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UNIT I

PART A(2 Marks and answers)

1. What is mean by data cmm!nicatin"

Data communication is the ex change of data (in the form of 1s and 0s) between

two devices via some form of transmission medium (such as a wire cable).

2. What are the three criteria necessary #r an e##ecti$e and e# #icient netwrk"

The most important criteria are per formance, reliability and security.Per#rmance of the networ depends on number of users, type of transmission

medium, the capabilities of the connected h!w and the efficiency of the s!w.

Re%iabi%ity is measured by fre"uency of failure, the time it taes a lin to recover

from the failure and the networ#s robustness in a catastrophe.

&ec!rity issues include protecting data from unauthori$ed access and viruses.

'. What are the three #!ndamenta% charact eristics determine the e##ecti$eness

# the data cmm!nicatin system"

The effectiveness of the data communication system depends on three

fundamental characteristics%

e%i$ery Th e system must deliver data to the correct destination.

Acc!racy The system must deliver data accurately.

Time%inessThe system must deliver data in a timely manner.

*. What are the ad$anta+es # distrib!ted ,rcessin+"

&dvantages o f distributed processing include security!encapsulation, distributed

databases, faster problem solving, security through redundancy and collaborative

processing.

-. Why are ,rtc%s needed"

'n networs, communication occurs between the entities in different systems. Two

entities cannot ust send bit streams to each oth er and expect to be understood. or

communication, the entities must agree on a protocol. & protocol is a set of rules that

govern data communication.

. Why are standards needed"

*o+ordination across the nodes of a networ is necessar y for an efficient

communication. 'f there are no standards, difficulties arise. & standard provides a

model or basis for development to which everyone has agreed.

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/. 0r n de$ices in a netwrk what is the n!mber # cab%e %inks re!ired #r a

mesh and rin+ t,%+y"

esh topology - n (n+1)!

/ing topology - n

3. What is the di##erence between a ,assi$e and an acti$e h!b"

&n active hub contains a repeater that regenerates the received bit patterns beforesending th em out. & passive hub provides a simple physical connection between th e

attached devices.

4. istin+!ish between ,eer5t5,eer re%atinshi, and a ,rimary5secndary

re%atinshi,.

Peer5t5,eer re%atinshi, &ll the devices share the lin e"ually.

Primary5secndary re%atinshi, ne device co ntrols traffic and the others must

transmit through it.

16. Ass!me de$ices are arran+ed in a mesh t,%+y. 7w many cab%es are

needed" 7w many ,rts are needed #r each de$ice"umber of cables2n (n+1)!23(3+1)!214

umber of ports per device2n+123+124

11. 8r!, the 9&I %ayers by #!nctin.

The seven layers of the 5' model belonging to three subgroups. 6hysical, data

lin and networ layers are the networ support layers7 they deal with the physical

aspects of moving data from one device to another. 5ession, presentation and

application layers are the user support layers7 they allow interoperability among

unrelated software systems. The transport layer ensures end+to+end reliable data

transmission.

12. What are header and trai%ers and hw d they +et added and rem$ed"

8ach layer in the sending machine adds its own information to the message it

receives from the layer ust above it and passes the whole pacage to the layer ust

below it. This information is added in the form of headers or trailers. 9eaders are

added to the message at the layers 3,4,:,;, and . & trailer is added at layer. &t the

receiving machine, the headers or trailers attached to the data unit at the

corresponding sending layers are removed, and actions appropriate to that layer are

taen.

1'. The trans,rt %ayer creates a c mm!nicat in between the s!rce and

destinatin. What are the three e$ents in$%$ed in a cnnectin"*reating a connection involves three steps% connection establishment, data

transfer and connection release.

1*. What is the : cm,nent"

Direct current is a $ero+fre"uency signal with constant amplitude.

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1-. 7w des NR;5< di##er #rm NR;5I"

'n the /" What are the #!nctins # a :>"

Data terminal e"uipment is a device that is an information source or an

information sin. 't is connected to a networ through a D*8.

