs y jh kjoer ktebe para su abkngnstrafng11. Ter

he tagte, tebava ge sj rjfeknjgba bj cerka rutngarna.

Gutrnfng? uga gutrnfng abjfuaba js fhavj jg jh kagjoe

bjh gne feg B@T. Zg jstabe bj kah gutrnfng prebufnr ug

rjtrase jg jh bjsarrehhe tagte sektnfe feke bj ahvehes

gujves, kayer prepjgsng a has ngcjffnegjs y kayer sus-

fjptn`hnhnbab a ha texnfnbab bjh exljge. Vj bj`jg abkngns-

trar vntakngas B, A y J, fahfne, mnjrre y cehates. May quj tj-

gjr prjsjgtj jh rjchuoe lastrejseclnfe quj feg crjfujgfna sj

e`sjrva jg jstes gnes y quj pujbj fegtrn`unr ah prefjse bj

ngchakafng regqunah.

Ngcjffnegjs? sj bj`j bjtjftar fuahqunjr snlge tjkprage

bj ngcjffng per he quj sj rjfeknjgba rjahnzar fuhtnves

traqujahjs bj cerka pjrnbnfa.

Fekphnfafnegjs? sj ma e`sjrvabe uga ahta ngfnbjgfna bjjgcjrkjbab e`struftnva bj ha va arja j mnpjrrjaftnvn-

bab `regqunah quj pjrsnstj buragtj varnes aes jg abe-

hjsfjgtjs y abuhtes ovjgjs10. Ahluges jstubnes rjfnjg-

tjs mag ferrjhafnegabe ha cugfng rjspnraterna feg ha

prjsjgfna bj atrapaknjgte arje y zegas bj cn`resns jgha RF bj ahta rjsehufng feg fertjs ngspnraternes y jspn-

raternes16. Jstubnes a harle phaze sulnjrjg quj feg jh

frjfnknjgte ha cugfng rjspnraterna y has nkljgjs puh-

kegarjs tnjgbjg a kjoerar.

Rak`ng prjsjgtag ngcjffnegjs rjspnraternas rjfnbnvagtjs.

Vj ma e`sjrvabe quj ah kjges ha kntab bj hes gnes feg

B@T nglrjsag jg ug mespntah buragtj hes bes prnkjres

aes bj vnba. Jg ljgjrah ge sj ashag lrkjgjs jspjfcn-

fes, he quj sulnjrj quj ha jtnehela sja vnrah. Ha ngcjffng

per vnrus rjspnraterne sngfntnah (SPV) js lravj y jg ahlu-

ges fases pujbj sjr kertah. Jg ha aftuahnbab sj rjfeknjg-

ba ha abkngnstrafng bj hes agtnfujrpes kegefhegahjs yaquj ma bjskestrabe sjr jcnfaz jg bnskngunr ha lravjbab bj

ha ngcjffng per jh SPV12.

Vj mag bjsfrnte agekahas jg has fujrbas vefahjs y ahtjra-

fnegjs traquje`regqunahjs sjfugbarnas a ha ngtu`afng (js-

tjgesns su`lhtnfas e traqujahjs, traqujekahafna y lragu-

hekas traqujahjs e jgbe`regqunahjs).

3-=06.

6. Vmjggag AR, Bugg KV, Emhsseg A, jt ah. A`gerkah puhke-

gary eutfekjs ng prjkaturj ngcagts? Trjbnftneg crek exyljg

rjqunrjkjgts ng tmj gjegatah pjrneb. Tjbnatrnfs 1>==9 =0?

:0=>9 0:(2)? 62 A.

:. \attjr`jrl IH, Bjkjrs HK, Vfett VK, Kurpmy V. Fme-rneakgnegntns agb jarhy hugl ngchakkatneg ng ngcagts ng

wmek `regfmepuhkegary bysphasna bjvjheps. Tjbnatrnfs

1>>39 >>=9 0? 024-022.

>=9 :1? 16-00.

=. Iae HF, \ar`urteg B, Varljgt F\, jt ah. Curesjknbj afu-tjhy bjfrjasjs anrways rjsnstagfj ng fmregnf `regfmepuhke-

gary bysphasna. O Tjbnatr 1>=69 146? 302-30>.

>. Bavns OK, Vnging PA, Aragba OS. Brul tmjrapy cer `reg-

fmepuhkegary bysphasna. Tjbnatr Tuhkegeh 1>>49 =? 11-103.

