2_The Role of Standardization in Perspective of History

8/13/2019 2_The Role of Standardization in Perspective of History

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ICES Meeting

2011-06-28 Hang Zhou

Wang Ping


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Content

Why History

Company standardization & the IndustryRevolution

Earlier activities in associations

National & International activities

Regional activities

WTO/TBT

ICT industry

Conclusions


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Content

Why History




Regional activities

WTO/TBT

ICT industry

Conclusions


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Find out the role the standardization plays in industry

Why History

The reasons of the emergence ofstandardization, including

Technological

reasons

Economic

reasons

Social

reasons

Historical Study can dig out

An important part in its knowledge system


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Content

Why History




Regional activities

WTO/TBT

ICT industry

Conclusions


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Company standardization and

the Industrial Revolution

Emergence of in-company standardization

In the mid of 18 Century, the emergence of companies

allowed the Industry Revolution to boom,

Modern standardization directly related to companies fromthe beginning.

Mass production boosted labor division and produced

streamlining in a company.

Need for capacity expansion, higher profit and quality and

innovation provided companies the impetus to

standardization.

In-company standardization serves as the purpose of R&D

and marketing strategy.


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Company standardization and

the Industrial Revolution

In-company standardization

began with uniform dimension and interchangeability of

parts and

afterward continued with essential forms of standardizationsuch as unification, simplification and modularization in

product design, processes and manufacturing.

Since the advent of the IT society, interoperability, a new

form of standardization, has been proposed in ICT field.

Historically technical innovation and standardization were

interweaved together

Military and national defense needs gave an impetus to

the defense industry and industrial standardization


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Content

Why History




Regional activities

WTO/TBT

ICT industry

Conclusions


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Problems during the 2nd half of the nineteenth century

the second Industrial Revolution accelerated the

industrialization

Products were so sophisticated that a single company

could not complete all designing and manufacturing

efforts, which inevitably resulted in specialization and

production division among companies.

Technical problems appeared among companies, in

industrial chain.


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The story of Harry J. Skelton (1867~1934) The proposal was not made by an engineer but a

merchant, which means that there was a strong driven

force by trade relations among the companies

Early standardization across companies, e.g.:

ICE in 1818

IMechE in 1847

ASME in 1881

AIEE, the former IEEE, in 1883; and

VDE in 1893


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Content

Why History




Regional activities

WTO/TBT

ICT industry

Conclusions


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ISO(1946), IEC(1906) & ITU(1865)

The establishments of ISO/IEC/ITU mostly were

simultaneous with national ones which made it difficult to

draw a clear time boundary between them.

The emergence of the national and internationalstandardization

Around the end of the nineteenth century, international trade

expanded at the development of transportation

raw materials and spare parts varied from country to country Some disputes, due to incompatibility among products in

international trade, obviously brought up the needs of national

and international standardizations,


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Organizations Foundedyear Country

1 Engineering Standard Committee (ESC), thepredecessor of British Standard Institute (BSI) 1901 UK

2 Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. (DIN) 1917 Germany 3 American National Standard Institute (ANSI) 1918 United

States 4 Commission Permanente de Standardisation, apredecessor of Association Francaise de

Normalisation (AFNOR) 1918 France

5 The Association belge de Standardisation (ABS) , a

predecessor of Belgian Standards Institute (BelgischInstituut voor Normalisatie/Institut belge de

normalisation) 1919 Belgium

6 Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) 1929 Japan 7 Industrial Standard Committee of China 1931 China

OrganizationsFounded

yearCountry


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Content

Why History




Regional activities

WTO/TBT

ICT industry

Conclusions


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Regional activities

The standardization system formed

In the twentieth century was comprised of the private,

national, regional and international standardizations.

It reflected both the competition and cooperation among

countries and regions in the context of economic

globalization.

Regional activities

Second half of the twentieth century, CEN founded in

1961, CENELEC in 1973 and ETSI in 1988.