Data circuit+terminating e"uipment is a device used as an interface between a DT8

and a networ.

13. What des the e%ectrica% s,eci#icatin # >IA52'2 describe"

The electrical specification of 8'&+; defines that sign als other than d ata must

be sent using as less than +; volts and as greater than >; volts. The data

must be transmitted using /

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22. What are the disad$anta+es # ,tica% #iber as a transmissin medi!m"

The disadvantages of optical fiber are

A Bery expensive.

A 'nstallation and maintenance is difficult.

A ragility.

2'. What are the criteria !sed t e$a%!ate transmissin medi!m"

The criteria used to evaluate transmission medium areA Throughput

A 6ropagation speed

A 6ropagation time

A Cavelength

2*. 8i$e the re%atinshi, between ,r,a+atin s,eed and ,r,a+atin time"

6ropagation time 2 distance ! propagation speed

The time re"uired for a signal or a bit to travel f rom one point to another is

called Pr,a+atin time .

Pr,a+atin s,eed is the distance, a signal or a bit travel through a

medium in one second.

2-.>?,%ain crss ta%k and what is needed t red!ce it"

8ffect of one wire on another is called as cross tal. ne wire will be

the sending antenna and the other wire will be the receivin g antenna. Ce can use

the shielded twisted pair cable or coaxial cable for transmission, which contains

metal foil to reduce cross tal.

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UNIT5II

ATA

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se"uence of redundant bits, called the */* remainder is appended to the end of

data unit.

4. Write shrt ntes n :R: +enera tr.

& */* generator uses a modulo+ division.

a) 'n the first step, the : bit divisor is subtracted from the first

: bit of the dividend.

b) 8ach bit of the divisor is subtracted from the correspondingbit of the dividend without disturbing the next higher bit.

16. Write shrt ntes n :R: checker.

& */* checer functions exactly lie a generator. &fter receiving

the data appended with the */* it does the same modulo+ division. 'f the

remainder is all 0#s the */* is dropped and the data accepted. therwise, the

received stream o f bits is discarded and the dates are resent.

11. 8i$e the essentia% ,r,erties #r ,%ynmia%.

& polynomial should be selected to have at least the following properties.

a) 't should not beb) 't should be divisible by(x>1).

12. e#ine checks!m.

The error detection method used by the higher layer protocol is called checsum.

*hecsum is based on the concept of redundancy.

1'. What are the ste,s #%%wed in checks!m +eneratr"

The sender follows these steps

a) The units are divided into sections each of n bits.

b) &ll sections are added together using #s complement to get

the sum.c) The sum is complemented and become the checsum.

d) The checsum is sent with the data.

1*.

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1. Mentin the ty,es # errr crrectin+ methds.

There are error+correcting methods.

a) 5ingle bit error correction

b) urst error co rrection.

1/. What is the ,!r,se # hammin+ cde"

& hamming code can be designed to correct burst errors of certain lengths.

5o the simple strategy used by the hamming code to correct single bit errors mustbe redesigned to be applicable for multiple bit correction.

13. e#ine #%w cntr%.

low control refers to a set of procedures used to restrict the amount of

data. The send er can sen d before waiting for acnowledgment.

14. What is a b!##er"

8ach receiving device has a bloc of memory called a buffer, reserved for

storing incoming data until they are processed.

26. Mentin the cate+ries # #%w cntr%.There are methods have been developed to control flow of data across

communication lins.

a) 5top and wait+ send one from at a time.

b) 5liding window+ send several frames at a time.

21. What is the #!nctin # st, and wait #%w cntr%"

'n this method, the sender sends one frame and waits for an

acnowledgement before sending.

22. Mentin the ad$anta+e and disad$anta+e # st, and wait # %w cntr%.

&dvantage% simplicity

Disadvantage% inefficiency.

2'. e#ine ARC.

8rror control in the data lin layer is based on &utomatic repeat re"uest

(&/E), which means retransmission of data in ; cases.

a) Damaged frame

b) =ost frame

c) =ost acnowledgment.

2*. Mentin the #!nctin # +5back N5ARC.