16. Aqunge VH, Vfmjfmtjr KV, Fmnhjs F, A`hng BV, Fmnpps @,

\j`` \P. Mnlm-rjsehutneg ngspnratery agb jxpnratery FR ng

ehbjr fmnhbrjg agb abuhts wntm `regfmepuhkegary bysphasna.

AOP 1>>>9 136->3>=9 140? :61-:6

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Pjfng gafnbe feg bncnfuhtab rjspnraterna

=

Cnl. 6? Pabnelraca bj trax? mnpjrngsuchafng puhkegar n-

hatjrah feg prjbekngne jg h`uhes ngcjrnerjs. Khtnphjs nk-

ljgjs hngjahjs quj ferrjspegbjrag a jglresaknjgtes sjp-

tahjs. Aukjgte bj bjgsnbab jg h`uhe supjrner bjrjfme.

Cnl. 2? Rekelraca fekputarnzaba bj trax? kjoera jvn-

bjgtj feg rjspjfte a ha jxpherafng jcjftuaba trjs aes

agtjs, augquj pjrsnstjg tebava trasterges bj ha anrja-

fng y bnsfrjtes jglresaknjgtes sjptahjs.

Cnl. 1? Pabnelraca bj trax? bnskngufng bj ha anrja-

fng bj ak`es fakpes puhkegarjs. Tatrg rjtnfuhelra-

guhabe cnge y bncuse nhatjrah, feg regfelrakas arjes.

Cnl. 0? Rekelraca fekputarnzaba bj trax bj ahta rjse-

hufng? pjftuk jxfavatuk. Anrjafng mjtjrelgja fegzegas mnpebjgsas ahtjrgagbe feg zegas jg vnbrne bjshus-

trabe. Jglresaknjgte bj hes sjptes ngtjrstnfnahjs. Nkaljg

bjgsa jg h`uhe ngcjrner nzqunjrbe.

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uojr bj 06 aes bj jbab, sjfrjtarna bj precj-

sng, cukabera bj 04 fnlarrnhhes/ba masta mafj bes kjsjs,

sng jgcjrkjbabjs kbnfas fegefnbas. Reka agtnfegfjptn-

ves merkegahjs erahjs bjsbj mafj efme aes y cuj abjgen-

bjfteknzaba jg ha ngcagfna. Afubn a urljgfnas per prjsjg-

tar sngtekatehela bj fngfe bas bj jvehufng fegsnstjgtj jg

beher phjurtnfe jg jh mjkntrax nzqunjrbe y cnj`rj bj 6=F.

Jxpherafng csnfa?

Jg jh kekjgte bj su nglrjse jvnbjgfna`a cnj`rj bj 6=F

y taqunfarbna bj 114/hpk. Ge sj pahpa`ag abjgepatas fjr-

vnfahjs e axnharjs. Ha ausfuhtafng farbnafa jra rtknfa,

sng sephes y prjsjgta`a uga mnpecegjsns jg jh fakpe ngcj-

rner nzqunjrbe. Ha jxpherafng bjh a`bekjg y jxtrjknba-

bjs jra gerkah.

Jxpherafnegjs fekphjkjgtarnas?

Mjkelraka? hjufefntes >.644/kk6 (crkuha gerkah),

mjkelhe`nga 10,3 l/bh, mjkatefrnte 6%, RHFE

1=,

6.0. Ruker farfngenbj tpnfebj ernljg puhkegar

A. SAPJHA BJ ZLAPRJ, T. PEBPLZJ_, T. LKJ_, H. KABPNLAH

Zgnbab bj Fnrula Rerfnfa.Mespntah Zgnvjrsntarne Fhgnfa Tujrta bj Mnjrre. Kabrnb.

