Course Work For Research Scholars

-Organised by-

Dayanand Science College, Latur & Dayanand

College of Commerce, Latur25th May 2018

Introduction to Research

Dr. Brijmohan Dayma(M.Com., SET, NET, G.D.C.&A., Ph.D.)

IQAC Coordinator, SWAYAM-NPTEL SPOC,

Research Guide & Head, Dept. of Business Economics,

Dayanand College of Commerce, Latur

Meaning of research

• The word research is composed of two syllables, ‘re’

and ‘search’. ‘Re’ is a prefix meaning again, anew or

over again. ‘Search’ is a verb meaning to examine

closely and carefully, to test and try or to probe.

• Together they form a noun-Research i.e. describing a

careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in

some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts

or principles.

• Research is a process of collecting, analyzing and

interpreting information to answer questions.

NET/ SET Workshop at Solapur

University, Solapur

Key objectives of research

• Research follows scientific methods for investigation.

Scientific methods consist of systematic observation,

classification and interpretation of data. The five key

objectives of science are exploration, description,

explanation, prediction and influence.

– Exploration means to examine something thoroughly in order to

test it or find facts about it.

– Description means saying in words what something/somebody is

like.

– Explanation means a statement, fact, circumstances etc. that

explains something.

– Prediction means a statement that something will happen.

– Influence means the power to affect or change the way something

functions or develops.

Questions• Research is ………… (NET-June 2010)

(A) Searching again and again

(B) Finding solution to any problem

(C) Working in a scientific way to search for truth of any problem .

(D) None of the above

• Which of the following will not be considered research? (SET-Jan.2006)

(A) Finding solutions to problems in a systematic way

(B) Collecting information from a number of sources, analysing and preparing a trend report

(C) Interviewing a person and reporting his views.

(D) Analysing the findings of a number of researches in a particular area and arriving at a

general conclusion

• The research is always - (NET-Dec.2008)

(A) Verifying the old knowledge (B) Exploring new knowledge

(C) Filling the gap between knowledge. (D) All of these

• The main objective of a research paper is to : (SET-Sept.2009)

(A) Gain fame and name (B) Seek promotion

(C) Communicate research results. (D) Make money after its publication

Steps of research

1. Formulating the research problem

2. Extensive literature survey

3. Developing the hypothesis

4. Preparing the research design

5. Determining sample design

6. Collecting the data

7. Execution of the project

8. Analysis of data

9. Hypothesis testing

10. Generalisations and interpretation

11. Preparation of the report or presentation of the results

Quotation

“In collection of statistical data

commonsense is the chief requisite and

experience the chief teacher.”Dr A.L. Bowley

As a student and a prospective teacher/researcher, you

should know the difference between data, information,

knowledge and wisdom. There is increase in our

connectedness and understanding with each of these steps.

• Data

• Although data is a plural noun (with datum being singular), its

more popular use is as a singular form.

• It is often in the form of facts or figures obtained from

experiments or surveys, used as a basis for making calculations

or drawing conclusions.

• Data is in numbers, text, images and sounds, in a form that is

suitable for storage in or processing by a computer. Its outcome

is ‘Memorisation’.

• For example, the speedometer in a car presents data.

Information

• It is the data that has been processed or organized and

presented in a systematic fashion to clarify the underlying

meaning. It answers to questions- Who, What, Where and

When. Its outcome is ‘Comprehension’.

• For example, the information that you are driving at 120 mph

will help you decide whether to speed up or slow down.

• Data could be converted into information using 5 main

processes:

1. Condensation – items of data are summarized into a more concise form

and unnecessary depth is eliminated;

2. Contextualization –the purpose or reason for collecting the data in the first

place is known or understood;

3. Calculation - data is processed and aggregated in order to provide useful

information

4. Categorization – is a process for assigning a type or category to data;

5. Correction – is a process for removal of errors.

Knowledge

• It is the application of information. It answers the question-

How. Its outcome is ‘Understanding’.

• For example, your driving knowledge tells you how to control

the car’s speed.

• A pattern shows relations among groups of information so that

there is both a consistency and completeness of relations.

Wisdom

• It is evaluated understanding. It is using knowledge to

establish and achieve goals.

• It is the ability to perceive outcomes and determine their

value. It is useful for deciding what should be done and why.

It answers the question-Why.

• Its outcome is ‘Better living/success in life’.

• “We can be knowledgeable with other men's knowledge,

but we cannot be wise with other men's wisdom.”

— Michel de Montaigne

Difference between data, information, knowledge and wisdom

Level Answers

question

Definition Learning process Outcome

Data Raw facts Accumulating

truths

Memorisation

(Data bank)

Information Who?What?Where?

When?

Meaningful and useful

data

Giving form and

functionality

Comprehension

(Information

bank)

Knowledge How? Clear understanding of

information

Analysis and

synthesis

Understanding

(Knowledge

bank)

Wisdom Why? Using knowledge to

establish and achieve

goals

Discerning

judgments and

taking appropriate

action

Better

living/success

(Wisdom banks)

Example

• Data- The numbers -15600, 6000, 30000 and the words- SET, NET, UGC,

basic salary, gross salary, book, newspaper, assistant professor etc. are just

pieces of data.

• Information- For becoming an assistant professor, qualifying in SET/ NET

is compulsory. These exams are supervised by UGC. An assistant professor

gets the basic salary Rs.15,600 + Academic Grade Pay Rs.6000 and other

allowances. So the gross salary will be about Rs.50,000. There are some good

books for this exam in the market.

• Knowledge- I purchase some books and daily newspapers. I study and

qualify the exam.