't is the popular mechanism for continuous transmission error control. 'n the

method, if our frame is lost or damaged, all frames sent since the last frameacnowledged are retr ansmitted.

2-. What is se%ecti$e reDect ARC"

'n selective reect &/E only the specific damaged or lost frame is retransmitted.

'f a frame is corrupted in transit, a &F is retu rned and the frame is resent out of

se"uence.

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2. e#ine 7

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'*. What is meant by bit st!##in+"

it stuffing is the process of adding one extra 0 whenever th ere are 4 consecutive

in the data so that the receiver doesn#t mistae the data for a flag.

'-. e#ine

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frame received in one single frame.

6iggy bacing can save bandwidth because the overhead from a data

frame and an &*F frame can be combined in to ust one frame

*'. Na me the #!r ty,es # &5#rames"

The four types of 5+frames are

/eceive ready(//).Th e value of the code sub field is 00

/eceive not ready(//). The value of the code sub field is 10/eect(/8K). The value of the code sub field is 01

5elective reect(5/8K). The value of the code sub field is 11

**. Na me the #i$e cate+ries # U5#rames"

The five categories of @+frames are

ode setting

@nnumbered exchange

Disconnection.

'nitiali$ation mode.

iscellaneous mode

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UNIT III

N>TW9R@ R

1. What are the netwrk s!,,rt %ayers and the !ser s!,,rt %ayers"

Netwrk s!,,rt %ayers

The networ support layers are 6hysical layer, Data lin layer and

etwor layer. These deals with electrical specifications, physical connection,transport timing and reliability.

User s!,,rt %ayers

The user support layers are% 5ession layer, 6resentation layer,

&pplication layer. These allow interoperability among un related software system.

2. With a neat dia+ram e? ,%ain the re%atinshi, # I>>> PrDect t the 9&I mde%"

ther layers ther layers

etwor etwor

=ogical =in *ontrol Data lin

edia &ccess *ontrol

6hysical 6hysical

The '888 has subdivided the data lin layer into two sub layers%

L =ogical lin control (==*)

L edium access control (&*)

==* is non+architecture specific. The &* sub layer contains a number

of distinct modules ,each carries proprietary information specific to the

=& product being used.

'. What are the #!nctins #

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A *ontrol field

A 'nformation field

. What are headers and t rai%ers and hw d they +et added and rem$ed"

The control data added to the beginning of a data is called headers. The

control data added to the end of a data is called trailers. &t the sendin g machine, wh en

the message passes through the layers each layer adds the headers or trailers. &t the

receiving machine, each layer removes the data meant for it and passes the rest to thenext layer.

/. What are the res,nsibi%ities # netwrk %ayer"

The networ layer is responsible for the source+to+destination delivery of

pacet across multiple networ lins. The specific responsibilities of networ layer

include the following%

A =ogical addressing.

A /outing.

3. What is a $irt!a% circ!it"

& logical circuit made between the sendin g and receiving computer s. Theconnection is made after both computers do handshain g. &fter the connection, all

pacets follow the same route and arrive in se"uence.

4. What are data +rams"

'n datagram approach, each pacet is treated ind ependently from all others. 8ven

when one pacet represents ust a place of a multipacet transmission, the networ treats

it although it existed alone. 6acets in this technology are referred to as datagram.

16. What are the tw ty,es # im,%ementatin #rmats in $irt!a% circ!its"

Birtual circuit transmission is implemented in formats.

A 5witched virtual circuitA 6ermanent virtual circuit.

11. What is meant by switched $irt!a% circ!it"

5witched virtual circuit format is comparable conceptually to dial+up line in

circuit switching. 'n this method, a virtual circuit is created whenever it is needed and

exits only for the du ration of specific exchange.

12. What is meant by Permanent $irt!a% circ!it"

6ermanent virtual circuits are comparable to leased lines in circuit switching.

'n this method, the same virtual circuit is provided between two uses on a continuous

basis. The circuit is dedicated to the specific uses.

1'. e#ine R!ters.