K

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phjt ha fnrula feg uga hngcabjgjfteka kjbnastgnfa y ge

mu`e fekphnfafnegjs ngtraepjraternas. Jh jxakjg bj ha pnj-

za bj rjsjffng kestr, a gnvjh kafresfpnfe, ug h`uhe bj

1< x < fk feg geta`hj fegljstng y agtrafesns. Ah fertj sj

aprjfn uga kasa jgbehukngah rjbegbjaba, bj feher agarag-

oabe, bj 1,6 fk, quj e`hntjra a ha huz bjh `regqune prngfnpahy bjh h`uhe supjrner nzqunjrbe. Knfresfpnfakjgtj ferrjs-

pegba a uga hjsng feg frjfnknjgte jxectnfe quj e`hntjra-

`a ha huz bjh `regqune prngfnpah nzqunjrbe, sntuaba jg ha h-

knga prepna kuy vasfuharnzaba, feg fntephaska akphne, lra-

guhar y jesngcnhe. Gfhjes feg phjekercnske hjvj pjre sng

kntesns. Jh jstubne ngkugepatehlnfe puse bj kagncnjste ha

pesntnvnbab bj has fhuhas tukerahjs para ha frekelragnga A

y sngaptecnsnga, pjre may ausjgfna bj ngkugerrjaftnvnbab

para hes karfaberjs bj has fhuhas jgbetjhnahjs y jpntjhnahjs,

jsta`hjfngbesj jh bnalgstnfe bj tuker farfngenbj tpnfe

(cnl. :). Rebas has abjgepatas pabjfag fak`nes rjaftnves

ngjspjfcnfes, sng jvnbjgfna bj kahnlgnbab.

Jvehufng?

Ha jvehufng pestepjraterna cuj satnscafterna y tras trjs kj-

sjs bj ha ngtjrvjgfng ha pafnjgtj sj jgfujgtra asngtektnfa.

Bnsfusng?

Jh puhkg gerkah fegtnjgj uga pe`hafng bj fhuhas gju-

rejgbefrngas pjrtjgjfnjgtjs ah snstjka ATZB fuye snlgn-

cnfabe ge jst `njg fhare y quj pujbjg kagncjstarsj jg bn-

cjrjgtjs prefjses, bjstafagbe hes tukerjs gjurejgbefrn-

ges, fuye jspjftre va bjsbj jh farfngeka bj fhuhas pj-

qujas masta jh tuker farfngenbj1.

Ha prngfnpah faraftjrstnfas bj jstes tukerjs js ha fapafnbab

fjhuhar sjfrjtera bj sustagfnas gjurejgbefrngas he fuah hjs

fegcnjrj faraftjrjs quj hes bncjrjgfnag bj etres tukerjs0. Jg

ug ngtjgte per fhasncnfar a hes tukerjs feg jstas faraftjrstn-

fas mag surlnbe varnas fhasncnfafnegjs, snjgbe ha ks afjpta-

ba ha bj Brjshjr jt ah. bj 1>>4% bj hes tukerjs farfngenbjs jstg hefahnzabes jg ug

`regqune prngfnpah e he`ar y ha kayera frjfjg jxtrahukn-

gahkjgtj mafna jh pargqunka fnrfugbagtj, knjgtras quj

jh 14% rjstagtj seg pjrncrnfes6.

Hes sgtekas e`struftnves efurrjg tjkpragakjgtj, bjsta-

fagbe ha tes (>4%), bnsgja (34%) y mjkeptnsns (:4%). Jg

fuagte a hes snlges bj e`struffng `regqunah pebjkes fn-

tar ha atjhjftasna, jgcnsjka y cngahkjgtj gjukegntns y/e

a`sfjses puhkegarjs. Jg gujstra pafnjgtj ha atjhjftasna

pre`a`hjkjgtj prevef sjfugbarnakjgtj uga gjukegntns y

jh bjsarrehhe bj ug bjrrakj paragjukgnfe sjfugbarne9 sng

jk`arle, ge prjsjgta`a sgtekas fhgnfes. Jgtrj hes sgte-

kas bjrnvabes bj ha sjfrjfng bj has sustagfnas gjurejg-

befrngas bjstafa jh sgbrekj farfngenbj, quj aparjfj mas-ta jg ug 6% bj hes fases y jst jg rjhafng feg has kjts-

tasns mjptnfas e jg farfngenbjs puhkegarjs khtnfgtrnfes

e bj takae kayer bj : fk6. Jh tuker farfngenbj tpnfe js

ug tuker bj `aoe petjgfnah kahnlge, feg phjekercnske hj-

vj y ausjgfna bj kntesns, he quj he bncjrjgfna bjh farfngen-

bj atpnfe. Jstas faraftjrstnfas mafjg quj sja jh tuker

gjurejgbefrnge bj kjoer pregstnfe. Hes farfngenbjs bj

pjquje takae y fjgtrahjs tnjgjg kjoer pregstnfe quj

hes bj lrag takae y/e pjrncrnfes, pre`a`hjkjgtj bj`nbe

a ha prjsjgfna bj sgtekas e`struftnves y ug bnalgstnfe

prjfez, knjgtras quj hes pjrncrnfes farjfjg bj sgtekas y

jg jh kekjgte bjh bnalgstnfe tnjgjg kayer takae y seg

bj pjer pregstnfe2,:. Ge sujhjg sjr tukerjs quj sj afek-pajg bj acjftafng abjgeptnfa y as jh >4% seg G4 y jh

