2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione 11

Perception – some learning objectivesPerception – some learning objectives

To:s Understand the perceptual process.s Explain how we perceive ourselves and others

through social identity.s Discuss stereotypes.s Examine personalitys Identify the ‘Big Five’ personality dimensions.s Discuss personality assessment through the

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.s Link perception and decisikon-making

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Selective attentionSelective attention

Emotions andEmotions andbehaviourbehaviour

Organisation andOrganisation andinterpretationinterpretation

The perceptual process model: we act on what we The perceptual process model: we act on what we ‘see’ or think we see‘see’ or think we see

Environmental stimuliEnvironmental stimuli

Feeling Hearing Seeing Smelling TastingFeeling Hearing Seeing Smelling Tasting

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We are We are veryvery selective about what we ‘see’ selective about what we ‘see’ or want to seeor want to see

We are influenced by:

Characteristics of the object size, intensity, motion, repetition, novelty

The context within which we operate

Characteristics of the perceiver values and attitudes perceptual defence expectations − condition us to expect events

2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione 44

Welsh people like singing and rugby

Jonesis Welsh

Hence, Jones likes singing andrugby

We stereotypeWe stereotype

Assign category’s traitsAssign category’s traitsto the personto the person

Assign person to categoryAssign person to categorybased on observable infobased on observable info

Develop categoriesDevelop categoriesand assign traitsand assign traits

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How accurate are stereotypes?How accurate are stereotypes?

‘People tend to do as little cognitive work as possible when it comes to thinking about others . . we tend to rely on mental shortcuts.’ ie we are lazy thinkers

Some basis for stereotypes but prone to distortion and error traits don’t describe everyone in the group we screen out inconsistent information

Stereotypes are less accurate when we have little interaction with people in that group we experience conflict with members of that group

Stereotypes enhance our own social identity

2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione 66

Other perceptual errorsOther perceptual errors

Primacy effect first impressions are … often wrong!

Recency effect most recent information dominates our perceptions

Halo effect one trait forms a general impression

Projection effect believing other people are similar to you

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ImprovingImprovingperceptualperceptualaccuracyaccuracy

DiversityDiversityinitiativesinitiatives

EmpathiseEmpathisewith otherswith others

PostponePostponeimpressionimpressionformationformation

KnowKnowyourselfyourself

CompareCompareperceptionsperceptionswith otherswith others

Improving perceptual accuracyImproving perceptual accuracy

2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione 88

PersonalityPersonality

‘ A relatively stable pattern of behaviours and consistent internal states that explain a person's behavioural tendencies.’

Personality differentiate one person from all others.

Determined by:

Heredity

Environment

Situation

The ‘nature’ vs ‘nurture’ argument

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Outgoing, talkative

Courteous, empathic

Caring, dependable

Poised, secure

Sensitive, flexible

Five personality dimensionsFive personality dimensions

ExtroversionExtroversion

AgreeablenessAgreeableness

ConscientiousnessConscientiousness

Emotional stabilityEmotional stability

Openness to experienceOpenness to experience

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Courtesy of Thompson Doyle Hennessey & Everest

Assessing Personality: The Myers-Briggs Assessing Personality: The Myers-Briggs Type IndicatorType Indicator

A well-used tool for assessing individual personality based on a Jungian approach to individual differences

Often used at the selection stage

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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: Main Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: Main DimensionsDimensions

Extroversion versus introversion (where you get your energy)

Sensing versus intuition (how we gather information, what we pay attention to)

Thinking versus feeling (the way we prefer to make decisions)

Judging versus perceiving (reflects our orientation to the outer world)

16 ‘types’Courtesy of Thompson Doyle Hennessey & Everest

Our perception of events – what we think Our perception of events – what we think we see – influences all our behaviourswe see – influences all our behaviours

The decisions we make How we behave – positively or negatively Who we gravitate toward – friends, relationships, etc What we are motivated to put our energy into – if we

perceive we won’t be treated fairly, we might not bother.

Everything we do runs the gamut of perception and there is plenty of room to get it worng

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