/outers relay pacets among multiple interconnected networs. They /oute

pacets from one networ to any o f a number o f p otential destination networs on

internet routers operate in the physical, data lin and networ layer of 5' model.

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1*. What is meant by h, c!nt"

The pathway re"uiring the smallest number of relays, it is called hop+count

routing, in which ev ery lin is considered to be of e"ual length and given th e value one.

1-. 7w can the r!tin+ be c%assi#ied"

The routing can be classified as,

A &daptive routingA on+adaptive routing.

1. What is time5t5%i$e r ,acket %i#etime"

&s the time+to+live field is generated, each pacet is mared with a lifetime,

usually the number of h ops that are allowed before a pacet is considered lost and

accordingly, destroyed. The time+to+live determines the lifetime of a pacet.

1/. What is meant by br!ter"

& brouter is a single pr otocol or multiprotocol router that sometimes act as a

router and sometimes act as a bridge.

13. Write the keys #r !nderstandin+ the distance $ectr r!tin+.

The three eys for und erstanding the algorithm are

A Fnowledge about the whole networs

A /outing only to neighbors

A 'nformation sharing at regular intervals

14. Write the keys #r !nderstandin+ the %ink state r!tin+.

The three eys for und erstanding the algorithm are

A Fnowledge about the n eighborhood.

A /outing to all neighbors.

A 'nformation sharing when there is a range.

26. 7w the ,acket cst re#erred in distance $ectr and %ink state r!tin+"

'n distance vector routing, cost refer to hop count while in case o f lin state

routing, cost is a weighted value based on a variety of factors such as security levels, traffic

or the state of the lin.

21. 7w the r!ters +et the in# rmatin ab!t nei+hbr"

& router gets its information about its neighbors by periodically sending them a

short greeting pacets. 'f the neighborhood responds to the greeting as expected, it is

assumed to be alive and functioning. 'f it dose not, a change is assumed to have occurred

and the sending router then alerts the rest of the networ in its next =56.

22. What are the #!r internetwrkin+ de$ices"

The four intern etworing devices are,

A /epeaters

A ridges

A /outers

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A ?ateway

2'. e#ine IP address.

'6 address is the ;+bit number for representing a host or system in the networ.

ne portion of the '6 address indicates a networing and the other represents the host in

a networ.

2*. What is Tken =!s"Toen us is a physical bus that operates as a logical ring using toens.

9ere stations are logically organi$ed into a ring. & toen is passed among stations. 'f a

station wants to send data, it must wait and capture the toen. =ie 8thernet, station

communicates via a common bus.

2-. What is tken ,assin+"

5tations may attempt to send data multiple times before a transmission

maes it onto a lin. This redundancy may create delays of indeterminable length if the

traffic is heavy. Toen ring resolves this uncertainty by re"uiring that stations tae turns

sending data. 8ach station may transmit only during its turn and may send only one frame

during each turn. The mechanism that coordinates this rotation is called toen passing.

2. e#ine Maskin+"

asing is the process that extracts the address of the physical networ

from an '6 address.

2/. What are the r!%es # b!ndary5%e$e% maskin+"

The rules of boundary+level masing

A The b ytes in the '6 address that corresponds to 44 in the mas

will be repeated in the subnetwor address

A The b ytes in the '6 address that corresponds to 0 in the mas will

change to 0 in the subnetwor address

23. What are the r!%es # nnb!ndary5%e$e% maskin+"

A The b ytes in the '6 address that corresponds to 44 in the mas

will be repeated in the subnetwor address

A The b ytes in the '6 address that corresponds to 0 in the mas will

change to 0 in the subnetwor address

A or other bytes, use the bit+wise &D operator

24. e#ine 8ateway.

& device used to connect two separate networs that we different

communication protocols.

'6. What is

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UNIT IB

TRAN&P9RT R

1. What is #!nctin # trans,rt %ayer"

The protocol in the transport layer taes care in the delivery of data from

one application program on one device to an application program on another

device. They act as a lin between the upp er layer protocols and the services

provided by the lower layer.