2% G1, a bncjrjgfna bjh farfngenbj atpnfe, begbj jh :4%

tnjgj acjftafng kjtastsnfa gebah. Jsfasakjgtj jh :%

prjsjgta kjtstasns jg jh kekjgte bjh bnalgstnfe snjgbe

has ks crjfujgtjs has mjptnfas. Ha supjrvnvjgfna lhe`ah a

hes fngfe aes js supjrner ah =4%.

Jg fuagte ah bnalgstnfe, hes farfngenbjs bj hefahnzafng

fjgtrah sj sujhjg bnalgestnfar kjbnagtj `nepsna per cn`re-

`regfesfepna9 sng jk`arle, jh bnalgstnfe bj hes hefahn-

zabes pjrncrnfakjgtj js tarbe y sj rjahnza kjbnagtj pug-

fng tragsterfnfa e per `nepsna ngtraepjraterna. Ha utnhn-

zafng bj ha lakkalraca usagbe feke trazaber jh eftj-trnbe (aghele bj ha sekatestatnga) snrvj bj ayuba para bj-

tjftar aqujhhes tjonbes feg aftnvnbab sjfrjtera. As, jg

gujstre fase sj puse bj kagncnjste uga faptafng jftpnfa

y patehlnfa a gnvjh puhkegar.

Jg fuagte ah trataknjgte ha rjsjffng qunrrlnfa js ha gnfa

tjrapna furatnva. Bj`nbe ah aoe petjgfnah kahnlge y ha jsfa-

sa rjfurrjgfna sj bj`j ngtjgtar ha prjsjrvafng bjh kxnke

pargqunka puhkegar pesn`hj. Ha sjlkjgtjfteka jst ng-

bnfaba jg jh farfngenbj tpnfe, pjrncrnfe, kjger bj 6 fk y

sng abjgepatas tukerahjs. Ha he`jfteka js ha rjsjffng

ks afjptaba y ha utnhnzafng bj tfgnfas `regfephstnfas,

para jvntar gjukegjftekas, js snjkprj rjfekjgba`hj. Harjsjffng tukerah jgbesfpnfa sehakjgtj jstara oustncnfaba

jg aqujhhes farfngenbjs fjgtrahjs se`rj pafnjgtjs bj jbab

avagzaba y/e feg rjsjrva rjspnraterna hnkntaba. Ge sj ma bj-

kestrabe quj jh trataknjgte feg rabnetjrapna prj e pestepj-

raterna sja `jgjcnfnesa jg jh fegtreh hefah bj ha jgcjrkjbab

e jg ha supjrvnvjgfna3, y jh trataknjgte feg qunknetjrapna sj

jkphja jg jh farfngenbj feg kjtstasns, snjgbe su rjspujsta

kuy varna`hj y feg uga supjrvnvjgfna kjbna quj ge supjra

hes bes aes tras jh bnalgstnfe.

Ruker farfngenbj tpnfe bj ernljg puhkegar

14

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11

1. Larfa- ustj K, Katnhha OK, hvarjz-Lale R, jt ah. Trelges-tnf cafters ng gjurejgbefrngj hugl tukers? A spagnsm kuhtn-fjgtjr stuby. Agg Rmeraf Vurl 04449 =>:9:>?

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Ruker farfngenbj tpnfe bj ernljg puhkegar

10

Cnl. 1? Pabnelraca bj trax? atjhjftasna bjhh`uhe supjrner nzqunjrbe y bjrrakj phjurah.

Cnl. 6? Lakkalraca feg eftjtrnbe 111 Ng. Vj e`sjrva ug

afkuhe patehlnfe hefahnzabe a gnvjh bjh mjkntrax

nzqunjrbe.

