3 – COLD WAR SPREADS TO ASIACHINA, KOREA, VIETNAM

PREVIEW OF EVENTS1946 October 1949 September 1949 June 1950

French-Vietminh War begins

People’s Republic of china

established

Soviets enter Nuclear Arms

race

Korean War begins

CIVIL WAR AND REVOLUTION IN CHINA

1. 1920s – Mao Zedong leads communist forces

• Against Chiang Kai Shek – leader of China’s Nationalist gov’t

2. During WWII – set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation

3. End WWII – Civil war continues

• Mao makes great gains – still doesn’t succeed

REVIEW: #41

CIVIL WAR AND REVOLUTION IN CHINA CONT.

4. Mid-1940s – US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists

• Money was wasted b/c of poor military planning and corruption

5. By 1949 – US discontinued aid to Chinese Nationalists

6. October 1949 – Communists win = establishes People’s Republic of China

• Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan (AKA Formosa)

AFTER THE FALL OF CHINA

• America shocked by China’s fall to communism

• September 1949

• Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test• Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race

• Early 1950s

• People’s Republic of China & Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance

• Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations

• US kept formal relations with Nationalists

• US used veto powers to keep New Communist China out of UN

REVIEW: #11

AFTER FALL OF CHINA CONT.• Chinese revolution brought significant change in

American policy toward Japan at end of WWII

• Douglas MacArthur took charge of Japan – introduce democracy

• After loss of China moved towards rapid recovery of Japan’s industrial economy

• Japan = key to defend Asia

• West Germany = Key to defend Europe

REVIEW: #36

BEGINNING OF KOREAN WAR• End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm

Japanese troops

• Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude

North Korea South Korea

• Controlled by Soviets

• Communist Korean government

• American troops stationed

• American-backed government

BEGINNING OF KOREAN WAR CONT.• Problems

1. Both governments claimed authority

2. Border clashes were common

3. Soviets gave North Koreans military aid quickly built large, well equipped army

• June 20, 1950 = North Korean troops invade south

REVIEW: #20

UN INTERVENES• Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of

containment policy

• Ordered US naval and air power into action• Truman called UN to act

• Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal

• General Douglas MacArthur was ordered to send troops from Japan to Korea

• US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur

I’m coming!

REVIEW: #21

ATTACKS ON NORTH KOREA

1. September 15, 1950

• MacArthur ordered an invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise

2. Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th

3. Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th

4. MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River

CHINA ENTERS THE WAR

• Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops

• Warned forces to halt = was ignored• November 1950 – China launch massive attack across

Yalu River

• 100,000 Chinese troops flooded drove UN forces back• MacArthur was angry, wanted approval to expand war

against China asked to blockade Chinese ports, use Nationalist forces, and use the atomic bomb

TRUMAN FIRES MACARTHUR• Truman refuses MacArthur’s demands

• MacArthur persisted publicly criticized president

• Truman wanted to show that president was in charge

• April 1951 – Fires MacArthur for insubordination• MacArthur remained popular – returned a hero

REVIEW: #36

CHANGES IN TRUMAN’S POLICY• Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur

• By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and North Korean forces back across 38th parallel

• War settled down – still small battles

• November 1951 – peace negotiations began, but war did not end

• Beginning of Korean War marked important turning point in the Cold War

Before Korean War After Korean War

1. US preferred political pressure2. US focused on Europe in

containing communism

1. Cold War expanded in Asia2. US became militarily involved in

Asia

REVIEW: #22

INTRO TO FIRST INDOCHINA WAR

• French Occupation – Early 17th century French colonization

• Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos = French Indochina• Early 1990s

• Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam• Several political parties formed to push for independence

or reform the French colonial government• Ho Chi Minh

• One of the nationalist leaders• At 21 sailed for Europe• Visited Soviet Union found communism

REVIEW: #38, 23

INTRO TO FIRST INDOCHINA WAR

• 1930

• Returned to SE Asia and founded Indochinese communist party = worked to overthrow French

• Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China

• 1941

• Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam• Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group called Vietminh• Group united communists and non-communists to fight

Japanese• US began sending military aid to Vietminh

REVIEW: #25

INTRO TO FIRST INDOCHINA WAR CONT.• August 1945

• Japanese surrendered control of Indochina• Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an independent

nation• Created a Declaration of Independence = similar to

American Declaration of Independence• French refused to see Vietnam become independent

wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia• 1946

• French troops returned to Vietnam and pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside

• 1949

• French officials set up new government in Vietnam• Vietminh fought back• Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid

INTRO TO FIRST INDOCHINESE WAR• Truman administration

• United States was in difficult position• Was opposed of colonialism• Also opposed of Vietnam’s independence movement due

to ties with communist movement

• 2 events convinced Truman to help France1. Fall of China to communism

2. Outbreak of Korean War

REVIEW: #26

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE COLD WAR

• Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII

• Chinese Communists win control of China

• US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb

• Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe

• Western nations form NATO; Communist nations form Warsaw Pact

• Korean War erupts

• American and Soviet arms race begins

• Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US

CAUSES

EFFECTS