2245-2 Joint ICTP-IAEA Advanced School on the Role of...
Transcript of 2245-2 Joint ICTP-IAEA Advanced School on the Role of...
2245-2
Joint ICTP-IAEA Advanced School on the Role of Nuclear Technology in Hydrogen-Based Energy Systems
Marc Steen
13 - 18 June 2011
European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Energy Pettern
Netherlands
EU activities related to H2 economy
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Hydrogen is needed for deep decarbonisation – EU enabling efforts
Elements of the hydrogen chain• production• storage• transmission and distribution infrastructure
Main end-use interest area: public transport
Research needs in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies
European Union Efforts• Policies• Research, Development and Demonstration (RDD)
• Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH-JU)• Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (JRC)
Additional slides
Contents
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Recap from 1st presentation
H2 is needed for deep decarbonisation
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• far from optimized technologies need to compete with efficient, well functioning energy (and transport) systems
• technological as well as non-technological barriers
Fossil fuels Hydrogen cheap no well working not proven vested interests no regulations existing starting markets small till now consumers familiarity no educational programs limited
H2 versus incumbent technologies
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Hydrogen is needed for deep decarbonisation – EU enabling efforts
Elements of the hydrogen chain• production• storage• transmission and distribution infrastructure
Main end-use interest area: public transport
Research needs in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies
European Union Efforts• Policies• Research, Development and Demonstration (RDD)
• Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH-JU)• Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (JRC)
Additional slides
Contents
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H2
Power: Water electrolysis from renewable sources and nuclear
Wood: Pyrolysis technologyfor hydrogen from biomass
Coal: With gasification technology H2 may be
produced from coal
Alcohols like ethanol and methanol derived from gas or biomass – are
rich in H2 and may be reformed to H2
Algae: Methods for utilizing the photo-synthesis for H2 production
Oil: H2 is produced with steam reforming or partial oxidation from
fossil or renewable oils
Gas: Natural gas or bio-gas are H2 sources with steam reforming or partial oxidation
Source: Hydro
Hydrogen Production
today, tomorrow with CCS
tomorrow
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electricity and hydrogen are complementary energy carriers:electron-based and proton-based
“ hydricity”
H2 from fossil fuels: with CCS
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Hydrogen production tomorrow: splitting H2O
nanoscale hydrogen production
Mn
MnMn
Mn
O
OO
O
OO
Mn
Mn
MnMn
O
OO
O
2H2O 4H+ + 4e-
photosystem II
+
-
H2O2
solar electrolysis
• functional integration at the nanoscale
• molecular transfer of energy and charge
• 6-18% efficiency in laboratory
bio-inspired nanoscale assemblies
• inexpensive Mn catalyst• room temperature• “one molecule at a time”
porphyrin nanotube hybrids• porphyrin: harvests light • Pt, Au: catalyst & electrodes assembly splits water in sunlight
source: Crabtree, DoE - BES
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Hydrogen storage
Advantages• high gravimetric energy density• implementable from kW to multi-MW• charge rate, discharge rate and storage capacity are independent
variables• potential to supply road transportation• environmentally benign operation characteristics
Disadvantages• low volumetric energy density• costs• low round-trip efficiency
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energy storage for intermittent renewable energy sources
Electrolyser
Fuel CellsStorage
from electricity to electricity: low round-trip efficiency –
incremental technology improvements
Hydrogen storage for stationary applications
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Source: Crotogino et al. WHEC 2010
long term energy storage
Hydrogen storage for stationary applications
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Salt cavern hydrogen storage • proven technology • about 60 times the electricity
equivalent in the same volume as adiabatic compressed air storages
• bulk storage for long-term balancing
stored hydrogen can be • re-electrified with fuel cells and combined cycle gas turbines• used as feedstock in the chemical industry• distributed via pipeline or as liquefied hydrogen to automotive end users
Bulk hydrogen storage
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Automotive hydrogen storage options
T. Brunner, StorHy Final Event, 2008
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Changing energy landscape
now future
• distributed generation with fully integrated network management
• from consumers to “prosumers”
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Source: EHA
Hydrogen transmission and distribution
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Hydrogen is needed for deep decarbonisation – EU enabling efforts
Elements of the hydrogen chain• production• storage• transmission and distribution infrastructure
Main end-use interest area: public transport
Research needs in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies
European Union Efforts• Policies• Research, Development and Demonstration (RDD)
• Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH-JU)• Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (JRC)
Additional slides
Contents
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Hydrogen for transport = vehicles
Transport (and distribution) of hydrogen
sour
ce: N
atio
nal G
eogr
aphi
c
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Source: DoE-SNL
CO2 emission reduction in transport requires carbon-free fuel
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Total WTW energy (MJ / 100 km)
WTW
GH
G e
mis
sion
s (g
CO 2
eq /
km
GasolineDiesel fuelC-H2 ex NG, ICEC-H2 ex NG, FCC-H2 ex coal, ICEC-H2 ex coal, FCC-H2 ex wood, ICEC-H2 ex wood, FCC-H2 ex NG+ely, ICEC-H2 ex NG+ely, FCC-H2 ex coal+ely, ICEC-H2 ex coal+ely, FCC-H2 ex wood+ely, ICEC-H2ex wood+ely, FCC-H2 ex nuclear elec, ICEC-H2 ex nuclear elec, FCC-H2 ex wind elec, ICEC-H2 ex wind elec, FCC-H2 ex EU-mix elec, ICEC-H2 ex EU-mix elec, FCL-H2 ex NG, ICEL-H2 ex NG, FCL-H2 ex wood, ICEL-H2 ex wood, FCL-H2 ex EU-mix elec, ICEL-H2 ex EU-mix elec, FCL-H2 ex NG+ely, ICEL-H2 ex NG+ely, FCL-H2 ex coal+ely, ICEL-H2 ex coal+ely, FC
Overall picture: GHG versus total energy (Hydrogen)
most hydrogen pathways are energy-intensiveonly use of NG, RES or nuclear
offers GHG gains
2010+ vehicles
Ref: JEC study
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WTW GHG
0 50 100 150 200
Gasoline PISI
Conv. DieselDICI+DPF
CNG (4000 km) PISI
CNG PISI hyb.