2. What are the d!ties # the trans,rt %ayer"

The services provided by the transport layer

8nd+to+ end delivery

&ddressing

/eliable delivery

low control

ultiplexing

'. What is the di##erence between netwrk %ayer de%i$ery and the trans,rt

%ayer de%i$ery"

Netwrk %ayer de%i$ery Trans,rt %ayer de%i$ery

The networ layer is responsible for The transport layer is responsible for

the the source+to+destination source+to+destination delivery of the

delivery of pacet entire message.

across multiple networ lins.

*. What are the #!r as,ects re%ated t the re%iab%e de%i$ery # data"

The four asp ects are,

8rror control

5e"uence control

=oss control

Duplication control

-. What is meant by se+ment"

&t the sending and receiving end of the transmission, T*6 divides long

transmissions into smaller data units and pacages each into a frame called a

segment.

. What is meant by se+mentatin"

Chen the si$e of the data unit received from the upper layer is too long for

the networ layer datagram or data lin layer frame to handle, the transpo rt

protocol divides it into smaller usable blocs. Th e dividing process is called

segmentation.

/. What is meant by :ncatenatin"

The si$e of the data unit belonging to a single session are so small that

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several can fit together into a single datagram or frame, the transport protocol

combines them into a single data unit. The combining process is called

concaten ation.

3. What are the ty,es # m!%ti,%e?in+"

The types of multiplexing are,

@pward multiplexing

Downward multiplexing

4. What are the tw ,ssib%e trans,rt ser$ices"

Two basic types of transport services are,

*onnection service

*onnectionless services

16. The trans,rt %ayer creates the cnnectin between s!rce and destinatin.

What are the three e$ents in$%$ed in the cnnectin"

or security , the transport layer may create a connection between the two

end ports. & connection is a single logical path between the source and

destination that is associated with all pacets in a message. *reating a connectioninvolves three steps%

A *onnection establishment

A Data transfer M *onnection release.

11. What are the techni!es !sed in m!%ti,%e?in+"

The three b asic techni"u es of multiplexing are,

re"uency+division multiplexing

Time+division multiplexing

Cave+division multiplexing

12. What is meant by cn+estin"*ongestion in a networ occur if user send d ata into the networ at a rate

greater than that allowed by networ resources.

1'. Why the cn+estin cc!r in netwrk"

*ongestion occur because the switches in a networ have a limited buffer

si$e to store arrived pacets.

1*. 7w wi%% the cn+estin be a$ided"

The congestion may be avoided by two bits

8* + acward 8xplicit *ongestion otification

8* + orward 8xplicit *ongestion otification

1-. What is the #!nctin # =>:N =IT"

The 8* bit warns the sender of congestion in networ. The sender can

respond to this warning by simply reducing the data rate.

1. What is the #!nctin # 0>:N"

The 8* bit is used to warn the receiver of congestion in the networ.

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The sender and receiv er are communicating with each other and are using some

types of flow control at a higher level.

1/. What is meant by !a%ity # ser$ice"

The "uality of service defines a set of attributes related to the performance

of the connection. or each connection, the user can re"uest a particular attribute

each service class is associated with a set of attributes.

13. What are the tw cate+ries # C& attrib!tes"

The two main categories are

@ser riented

etwor riented

14.

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which maes a data delivery destination systems. The header, which defines the

from a specific process on networ layer adds a source machine#s address

one computer to a specific header, which indicate the and the destination

process on another logical address of th e sender machine#s address.

computer. and receiver.

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UNIT B

APP enhance &MTP"

'8 is a supplementary protocol that allows non+&5*'' data to be sent through5T6. '8 transforms non+&5*'' data at the sender site to BT &5*'' data and

deliverers it to the client 5T6 to be sent through the 'nternet. The server 5T6 at

the receiving side receives the BT &5*'' data and delivers it to '8 to be

transformed bac to the original data.