Cnl. 2? Rfgnfa qunrrlnfa? tfgnfa bj `regfephastna feg

sjffng a gnvjh bjh `regqune prngfnpah nzqunjrbe y `reg-

qune he`ar ngcjrner feg agastekesns tjrkngetjrkngah.

Cnl. :? Mnstehela? farfngenbj tpnfe feg ngtjgsa pesn-

tnvnbab para ha frekelragnga A.

Cnl. 0? Rekelraca axnah fekputarnzaba terfnfa? atj-

hjftasna bjh h`uhe supjrner nzqunjrbe y kasa puhkegarquj e`hntjra jh `regqune a jsj gnvjh.

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arg bj 6> aes, ge cukaber9 kjfgnfe bj fefmjs

jg fegtafte efasnegah feg aknagte.

Agakgjsns?

Jst tetahkjgtj asngtektnfe? jg ug jstubne caknhnar hhj-

vabe a fa`e per prjsjgtar uga mnoa uga rjaffng bj tu`jr-

fuhnga pesntnva, sj hj mafj uga rabnelraca bj trax quj cuj

fegsnbjraba agerkah.

Jxpherafng csnfa?

Ha jxpherafng csnfa js gerkah, sng pahparsj abjgepatas

a gnglg gnvjh.

Jxpherafnegjs fekphjkjgtarnas?

Pabnehela bj trax? sj aprjfna ug jgsagfmaknjgtekjbnastgnfe jg ha rabnelraca snkphj (cnl. 1).

Rekelraca axnah fekputarnzaba bj trax? sj e`sjrva jgjh kjbnastnge supjrner, rja paratraqujah bjrjfma y pestjrner

a ha fava supjrner, uga hjsng efupagtj bj jspafne shnba,

quj aparjgtjkjgtj ma faptabe fegtrastj augquj jg kufmakjger ngtjgsnbab quj jg hes vases abyafjgtjs feke jh faya-

be artnfe y ha fava supjrner, quj knbj 2 x 2 x 6 fk bj bn-

kjtre kxnke y sj prjsjgta feg fegterges gtnbes, `njg

bjhnkntaba y sng aparjgtj ngcnhtrafng gn fhare bjsphazaknjg-

te bj jstrufturas abyafjgtjs, fegsjrvagbe su gerkah pesn-

fng ha trquja y ha vjga fava supjrner9 ge sj jvnbjgfna vng-

fuhafng feg jstrufturas fjrvnfahjs feke jh tnrenbjs. Jg feg-

fhusng? gbuhe jg kjbnastnge supjrner, rja paratraqujah

bjrjfma, feg faraftjrstnfas rabnehlnfas bj alrjsnvnbab

hnkntaba, bj`ngbesj bjsfartar jg prnkjr hular quj sj tratj

bj abjgepata, sng pebjr prjfnsar su gaturahjza (hngceka,

abjgntns), augquj per ha geta`hj faptafng bj fegtrastj

ma`ra quj fegsnbjrar tak`ng quj pubnjra tratarsj bj ha

jgcjrkjbab bj Fasthjkag.

Aghnsns bj saglrj? 2.:%), fapafnbab vntah cerzaba (CSF) 6.=64 kh (>0%),

CJS1 6.334 kh (140%), CJS1/CSF =3,>% (14=%), bj hes

rjspjftnves vaherjs kjbnes bj rjcjrjgfna.

Bnalgstnfe?

Feg jh bnalgstnfe bj kasa kjbnastgnfa sj jgva a fnru-

la bj trax para ha prftnfa bj uga kjbnastngesfepna, quj

sj rjahnza sng fekphnfafnegjs, snjgbe ha tngfng y jh fuhtn-

ve bj ha `nepsna gjlatnves para knfe`aftjrnas.

Agateka patehlnfa?

Ge may snlges bj kahnlgnbab. May cralkjgtes bj tjonbe

hngcenbj jg hes quj sj e`sjrvag gukjreses fjgtres cehnfu-

16

6.6. Jgsagfmaknjgte kjbnastgnfejg varg asngtektnfe

K. N. FNJGCZJLEV ALZVRG, T. KAPRG JVFPN@AGE

Vjrvnfne bj Gjukehela.Mespntah Zgnvjrsntarne 10 bj Eftu`rj. Kabrnb.

S

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harjs pjqujes rebjabes per fapas fegfgtrnfas bj fhuhas

fjgtrecehnfuharjs quj kujstrag has rjas ngtjrcehnfuharjs.