• Wisdom- If I am getting this much salary I should spent:

• 40% on my essential items (such as quality food, clothing, home rent etc.),

• 20% for bank loan installments ( for buying a home, car, computer etc.),

• 10% for acquiring latest knowledge (such as buying books, journals, internet charges,

attending conferences etc),

• 10% for investing for future benefits (such as Provident Fund, Pension scheme,

Mutual funds, Insurance etc.),

• 10% for social causes and 10% should be the balance in my savings account (for

emergency).

Classification of data

Data could be classified in the following three ways:

1. Quantitative and Qualitative data:

Quantitative data are those set of information that are

quantifiable and can be expressed in some standard units

like rupees, kilograms, litres, meters etc.

Qualitative data are not quantifiable, that is, cannot be

expressed in standard units of measurement. E.g. features,

qualities, characteristics etc. They are referred to as

attributes. In this case, however, it is possible to count the

number of individuals (or items) possessing a particular

attribute.

Classification of data

2. Sample and Census Data:

Sample Data means the data obtained by observing only those items

which are included in the sample. It is the information collected

through sample inquiry.

Census Data means the data obtained by observing all the items of

population. It is the information collected through census inquiry.

Population census data are collected every ten years in India.

3. Primary and Secondary Data:

The investigator personally or through experiment or field survey

collects primary data. Such data are in raw form and must be refined

before use.

On the other hand, secondary data are extracted from the existing

published or unpublished sources, i.e. from the data already collected

by others.

Comparison of Primary and Secondary DataPrimary Data Secondary Data

Primary data are always original as it is collected by the investigator.

Secondary data lacks originality. The investigator makes use of the data collected by other agencies.

Suitability of the primary data will be positive because it has been systematically collected.

Secondary data may or may not suit the objects of enquiry.

Primary data are expensive and time consuming.

Secondary data are relatively cheaper.

Extra precautions are less required. It is used with great care and caution.

Primary data are in the shape of raw material.

Secondary data are usually in the shape of readymade products.

Possibility of personal prejudice. Possibility of lesser degree of personal prejudice.

Exa: Interview, Questionnaires Exa: Internet, Books

A Classification of Primary Data Source

After study of secondary data

A Classification of Secondary Data Source

Before collecting primary data

Secondary Source

Internal Secondary Data

Source

Internal Records

External Secondary Data

Source

Books, Periodicals and other Published

Materials

Report and Publication from

Gov. Source

Computerized Commercial and

other Data Source

Media Resource

Internal Sources

Accounting records

Marketing records

Production personnel

Information systems personnel

Sales force

Other expert employees

Published Secondary Sources

Published SecondaryData

GeneralBusinessSources

Other GovernmentPublications

Census Data

Government Sources

Guides

Indexes

StatisticalData

Types of data

Classification of data

a. Continuous data:

What is the height of the tree? 5 feet 3 inch.

b. Discrete data:

What is the number of wheels in vehicles? 2/3/4/6 wheelers

c. Ordinal data:

How much are you satisfied with the experience?

Very satisfied, Satisfied, Not satisfied

d. Nominal data:

Which pet do you have? Dog/Cat/Monkey/Camel

e. Open data:

Please describe your learning experience.

Direction of data conversion

What is your height?

Tall, Medium, Short

What is the percentage of people who are Tall/ Medium/Short?

Purpose of collecting data

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Shodhganga and Shodhgangotri

• Following the successful completion of the evaluation process and

announcements of the award of M.Phil./Ph.D. the University shall

submit a soft copy of the M.Phil./Ph.D. thesis to the UGC within a

period of thirty days, for hosting the same in INFLIBNET

(INFormation and LIBrary NETwork) accessible to all

Institutions/Universities.

• Shodhganga (www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in) -Electronic Thesis and

Dissertations (ETD): 1,44,326 + thesis

• Shodhgangotri (www.shodhgangotri.inflibnet.ac.in)– 3900+Synopsis

• Anti Plagiarism Software (iThenticate and Turnitin) of M/s iParadigm

to be discontinued from 31st March 2015 due to price hike- Urkund

• N-LIST (Network of Library & Information Science)-31,00,000 e-

books & 6000 journals

NET/ SET Workshop at Solapur

University, Solapur

NET/ SET Workshop at Solapur

University, Solapur

NET/ SET Workshop at Solapur

University, Solapur

Anti

Plagiarism

Software-

Similarity

Index

SET May 2016

Questions• One should present a paper in research seminars because........... (SET-Jan.2006)

(A) He gets opportunity to know various experts in the field

(B) He gets feedback from others and develops new insight.

(C) Information about his research can be disseminated to a large number of people

(D) He is expected to do so in higher education

• In which of the following is there much scope for interaction among the participant? (SET-

Jan.2006)

(A) Seminar (B) Symposium. (C) Workshop (D) Conference

• An institution wants to give training in use of 'Statistical Package for Social Science' (SPSS) to

researchers. For this the institution should organise ………………... (SET - Feb - 2008)

(A) Seminar (B) Conference (C) Workshop. (D) Lecture

Which of the following is an initial mandatory requirement for pursuing research ? (NET - July-

2016)

(1) Developing a research design

(2) Formulating a research question.

(3) Deciding about the data analysis procedure

(4) Formulating a research hypothesis

The format of thesis writing is the same as in- (NET - July- 2016)

(1) preparation of a research paper/article

(2) writing of seminar presentation

(3) a research dissertation.

(4) presenting a workshop / conference paperNET/ SET Workshop at Solapur University, Solapur

Questions-SET May 2016

NET/ SET Workshop at Solapur University, Solapur aa

NET/ SET Workshop at Solapur University, Solapur cb

Lessons of past

experiences should

always be born in

mind. Continued

self-examination

could lead us into

the future with firm

determination..

NET/ SET Workshop at Solapur

University, Solapur