29 sayings grammar practice

Lesson 29

Irregular Comparison of Adjectives

Recitation

♦model verbs 6 tenses active and passive

amo amare amavi amatusPresent

amo amamus

amas amatis

amat amant

Imperfect

amabam amabamus

amabas amabatis

amabat amabant

Future

amabo amabimus

amabis amabitis

amabit amabunt

amo amare amavi amatusPerfect

amavi amavimus

amavisti amavistis

amavit amaverunt

Pluperfect

amaveram amaveramus

amaveras amaveratis

amaverat amaverant

Future Perfect

amavero amaverimus

amaveris amaveritis

amaverit amaverint

amo amare amavi amatusPresent

amor amamur

amaris amamini

amatur amantur

Imperfect

amabar amabamur

amabaris amabamini

amabatur amabantur

Future

amabor amabimur

amaberis amabimini

amabitur amabuntur

amo amare amavi amatusPerfect

amatus –a –um, sum amati –ae –a, sumus

es estis

est sunt

Pluperfect

amatus –a –um, eram amati –ae –a, eramus

eras eratis

erat erant

Future Perfect

amatus –a –um, ero amati –ae –a, erimus

eris eritis

erit erunt

moneo monēre monui monitus

Present

moneo monemus

mones monetis

monet monent

Imperfect

monebam monebamus

monebas monebatis

monebat monebant

Future

monebo monebimus

monebis monebitis

monebit monebunt


Perfect

monui monuimus

monuisti monuistis

monuit monuerunt

Pluperfect

monueram monueramus

monueras monueratis

monuerat monuerant

Future Perfect

monuero monuerimus

monueris monueritis

monuerit monuerint


Present

moneor monemur

moneris monemini

monetur monentur

Imperfect

monebar monebamur

monebaris monebamini

monebatur monebantur

Future

monebor monebimur

moneberis monebimini

monebitur monebuntur


Perfect

monitus –a –um, sum moniti –ae –a, sumus

es estis

est sunt

Pluperfect

monitus –a –um, eram moniti –ae –a, eramus

eras eratis

erat erant

Future Perfect

monitus –a –um, ero moniti –ae –a, erimus

eris eritis

erit erunt

rego regere rexi rectusPresent

rego regimus

regis regitis

regit regunt

Imperfect

regebam regebamus

regebas regebatis

regebat regebant

Future

regam regemus

reges regetis

reget regent

rego regere rexi rectusPerfect

rexi reximus

rexisti rexistis

rexit rexerunt

Pluperfect

rexeram rexeramus

rexeras rexeratis

rexerat rexerant

Future Perfect

rexero rexerimus

rexeris rexeritis

rexerit rexerint

rego regere rexi rectusPresent

regor regimur

regeris regimini

regitur reguntur

Imperfect

regebar regebamur

regebaris regebamini

regebatur regebantur

Future

regar regemur

regeris regemini

regetur regentur

rego regere rexi rectusPerfect

rectus –a –um, sum recti –ae –a, sumus

es estis

est sunt

Pluperfect

rectus –a –um, eram recti –ae –a, eramus

eras eratis

erat erant

Future Perfect

rectus –a –um, ero recti –ae –a, erimus

eris eritis

erit erunt

audio audire audivi auditusPresent

audio audimus

audis auditis

audit audiunt

Imperfect

audiebam audiebamus

audiebas audiebatis

audiebat audiebant

Future

audiam audiemus

audies audietis

audiet audient

audio audire audivi auditusPerfect

audivi audivimus

audivisti audivistis

audivit audiverunt

Pluperfect

audiveram audiveramus

audiveras audiveratis

audiverat audiverant

Future Perfect

audivero audiverimus

audiveris audiveritis

audiverit audiverint

audio audire audivi auditusPresent

audior audimur

audiris audimini

auditur audiuntur

Imperfect

audiebar audiebamur

audiebaris audiebamini

audiebatur audiebantur

Future

audiar audiemur

audieris audiemini

audietur audientur

audio audire audivi auditusPerfect

auditus –a –um, sum auditi –ae –a, sumus

es estis

est sunt

Pluperfect

auditus –a –um, eram auditi –ae –a, eramus

eras eratis

erat erant

Future Perfect

