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TEXTBOOK: From Bacteriato Plants

Chapter One: Living Things Section 3 ―ClassifyingOrganisms.‖ Pg. 28 -37

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Classifying Organisms

Why do Scientists Classify?

There are 2.5 million kinds oforganisms on Earth.(including plants, animals and bacteria)

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Classification

• — the process of grouping things based ontheir similarities.

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We classify• foods ―dairy, meat, poultry, fruit,

vegetables.‖

We classify music―rap, r&b, pop,

country‖

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Early Classification Systems

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Aristotle —

came up with the idea to useobservations to classify animals

by appearance, behavior,movement

Fly

SwimWalk, crawl run

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Populustremuloides

QuakingAspen

Classification andPhylogeny

• Binomial Nomenclature

• Hierarchical Classification• Systematics: EvolutionaryClassification

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Carolus vonLinnaeus

(1707-1778)

Swedish scientistwho laid

foundation formodern taxonomy

• Carolus von Linnaeus • Two-word naming system

– Genus• Noun, Capitalized,

Underlined or Italicized – Species

• Descriptive, Lower Case,Underlined or Italicized

Binomial Nomenclature

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The Classification System ofLinnaeus

Used observations as the basis of his system.

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Binomial nomenclature

• each organism was given a two part name.Made of a genus and species name thatidentifies a certain organism.

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Genusfirst part of name. A classification grouping

that contains similar, closely relatedorganisms.

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Species

2nd part of name. A group of similarorganisms that can mate and produce fertile

offspring in nature.

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Latin

genus and species names are in Latinlanguage. This was the language all

scientists communicated in.

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Italics and Capitalization

the complete scientific name is written initalics . The genus name is capitalized while

the species name begins with a small letter.Example: Felis domesticus — house cat/domestic cat

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Organisms

are grouped by their shared characteristics.First put in a broad group and then

moved into more specific groups

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Hierarchical Classification• Taxonomic categories• 7 Levels of Classification

– Kingdom King – Phylum Philip – Class Came – Order Over – Family For – Genus Green – Species Soup

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The more classification levels that twoanimals share, the more characteristicsthey have in common.

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Evolution and Classification

Charles Darwin published a theory about howspecies change over time.

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It is proven that species can change overtime (adaptations).

Ex. Humans get taller,Ex. Bird’s beak gets more pointed.

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ex. A monkey into a person

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Evolution

the process by which species graduallychange over time.

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ClassificationToday

Theory is thatspecies are

similar because theyshare acommonancestor.

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Species with similar evolutionary histories areclassified more closely together.

i. Get information about how speciesused to be from fossils

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Compare body structures and

chemical makeup to fossils.c. Compare body

structures to otherorganisms

d. Compare earlydevelopment ofdifferent organisms.

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• Ex. Humans and rabbits go throughsimilar stages in their development

before birth.

This meansthey mayshareevolutionary

history.

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Using the Classification System

Taxonomic Key — a series of pairedstatements that describe the physical

characteristics of different organisms.

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Taxonomic Diagrams

Mammals Turtles Lizards andSnakes

Crocodiles Birds Mammals Turtles Lizards andSnakes

Crocodiles Birds

CladogramPhylogeneticTree

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Dichotomous Keys IdentifyOrganisms

• Dichotomous keys versus evolutionaryclassification

• Dichotomous keys contain pairs ofcontrasting descriptions.

• After each description, the key directs theuser to another pair of descriptions oridentifies the organism.

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Identifying a leafExample:

1. a) Is the leaf simple? Go to 2b) Is the leaf compound? Go to 3

2. a) Are margins of the leaf jagged? Go to 4

b) Are margins of the leaf smooth? Goto 5

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Identifying aninsect