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Basic Elements of C++
04/10/231 VIT - SCSE
By
G.SasiKumar., M.E., (Ph.D).,Assistant Professor
School of Computing Science and EngineeringVIT University
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Characters are used to form the words, numbers and expressions.
alphabets from A.....Z, a....zall decimal digits from 0....9characters , . ; : ?
‘ “ ! | / \ ~ _ $ % # & ^* - + < > ( ) [ ] { } SpacesblankNew Line endl
04/10/232 VIT - SCSE
Character Set
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Keywords and IdentifiersAll keywords must be written in lowercase.
auto double int struct breakelse long switch case enum registerTypedef char extern return unionconst float short unsigned continuefor signed void default gotosizeof volatile do if static while
Identifiers refer to the names of variables, functions and arrays.
These are user -defined names and consist of a sequence of letters and digits.
04/10/233 VIT - SCSE
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Data Types
04/10/234 VIT - SCSE
C++ Data Types
User Defined type
StructureUnionClassEnumeration
Built-in type Derived type
ArrayFunctionPointer
Integral Floating Character
Void
byte short int longfloat double
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ConstantsConstants in C++ refer to fixed values that do
not change during the execution of a program.C++ supports several types of constants as
shown below: -1. Numeric Constants
Integer ConstantsFloating point (real) Constants
2. Character ConstantsSingle Character ConstantsString Constants
04/10/235 VIT - SCSE
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Integer Constants Decimal integers consist of a set of digits
from 0 through 9. The decimal integers can be positive or negative.(base 10)
Octal integers consist of any combination of digits from 0 through 7, with a leading zero.(base 8)
Hexadecimal integers consist of a sequence of digits 0 through 9 and alphabets from A (a) through F (f). The letters 'A' (a) through 'F ' (f) represent the integers 10 through 15.(16)
04/10/236 VIT - SCSE
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Floating-Point Constants
Floating-point constants are represented by numbers containing fractional parts like in 549.4545.
Floating-point constants are also sometimes called as real number constants.
04/10/237 VIT - SCSE
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Single Character ConstantsA character constant is a single character enclosed
within a pair of single quotes.Example:
'A''3''?'';'' '
Constant ASCII value'a' 97'A' 65'&' 38';' 59
04/10/238 VIT - SCSE
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String Constants A string constant is a sequence of
characters enclosed within a pair of double quotes.
The string constant may also include special characters, numbers and blank spaces.
Example:" Hello!"" I'm going for shopping today. Will you
come?"" 549, The Mall, Shimla."
04/10/239 VIT - SCSE
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Escape SequencesCharacter Escape sequence
bell \abackspace \bhorizontal tab \tvertical tab \vnewline \ncarriage return \rquotation mark \"apostrophe \'backslash \\null \0
04/10/2310 VIT - SCSE
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VariablesA variable is an identifier that is used to
represent a single data itemDeclarationDefinition
04/10/2311 VIT - SCSE
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OperatorsAn operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to
perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations.
Arithmetic OperatorsoIncrement and Decrement Operators
Relational and Logical OperatorsAssignment OperatorsTernary(Conditional) OperatorSizeof OperatorComma Operator& Operator -> Operators(a->b -Member b of object pointed to by a )
04/10/2312 VIT - SCSE
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Control StatementsConditional Statements
If statementIf-else statementSwitch-case statement
Loop StatementsFor loopWhile loopDo-while loop
Breaking control statementsBreakContinuegoto
04/10/2313 VIT - SCSE
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Switch statementswitch(expression){ case constant_1:
statement;break;case constant_2:statement;break;-----------------case constant_n:statement,break;default:statement;break;}
04/10/2314 VIT - SCSE
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//A program to display the name of the day in a week, depending upon the number entered through the keyboard using the switch-case statement.
04/10/2315 VIT - SCSE
#include<iostream.h>void main(){int day;cout<<”Enter a number between 1 to 7”<<endl;cin>>day;switch(day){case 1:cout<<”Monday”<<endl;break;case 2:cout<<”Tuesday”<<endl;break;
case 3:cout<<”Wednesday”<<endl;break;case 4:cout<<”Thursday”<<endl;break;case 5:cout<<”Friday”<<endl;break;case 6:cout<<”Saturday”<<endl;break;case 7:cout<<”Sunday”<<endl;break;}}
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For statement//A program to find the sum and average of given numbers.
04/10/2316 VIT - SCSE
#include<iostream.h>void main(){int n;cout<<”How many numbers?”<<endl;cin>>n;float sum=0;float a=0;float a;
for(int i=0; i<=n-1;i++){cout<<”Enter a number”<<endl;cin>>a;sum=sum+a;}float av;av=sum/n;cout<<”sum=”<<sum<<endl;cout<<”Average=”<<av<<endl;}
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Nested For StatementA program to display a name 15 times using the nested for
loops.#include<iostream.h>void main(){cout<<”Nested for loop”;for(int i=0; i<=2; i++){cout<<i; for(int j=0;j<=2;j++){cout<<j;for(int k=0;k<=2;k++){cout<<k;}}}}
04/10/2317 VIT - SCSE
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While statement{sum+=digit;digit++;}cout<<“1+2+3+.....
+100=“<<sum<<endl;
}
04/10/2318 VIT - SCSE
//program to find the sum of the first 100 natural numbers
#include<iostream.h>
void main(){int sum,digit;sum=0;digit=1;while(digit<=100)
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Do while loopdo{sum=sum+digit;digit=digit+2;}while(digit<=max);cout<<“2+4+...=“<<m
ax<<“sum=“;}
04/10/2319 VIT - SCSE
//program to find the sum of the even numbers using do-while loop. #include<iostream.h>void main(){int max,sum,digit;digit=2;cout<<“enter a number“;cin>>max;sum=0;
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Break statementif(a<=0){cout<<”Zero or negative
value found”;break;}i++;}}
04/10/2320 VIT - SCSE
#include<iostream.h>void main(){int a,i;i=0;while(i<=10){cout<<”Enter a number”<<endl;cin>>a;
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Continue statementif(a<=0){cout<<”Zero or negative
value found”;continue;}i++;}}
04/10/2321 VIT - SCSE
#include<iostream.h>void main(){int a,i;i=0;while(i<=10){cout<<”Enter a number”<<endl;cin>>a;
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Goto statementoutput1:cout<<”largest value=”<<a<<endl;goto stop;output2:cout<<”largest value=”<<b<<endl;stop:getch();}
04/10/2322 VIT - SCSE
#include<iostream.h>#include<conio.h>void main(){int a,b;cout<<”Enter two numbers;cin>>a>>b;if(a>b)goto output1;elsegoto output2;
goto label;