auditus –a –um, ero auditi –ae –a, erimus

eris eritis

erit erunt

capio capere cepi captusPresent

capio capimus

capis capitis

capit capiunt

Imperfect

capiebam capiebamus

capiebas capiebatis

capiebat capiebant

Future

capiam capiemus

capies capietis

capiet capient

capio capere cepi captusPerfect

cepi cepimus

cepisti cepistis

cepit ceperunt

Pluperfect

ceperam ceperamus

ceperas ceperatis

ceperat ceperant

Future Perfect

cepero ceperimus

ceperis ceperitis

ceperit ceperint

capio capere cepi captusPresent

capior capimur

caperis capimini

capitur capiuntur

Imperfect

capiebar capiebamur

capiebaris capiebamini

capiebatur capiebantur

Future

capiar capiemur

capieris capiemini

capietur capientur

capio capere cepi captusPerfect

captus –a –um, sum capti –ae –a, sumus

es estis

est sunt

Pluperfect

captus –a –um, eram capti –ae –a, eramus

eras eratis

erat erant

Future Perfect

captus –a –um, ero capti –ae –a, erimus

eris eritis

erit erunt

Recitation

♦imperatives

RecitationVerb Singular Plural Meaning

amo, amare ama amate Love!

moneo, monēre monē monete Warn!

rego, regere rege regite Rule!

capio, capere cape capite Take!

audio, audire audi audite Hear!

sum, esse es este Be!

dico, dicere dic dicite Speak!

duco, ducere duc ducite Lead!

facio, facere fac facite Make!

Recitation

♦5 declensions:mensa, servus, bellum, pater, flumen, portus, res

Recitation

♦Adjectives:acer acris acrebrevis –epotens potentis

Recitation

SIngular

M F

N

acer acris

acre

acris acris

acri acri

acrem acre

acri acri

Plural

M /F N

acres acria

acrium acrium

acribus acribus

acres acria

acribus acribus

Recitation

SIngular

M /F N

brevis breve

brevis brevis

brevi brevi

brevem breve

brevi brevi

Plural

M /F N

breves brevia

brevium brevium

brevibus brevibus

breves brevia

brevibus brevibus

RecitationM/F

Singular Plural

potens potentes

potentis potentium

potenti potentibus

potentem potentes

potenti potentibus

N

Singular Plural

potens potentia

potentis potentium

potenti potentibus

potens potentia

potenti potentibus

Recitation

♦Preposition Songs:-ab corum cum de ex in prae pro sine sub tenus

-ad ante apud in inter ob per post propter sub trans circum contra juxta

Recitation

♦Ordinal & Cardinal Numbers

RecitationCardinal Ordinal

unus –a –um one primus –a –um

first

duo –ae –o two secundus –a –um

second

tres tria three tertius –a –um

third

quattuor four quartus –a –um

fourth

quinque five quintus –a –um

fifth

sex six sextus –a –um

sixth

septem seven septimus –a –um

seventh

octo eight octavus –a –um

eighth

novem nine nonus –a –um

ninth

decem ten decimus –a –um

tenth

RecitationRoman

NumeralCardinal

XI undecim eleven

XII duodecim twelve

XIII tredecim thirteen

XIV quattuordecim

fourteen

XV quindecim fifteen

XVI sedecim sixteen

XVII septendecim seventeen

XVIII duodeviginti eighteen

XIX undeviginti nineteen

XX viginti twenty

Recitation3rd Person Pronouns;

Demonstrative Pronouns (1)Singular

Masculine

Feminine Neuter

is ea id

ejus ejus ejus

ei ei ei

eum eam id

eo eā eo

Plural

Masculine Feminine Neuter

ei eae ea

eorum earum eorum

eis eis eis

eos eas ea

eis eis eis

RecitationDemonstrative Pronouns (Near) (2)

Singular Plural

M F N M F N

hic haec hoc hi hae haechujus hujus hujus horu

mharum

horum

huic huic huic his his hishunc hanc hoc hos has haechoc hac hoc his his his

RecitationDemonstrative Pronouns (Far) (3)

Singular Plural

M F N M F N

ille illa illud illi illae illaillíus illíus illíus illoru

millarum

illorum

illi illi illi illis illis illisillum illam illud illos illas illaillo illā illo illis illis illis