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3. Why is an a,,%icatin s!ch as P9P needed #r e%ectrnic messa+in+"

Corstations interact with the 5T6 host which receives the mail on b ehalf of

every host in the organi$ation, to retrieve messages b y using a client+server protocol

such as 6ost ffice 6rotocol , version ;(66;). &lthough 66; is used to download

messages from the server, the 5T6 client still needed on the destop to forward

messages from the worstation user to its 5T6 mail server.

4. 8i$e the #rmat # 7TTP re!est messa+ e.

/e"uest =ine

9eaders

& lan =ine

ody

(present only in

some messages)

16. 8i$e the #rmat # 7TTP res,nse messa+e.

5tatus =ine

9eaders

& lan =ine

ody(present only in

some messages)

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11. Write dwn the three ty,es # WWW dc!ments.

The documents in the CCC can be grouped into three broad categories% static,

dynamic and active.

&tatic ixed+content documents that are created and stored in a server.

ynamic *reated by web server whenever a b ro wser re"uests the document.

Acti$e & program to be run at the client side.

12. What is the ,!r,se # 7TM

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isad$anta+e

'f you use lar ge numbers the method to be effective. *alculating the cipher text using

the long eys ta es a lot of time. 5o it is not recommended for large amounts of text.

1G. Chat are the adv antages M disadvantages of secret ey encryptionN

Ad$anta+e

5ecret Fey algorithms are efficient% it taes less time to encrypt a message. The

reason is that the ey is usually smaller. 5o it is used to encrypt or decrypt long

messages.isad$anta+es

a) 8ach pair of users must have a secret ey. 'f people in world want to use this

method, there needs to be (+1)! secret eys. or one million people to

communicate, a half+billion secret eys are needed .

b) The distribution of the eys between two parties can be difficult.

14. e#ine ,erm!tatin.

6ermutation is transposition in bit level.

&trai+ht ,erm!tatin The no. of bits in the input and output are preserved.

:m,ressed ,erm!tatin The no. of bits is reduced (some of the bits are dropped).

>?,anded ,erm!tatin The no. of bits is increased (some bits are repeated).

0. e#ine s!bstit!tina% E trans,sitina% encry,tin .

&!bstit!tina% & character level encryption in which each character is replaced by

another character in the set.

Trans,sitina% & *haracter level encryption in which the characters retain their

plaintext but the position of the character ch anges.

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PART =

UNIT I

ata cmm!nicatins

1. >?,%ain I&9F9&I re#erence mde%.

6hysical layer

Data lin layer

etwor layerTransport layer

5ession layer

6resentation layer

&pplication layer

2. >?,%ain the t,%+ies # the netwrk.

esh topology

5tar topology

Tree topology

us topology

/ing topology

'. >?,%ain the cate+ries # netwrks.

=ocal &rea etwor(=&)

etropolitan &rea etwor(&)

Cide &rea etwor(C&)

*. >?,%ain ca?ia% cab%e E #iber ,tics.

*oaxial cable

*oaxial cable standards

*oaxial cable connectors

iber optics6ropagation modes

iber si$es

*able composition

=ight sources for optical cable

iber optic conn ectors

&dvantages M disadvantages of optical fiber

-. >?,%ain %ine cdin+ (di+ita% t di+ita% cn$ersin).

@nipolar

D* component

5ynchroni$ation6olar

on return to $ero(/

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Differential anchester

ipolar

&lternate ar 'nversion(&')

ipolar G+$ero substitution(G?,%ain errr detectin and errr crrectin techni!es.

Types of errors

5ingle bit error

urst error

8rror detection

Bertical redundancy chec(B/*)

=ongitudinal redundancy chec(=/*)

*yclic redundancy chec(*/*)

*hecsum

8rror co rrection5ingle+bit erro r correction

9amming code

urst error co rrection

2. >?,%ain errr cntr% mechanism.

5top and wait &/E

5liding window &/E

?o bac+n

5elective+reect

'. >?,%ain the #%w cntr% mechanism

5top and wait5liding window.

*. >?,%ain the timers and time re+isters in 0I.