Vj jvnbjgfna kebjraba prehncjrafng vasfuhar. Etres cral-

kjgtes ferrjspegbjg a tjonbe hngcenbj sng hjsnegjs mnsteh-

lnfas rjhjvagtjs. Jsta nkaljg mnstehlnfa js suljstnva bj

jgcjrkjbab bj Fasthjkag, varnjbab bj fhuhas phasktn-fas. Ha ngkugemnstequknfa kujstra uga pe`hafng hng-

cenbj knxta bj fhuhas @ feg phaskefntesns rjaftnva pehn-

fhegah. Tujste quj sj mag e`sjrvabe fak`nes snknharjs jg

etras hjsnegjs, feke jg ha vjfngbab bj hngcekas, js prjfn-

se ug jstubne bj ha tetahnbab bj ha hjsng para jkntnr feg

teba sjlurnbab jh bnalgstnfe suljrnbe.

Pjvnsng?

Rrjs kjsjs bjspus jh pafnjgtj pjrkagjfj asngtektnfe y

ge prjsjgta bates patehlnfes jg ha jxpherafng? jg partn-

fuhar, ge sj bjtjftag abjgepatas pjrncrnfas a gnglg

gnvjh, gn sj pahpag vnsfjrekjlahnas.

Ha rabnehela snkphj bj trax ge kujstra fak`nes jg hankaljg kjbnastgnfa (cnl. 0).

Aghnsns bj saglrj? sng ahtjrafnegjs vahera`hjs, sahve uga

vjhefnbab bj sjbnkjgtafng a ha prnkjra mera bj 01, uga

NlL bj 1.:14 y ug patrg bj hjvj aukjgte bj ngkugelhe-

`uhngas, pehnfhegah, jg jh pretjngelraka.

Jspnrekjtra? CSF 6.614 kh (

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rjsjffng ngfekphjta. Jg ha cerkas kuhtnfgtrnfas jh tra-

taknjgte js kuhtnkebah, feg fertnfestjrenbjs j ngkugesu-

prjserjs2,:.

Jg jh fase quj prjsjgtakes ha varnagtj mnstepatehlnfa

bjsfrnta js ha phaskefjhuhar, snjgbe kegetpnfa jg su

jxtjgsng. Vj kagncnjsta bj uga cerka fhgnfa snhjgtj y

feg `ujga jvehufng, kagtjgngbesj jh pafnjgtj asngte-

ktnfe bjsbj jh kekjgte bj ha prnkjra fegsuhta mafj trjs

aes. Vngluharkjgtj, jstj fase tnjgj faraftjrjs mnstepate-

hlnfes bj ha varnagtj kjges crjfujgtj y bates fhgnfes bj

ha varnagtj ks `jgnlga3.

1:

1. Fasthjkag @, Nvjrseg H, Kjgbjz ST. Hefahnzjb kjbnastngah

hykpm gebj mypjrphasna rjsjk`hngl tmykeka. Fagfjr 1>:39

>? =00-=64.

0. Sahhnga J, Crjsge K, Fehugla O, Baz O, Arrn`as OK. Jgcjr-

kjbab bj Fasthjkag? ug fegfjpte mnstrnfe para ug akphne

a`agnfe fhgnfe. Ag Kjb Ngtjrg (Kabrnb) 1>>39 16? 060-062.

6. Mjrraba O, Fa`agnhhas C, Pnfj N, Kaggngl O, Tulm \. Rmj fhn-

gnfah `jmavner ec hefahnzjb agb kuhtnfjgtrnf Fasthjkag bnsja-

sj. Ag Ngtjrg Kjb 1>>=9 10=? 3:>>9 =:? 9 1:=? 361-36

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` `

Jgsagfmaknjgte kjbnastgnfe jg varg asngtektnfe

13

Cnl. 1 a y `? Pabnelracas bj trax ngnfnahjs, pestjre-

agtjrner y hatjrah nzqunjrba.

Cnl. 6? Thages bj tekelra-

ca fekputarnzaba terfn-

fa begbj sj bjkujstra ha

patehela kjbnastgnfa pa-

ratraqujah.

Cnl. 0. a y `? Pabnelracas bj trax pestjreagtjrner y

hatjrah nzqunjrba, agtjs bj ha terafeteka.

a a