RecitationDemonstrative Pronouns

(Near to Person Spoken to) (4)

Singular Plural

M F N M F N

iste ista istud isti istae ista

istíus istíus istíus istorum istarum

istorum

isti isti isti istis istis istis

istum istam istud istos istas ista

isto istā isto istis istis istis

RecitationIntensive Pronouns

Singular Plural

M F N M F N

ipse ipsa ipsum

ipsi ipsae ipsa

ipsíus ipsíus ipsíus

ipsorum

ipsarum

ipsorum

ipsi ipsi ipsi ipsis ipsis ipsis

ipsum ipsam ipsum

ipsos ipsas ipsa

ipso ipsā ipso ipsis ipsis ipsis

Recitation3rd Person Reflexive Pronouns

Case Form Meaning

Nom ----

Gen. sui of himself, herself, itself, themselves

Dat. sibi to/for himself, herself, itself, themselves

Acc. se himself, herself, itself, themselves

Abl. se ibwf himself, herself, itself, themselves

RecitationReflexive Pronoun Adjectives

Person

Singular Meaning

Plural Meaning

1st meus mea meum my (own) noster nostra nostrum

our (own)

2nd tuus tua tuum your (own)

vester vestra vestrum

your (pl.) (own)

3rd suus sua suum his, her, its, their (own)

RecitationPresent Subjunctive of Sum

Singular Plural

sim I may be simus we may be

sis you may be sitis you all may be

sit hsi may be sint they may be

RecitationImperfect Subjunctive of Sum

Singular Plural

essem

I might be essemus

we might be

esses

you might be

essetis you all might be

esset hsi might be essent they might be

RecitationPerfect Subjunctive of sum

Singular Plural

fúerim fuérimusfúeris fuéritisfúerit fúerint

RecitationPluperfect Subjunctive of sum

Singular Plural

fuissem fuissemusfuisses fuissetisfuisset fuissent

RecitationPresent Subjunctive Active

1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th

amem moneam regam capiam audiam

ames moneas regas capias audias

amet moneat regat capiat audiat

amemus moneamus regamus capiamus audiamus

ametis moneatis regatis capiatis audiatis

ament moneant regant capiant audiant

RecitationPresent Subjunctive Passive


amer monear regar capiar audiar

ameris monearis regaris capiaris audiaris

ametur moneatur regatur capiatur audiatur

amemur moneamur regamur capiamur audiamur

amemini moneamini regamini

capiamini audiamini

amentur moneantur regantur capiantur audiantur

RecitationImperfect Subjunctive Active


amarem monerem regerem caperem audirem

amares moneres regeres caperes audires

amaret moneret regeret caperet audiret

amaremus moneremus regeremus

caperemus audiremus

amaretis moneretis regeretis caperetis audiretis

amarent monerent regerent caperent audirent

RecitationImperfect Subjunctive Passive


amarer monerer regerer caperer audirer

amareris monereris regereris capereris audireris

amaretur moneretur regeretur caperetur audiretur

amaremur moneremur regeremur

caperemur audiremur

amaremini moneremini regeremini

caperemini audiremini

amarentur monerentur regerentur

caperentur audirentur

RecitationPerfect Subjunctive Active


amaverim monuerim rexerim ceperim audiverim

amaveris monueris rexeris ceperis audiveris

amaverit monuerit rexerit ceperit audiverit

amaverimus

monuerimus rexerimus ceperimus audiverimus

amaveritis monueritis rexeritis ceperitis audiveritis

amaverint monuerint rexerint ceperint audiverint

RecitationPerfect Subjunctive Passive


amatusa, um

simsissit

monitus, a, um

simsissit

rectus, a, um

simsissit

captus, a, um

simsissit

auditus, a, um

simsissit

amatiae, a

simussitissint

moniti, ae, a

simussitissint

recti, ae, a

simussitissint

capti, ae, a

simussitissint

auditi, ae, a

simussitissint

RecitationPluperfect Subjunctive Active


amavissem monuissem rexissem cepissem audivissem

amavisses monuisses rexisses cepisses audivisses

amavisset monuisset rexisset cepisset audivisset

amavissemus

monuissemus rexissemus

cepissemus audivissemus

amavissetis

monuissetis rexissetis cepissetis audivissetis

amavissent monuissent rexissent cepissent audivissent

RecitationPluperfect Subjunctive Passive


amatusa, um

essemessesesset

monitus, a, um

essemessesesset

rectus, a, um

essemessesesset

captus, a, um

essemessesesset

auditus, a, um

essemessesesset

amatiae, a

essemusessetisessent

moniti, ae, a


recti, ae, a


capti, ae, a


auditi, ae, a

essemessetisessent

RecitationComparison of 3 Model Adjectives

Positive Comparative Superlative

certus –a –um cértior (m/f) cértius (n)