Time registers

5ynchronous allocation(5&)

Target toen rotation time(TT/T)

&bsolute maximum time(&T)

Timers

Toen rotation timer(T/T)

Toen holding timer(T9T)

-. >?,%ain ab!t >thernet.

&ccess method %*5&!*D

&ddressing

8lectrical specification

rame format

'mplementation%

10 base 4 %Thic 8thern et

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10 base %Thin 8thernet

10 base T %Twisted+pair 8thernet

1 base 4 %5tar =&

. >?,%ain the #rame #rmat #r tken rin+ and tken b!s.

&ccess method% Toen passing

6riority and reservation

Time limitsonitor stations

/. >?,%ain ab!t 7

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& sample internet

'. e#ine r!tin+ E e?,%ain distance $ectr r!tin+ and %ink state r!tin+.

Distance vector routing

5haring information

/outing table

*reating the table

@pdating the table@pdating algorithm

=in state routing

'nformation sharing

6acet cost

=in state pacet

?etting information about neighbors

'nitiali$ation

=in state database

*. e#ine brid+e and e?,%ain the ty,e # brid+es.

ridgesTypes of bridges

5imple bridge

ultiport bridge

Transparent bridge

-. >?,%ain s!bnettin+

5ubnetting

Three lev els of hierarchy

asing

ass without subnetting

ass with subnettinginding the subnetwor address

oundary level masing

on+boundary lev el masing

. Write shrt ntes ab!t re,eaters r!ters and +ateways.

/epeaters

/outers

/outing concepts

=east+cost routing

on adaptive routing

&daptive routing6acet lifetime

?ateways

UNIT IB

Trans,rt %ayer

1. >?,%ain the d!ties # trans,rt %ayer.

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8nd to end delivery

&ddressing

/eliable delivery

A 8rror control

A 5e"uence control

A =oss control

A Duplication control

low controlultiplexing

2. >?,%ain scket in detai%.

A 'ntroduction

A 8xplanation

A program

'. >?,%ain UP E T:P.

@ser Datagram 6rotocol(@D6)

5ource port address

Destination port address

Total length

*hecsum

Transmission *ontrol 6rotocol(T*6)

5ource port address

Destination port address

5e"uence number

&cnowledgement number

9eader length

/eserved

*ontrol

Cindow si$e

*hec sum

@rgent pointer

ptions and padding

*. >?,%ain ab!t cn+estin cntr%.

*ongestion avoidance

8*

8*

our situations

Discarding

-. >?,%ain %eaky b!cket and tken b!cket a%+rithm

=eay bucet algorithm

=eay bucet

5witch controlling the output rate

lowchart

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UNIT B

A,,%icatin ?,%ain the #!nctins # &MTP.

A 5ystem for sending messages to other computer u sers based on e+mail

addresses. 5T6 provides mail exchange between users on the same

or different computers.A @ser &gent

A ail Transfer &gent

A ultipurpose 'nternet ail 8xtensions

A 6ost ffice 6rotocol

. Write shrt ntes n 0TP.

A Transfer a file from one system to another.

A T*6 connections

A asic model of T6

'. >?,%ain ab!t 7TTP.

A 9TT6 transactions

A 9TT6 messages

A @/=

*. >?,%ain the WWW in detai%.

A 9ypertext M 9ypermedia

A rowser &rchitecture

A *ategories of Ceb Documents

A 9T=

A *?'

A Kava

-. >?,%ain the ty,e # encry,tinFdecry,tin methd.

:n$entina% Methds

A *haracter+=evel 8ncr yption% 5ubstitutional M Transpositional

A it+=evel 8ncryption% 8ncoding!Decoding, 6ermutation, 5ubstitution,

6roduct, 8xclusive+r M /otation

P!b%ic key Methds

. >?,%ain ab!t R&A a%+rithm.

A 6ublic ey 8ncryption techni"ue.

A 8ncryption algorithm

A Decryption algorithmA 5ecurity in /5&

J. >?,%ain ab!t secret key encry,tin a%+rithm .

A Data 8ncryption 5tandard

A &lgorithm

A 5ub ey generation