Other organizations such as PASC, ACCSQ of ASEAN

were also founded


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Organizations FoundedYear Region

1 Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN) 1961 Europe 2 Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique

(CENELEC) 1973 Europe 3 European Telecommunications Standards Institute

(ETSI)1988 Europe

4 ASEAN Consultative Committee for Standards andQuality (ACCSQ) ASEANCountries

5 Pacific Area Standards Congress (PASC) Pacific Area 6 Arab Industrial Development and MiningOrganization (AIDMO) ArabCountries 7 Pan American Standards Commission (COPANT) Pan

American 8 African Regional Organization for Standardization

(ARSO)

African

Regional

OrganizationsFounded

yearRegion


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WTO/TBT and the Economic

Globalization

An important milestone

Founded in 1994, the WTO’s aim is to promote the

international trade

The descriptions of technical regulations, technicalstandards and conformance assessment, general

rules and good practices for standardization were all

refined in the TBT agreement.

Technical regulations and standards becameimportant rules for international trade.

This strengthened the positions of the ISO/IEC/ITU

both for standards development and for their roles in

international affairs


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Content

Why History




Regional activities

WTO/TBT

ICT industry

Conclusions


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Binding relationship between the

standards and technologies in ICT field

New characteristic of ICT standards

Since the advent of the 21st century, some ICT standards have

become totally different from the traditional ones.

the interoperability standard signified greatly to the industry in term

of a strategy.

standards in the ICT field have a special nature which is closely

related to the technical innovation and the relevant patents.

I name it as the binding relationship between standards and

innovative technologies. The externalization of network and positive feedback justified by

network economics enable the ICT standards to greatly influence

the industry.

These standards can be therefore called strategic standards.


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New characteristic of ICT

standards

Market,

consumer

InnovationCompetition

Interoperability

Enterprises

Standards

Protocols

Patent

Technology

4 Core

elements

Binding relations

Strategic

Position

Network

externality

and positive

feedback


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Standardization History Project

of CNIS

Timelines

Institutions and activities

Institutional system construction

Key standards, literatures

Associations

International cooperation and exchanges

Ancient events

Western activities

Four parts Ancient, from Qin Dynasty to Qing Dynasty

Late Qing Dynasty to P.R. China established

P.R. China established to present

Brief history in western world.


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The standardization pattern in China,

Standardization History Project

of CNIS

China’s standardization system is similar to eastern countries

and third world

Before the perditionof Qing Dynasty

Specific culture ofEmperor and feudality

Long history of manualindustry

Early science andtechnology development

Late Qing Dynastyto P.R. Chinaestablishment

Affected by IR fromwestern world,

P.R. China

Planning economy,affected by Soviet Russia

Market economy, enteredinto WTO, affected by

globalization

Historical track in China


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Conclusions

Demands for less skilled labors and labor division by thecompanies stimulated standardization in the early Industrial

Revolution during the second half of the eighteenth century

private standardization organizations emerged due to the

industrial development, specialization and product division

among companies as well as disputes arose from technically

incompatible products in international trade

As an invisible infrastructure for the industrial economy,

standards serve as a coordinator for technical issues across

the industrial chain.

In the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth

century, both national and international standardization

organizations emerged due to the industrial and trade

expansions across the countries.


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Conclusions

The binding relationship between ICT standards andtechnical innovation, along with the network externalization

and positive feedback in ICT field, enables the ICT

technical standards to have a great effect on the industry.

The WTO/TBT agreement has enhanced the position ofinternational standards; governments have paid more

attentions to standards than before.

The standardization pattern in China characterizes

similarity to eastern countries and third world.


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Wang Ping

Deputy Chief Engineer, Senior Researcher,

Deputy Executive Governor of Science and

Technology Committee,

China National Institute of Standardization(CNIS)

FYI

+86-10-5881 1446Tel

+86-10-5881 1456Fax

1370 122 2041Cell phone

[email protected]


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No.4 Zhichun Road, Haidian District,

Beijing

Wang Ping

ICES Meeting

2011-06-28, Hang Zhou

2_The Role of Standardization in Perspective of History

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