certíssimus –a –um

certain more certain most certain

fortis –e fórtior (m/f) fórtius (n)

fortíssimus –a –um

brave braver bravest

potens potentis poténtior (m/f) poténtius (n)

potentíssimus –a –um

powerful more powerful most powerful

RecitationComparison of 8 Model Adjectives


1st/2nd

miser mísera míserum misérior misérius misérrimus –a –um

wretched more wretched most wretched

pulcher pulchra pulchrum

púlchrior púlchrius

pulchérrimus –a –um

beautiful more beautiful most beautiful

3rd acer acris acre ácrior ácrius acérrimus –a –um

sharp sharper sharpest

fidelis –e fidélior fidélius fidelíssimus –a –um

faithful more faithful most faithful

fácilis –e facílior facílius facíllimus –a –um

easy easier easiest

Latin Saying

E plúribus unum

Latin Saying

E plúribus unum

ex, e; w/abl. out of, fromplures, plura; more

plúribus; abl. pl.unus –a –um; one

Latin Sayings

One out of many

Grammar

The three degrees of comparison are positive, comparative, and superlative.

Grammar


The positive degree is descriptive. There is no comparison implied.

Grammar

The three degrees of comparison are positive, comparative, degree and superlative.

The positive is descriptive. There is no comparison implied.

The comparative degree implies a comparison between two persons or things, either stated or implied.

Grammar

The three degrees of comparison are positive, comparative, degree and superlative.

The positive is descriptive. There is no comparison implied.

The comparative degree implies a comparison between two persons or things, either stated or implied.

The superlative degree implies a comparison among more than two persons or things.

Grammar


positive This lesson is hard.

comparative This lesson is harder than Lesson 27.

superlativeThis lesson is the hardest lesson in the book.

Grammar


bonus –a -um melior -ius optimus –a -um

good better best

malus –a –um pejor pejus pessimus –a –um

bad worse worst

magnus –a –um major majus maximus –a –um

great greater greatest

parvus –a –um minor minus minimus –a –um

small smaller smallest

multus –a –um plus pluris n. (noun)

plurimus –a -um

much more most

multi–ae –a plures plura plurimi –ae –a

many more very many, most

Grammar


senex senis senior senius maximus natu

old older oldest

juvenis is junior junius minimus natu

young younger youngest

Grammar


bonus –a -um

good better best

malus –a –um pejor pejus pessimus –a –um

bad worse worst






plurimus –a -um

much more most



Grammar



old older oldest



Grammar


bonus –a -um

good better best

malus –a –um

bad worse worst






plurimus –a -um

much more most



Grammar



old older oldest



Grammar


bonus –a -um

good better best

malus –a –um

bad worse worst

magnus –a –um





plurimus –a -um

much more most



Grammar



old older oldest



Grammar


bonus –a -um

good better best

malus –a –um

bad worse worst

magnus –a –um


parvus –a –um



plurimus –a -um

much more most



Grammar



old older oldest



Grammar


bonus –a -um

good better best

malus –a –um

bad worse worst

magnus –a –um


parvus –a –um


multus –a –um

much more most



Grammar



old older oldest



Grammar


bonus –a -um

good better best

malus –a –um

bad worse worst

magnus –a –um


parvus –a –um


multus –a –um

much more most

multi–ae –a


Grammar



old older oldest



Grammar


bonus –a -um

good better best

malus –a –um

bad worse worst

magnus –a –um


parvus –a –um


multus –a –um

much more most

multi–ae –a


Grammar


senex senis

old older oldest



Grammar


bonus –a -um

good better best

malus –a –um

bad worse worst

magnus –a –um


parvus –a –um


multus –a –um

much more most

multi–ae –a


Grammar


senex senis

old older oldest

juvenis is


Grammar

Many adjectives, especially those with stems ending in vowels, are compared by means of the adverbs magis, more, and máximē, most.

Grammar

The most common words in languages are usually the most irregular. English and Latin have many irregular adjective comparisons.

Grammar

The most common words in languages are usually the most irregular. English and Latin have many irregular adjective comparisons.

Learn the irregular comparisons in this lesson thoroughly. They are very common.

Grammar

The superlative adjective is used more in Latin than in English and thus is weaker. As such, it may be translated by very.

Grammar

The superlative adjective is used more in Latin than in English and thus is weaker. As such, it may be translated by very.Caesar fortissimus erat.

Grammar

The superlative adjective is used more in Latin than in English and thus is weaker. As such, it may be translated by very.Caesar fortissimus erat.Caesar was very brave.

Grammar

An absolute superlative may be expressed by using omnium (partitive genitive).

Grammar

An absolute superlative may be expressed by using omnium (partitive genitive).Hic puer omnium fortissimus est.

Grammar

An absolute superlative may be expressed by using omnium (partitive genitive).Hic puer omnium fortissimus est.The boy is the bravest of all.

Grammar

When you use the preposition in with a superlative adjective in English, you usually use the genitive case in Latin.

Grammar

When you use the preposition in with a superlative adjective in English, you usually use the genitive case in Latin.Via Appia was the longest road in Italy.

Grammar

When you use the preposition in with a superlative adjective in English, you usually use the genitive case in Latin.Via Appia was the longest road in Italy.Via Appia erat Italiae via longissima.

Grammar Questions

How many tenses are in the subjunctive? What tenses are missing?

Grammar Questions

How many tenses are in the subjunctive? What tenses are missing?

Four tenses. The future and future perfect are missing.

Grammar Questions

What are six helping verbs that express the subjunctive in English?

Grammar Questions

What are six helping verbs that express the subjunctive in English?

let, might, could, may, should, would

Grammar Questions

What is the difference between indicative and subjunctive?

indicative:subjunctive:

Grammar Questions

What is the difference between indicative and subjunctive?

indicative: actual events or actionssubjunctive: potential events or actions

My children go to school. actual/indicativeI want my children to go to school. –

potential/subjunctive

Grammar QuestionsA __________ question is asked in doubt or

indignation, uses the subjunctive, and is expressed in English by the verbal helper ______.

Grammar QuestionsA deliberative question is asked in doubt or

indignation, uses the subjunctive, and is expressed in English by the verbal helper should.

Grammar QuestionsA deliberative question uses the

_______ subjunctive for present time and the _________ subjunctive for past time.

Grammar QuestionsA deliberative question uses the

present subjunctive for present time and the imperfect subjunctive for past time.

Grammar QuestionsThe hortatory subjunctive expresses __________,

_______ _________, ______ ____, and uses the verbal helpers __ and ___.

Grammar QuestionsThe hortatory subjunctive expresses exhortation,

indirect command, strong wish, and uses the verbal helpers let and may.

Grammar QuestionsThe subjunctive is used primarily in __________

clauses, but also has some uses in __________ clauses.

Grammar QuestionsThe subjunctive is used primarily in subordinate

clauses, but also has some uses in independent clauses.

Grammar

To form the negative of a subjunctive verb, use ?

Grammar

To form the negative of a subjunctive verb, use ne.

Ne cedamus. Let us not yield.

Grammar

To express purpose with the conjunction ut, the main clause is in the _________, and the subordinate clause is in the __________.

Grammar

To express purpose with the conjunction ut, the main clause is in the indicative, and the subordinate clause is in the subjunctive.

Grammar

The imperfect subjunctive active is built on the ________.

Grammar

The imperfect subjunctive active is built on the infinitive.

Grammar

The perfect and pluperfect subjunctives are built on the ______ stem by adding ___and ___, respectively.

Grammar

The perfect and pluperfect subjunctives are built on the perfect stem by adding eri and isse, respectively.

Grammar

What are the four uses of the subjunctive you have learned in this unit?

Grammar

What are the four uses of the subjunctive you have learned in this unit?

hortatory subjunctive, deliberative questions, purpose (ut) clause, and negative (ne) purpose clause.

Grammar

How do you form the perfect subjunctive passive?

Grammar

How do you form the perfect subjunctive passive?

the 4th principal part + the present subjunctive of sum

Grammar

A negative clause of purpose replaces ut with ___.

Grammar

A negative clause of purpose replaces ut with ne.

Grammar

The perfect subjunctive active is the same as the _____ _______ _____ indicative, except for the 1st person singular.

Grammar

The perfect subjunctive active is the same as the future perfect active indicative, except for the 1st person singular.

Grammar

The two common feminine nouns of the 4th declension are: ________ and ________.

Grammar

The two common feminine nouns of the 4th declension are: domus and manus.

Grammar

The two common neuter nouns of the 4th declension are: ______and _____.

Grammar

The two common neuter nouns of the 4th declension are: cornu and genu.

Grammar Questions

The three degrees of comparison are ________, _____________, and ___________.

Grammar Questions


Grammar Questions

The _______ is descriptive only.

Grammar Questions

The positive is descriptive only.

Grammar Questions

The ___________ implies a comparison between two persons or things.

Grammar Questions

The comparative implies a comparison between two persons or things.

Grammar Questions

The ___________ implies a comparison among more than two persons or things.

Grammar Questions

The superlative implies a comparison among more than two persons or things.

Grammar Questions

In Latin, the comparative adjective is formed from the positive by adding ____and _____to the stem.

Grammar Questions

In Latin, the comparative adjective is formed from the positive by adding –ior and –ius to the stem.

Grammar Questions

In Latin, the superlative adjective is formed by adding _________________to the stem.

Grammar Questions

In Latin, the superlative adjective is formed by adding –issimus –a –um to the stem.

Grammar Questions

The comparative adjective is declined like the regular ______________ noun.

Grammar Questions

The comparative adjective is declined like the regular 3rd declension noun.

Grammar Questions

The comparative adjective _____ _____follow the i-stem pattern of the regular adjective, brevis –e.

Grammar Questions

The comparative adjective does not follow the i-stem pattern of the regular adjective, brevis –e.

Grammar Questions

The superlative adjective is declined like the regular ___________________ adjective.

Grammar Questions

The superlative adjective is declined like the regular 1st/2nd – declension adjective.

Grammar Questions

The superlative adjectives ending in er are formed by adding –_____ –_ –___ to the masculine nominative singular.

Grammar Questions

The superlative adjectives ending in er are formed by adding –rimus –a –um to the masculine nominative singular.

Grammar Questions

The superlative adjectives of facilis, difficilis, similis, and humilis are formed by adding –_____ –_ –__ to the stem.

Grammar Questions

The superlative adjectives of facilis, difficilis, similis, and humilis are formed by adding –limus –a –um to the stem.

Grammar Questions

Two nouns or pronouns compared using the adverb quam must be in the same ____.

Grammar Questions

Two nouns or pronouns compared using the adverb quam must be in the same case.

Grammar Questions

Adjectives with stems ending in a vowel are usually compared using the adverbs _____ and _______.

Grammar Questions

Adjectives with stems ending in a vowel are usually compared using the adverbs magis and maxime.

Grammar Questions

The superlative adjective is used more in Latin than in English and is thus _______.

Grammar Questions

The superlative adjective is used more in Latin than in English and is thus weaker.

Grammar Questions

The absolute superlative can be expressed by using ________.

Grammar Questions

The absolute superlative can be expressed by using omnium.

Practice

♦TranslateGalli naves optimas habent.

Practice

♦TranslateThe Gauls have very good

ships.

Practice

♦TranslateExitus est magis dubius.

Practice

♦TranslateThe outcome is more doubtful.

Practice

♦TranslateA militibus optimis servamur.

Practice

♦TranslateWe are being guarded by the

best soldiers.

Practice

♦TranslateCanis minimus vocem maximam habet.

Practice

♦TranslateThe smallest dog has the

biggest voice.

Practice

♦TranslateOne out of many.

Practice

♦TranslateE pluribus unum

Practice

♦Conjugate pono in perfect passive indicative, imperfect active subjunctive, and present passive subjunctive.

29 sayings grammar practice

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Transcript of 29 sayings grammar practice