C-H2 PISI
C-H2 PISI hyb.
C-H2 FC
C-H2 FC hyb.
g CO2eq / km
TTWWTT
ICE
FC
WTW energy
0 100 200 300 400
Gasoline PISI
Conv. DieselDICI+DPF
CNG (4000 km)PISI
CNG PISI hyb.
C-H2 PISI
C-H2 PISI hyb.
C-H2 FC
C-H2 FC hyb.
MJ / 100 km
TTWWTT
ICE
FC
Hydrogen from NG : ICE and Fuel Cell
For hydrogen produced from NGGHG emissions savings are only achieved with fuel cell vehicles
2010+ vehicles
Ref: JEC study
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WTW GHG
0 50 100 150 200 250
Gasoline PISI
Conv. DieselDICI+DPF
CNG (4000 km) PISI
C-H2 PISI
L-H2 PISI
g CO2eq / km
TTWWTT
WTW energy
0 100 200 300 400
Gasoline PISI
Conv. DieselDICI+DPF
CNG (4000km) PISI
C-H2 PISI
L-H2 PISI
MJ / 100 km
TTWWTT
Liquid hydrogen is less energy efficient than compressed hydrogen
Hydrogen from NG : Compressed versus Liquid
2010+ vehicles
Ref: JEC study
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Positions of Vehicle Manufacturers
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Positions of Vehicle Manufacturers
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Letter of Understanding on the Development and Market Introduction of Fuel Cell Vehicles - September 2009
• „Based on current knowledge and subject to a varity of prerequisites and conditions, the signing OEMs strongly anticipate that from 2015 onwards a quite significant number of fuel cell vehicles could be commercialised. This number is aimed at a few hundred thousand units over life cycle on a worldwide basis.“
• „[…] The signing OEMs strongly support the idea of building-up a hydrogen infrastructure in Europe, with Germany as starting point and at the same time developing similar concepts for market penetration of hydrogen infrastructure in other regions of the world, with one US market, Japan and Korea as further starting points.“
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Memorandum of UnderstandingSept. 2009
Leading companies agree on build-up plan for hydrogen-infrastructure, flanking expected serial-production of FC-Vehicles starting 2015 Phase I (until 2011):
standardization of hydrogen fuelling stations,
joint business plan for area-wide roll-out in Germany
Phase II: Implementation of respective action plan
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Hydrogen is needed for deep decarbonisation – EU enabling efforts
Elements of the hydrogen chain• production• storage• transmission and distribution infrastructure
Main end-use interest area: public transport
Research needs in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies
European Union Efforts• Policies• Research, Development and Demonstration (RDD)
• Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH-JU)• Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (JRC)
Additional slides
Contents
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The Two Hydrogen Economies
research need
ener
gy p
ayof
f
fossil fuelreforming
gas/liquidstorage
fuel celloperation
solid statestorage
splitting water
combustion in heat engines
incremental:within reach of
commercial technology
mature: breakthroughs in
basic science/materials
nanoscience bridges the gap
source: Crabtree, DoE-BES
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Source: DoE BES
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Neutron techniques in support of R&D
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Hydrogen is needed for deep decarbonisation – EU enabling efforts
Elements of the hydrogen chain• production• storage• transmission and distribution infrastructure
Main end-use interest area: public transport
Research needs in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies
European Union Efforts• Policies• Research, Development and Demonstration (RDD)
• Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH-JU)• Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (JRC)
Additional slides
Contents
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Strategic EU Policy Objectives
By 2020 – the three 20s: 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990 levels
(30% if global agreement) 20% reduction in global primary energy use (through energy efficiency) 20% of renewable energy in the EU's overall mix (minimum target for
replacement of 10% of vehicle fuel)
By 2050: > 85% reduction in GHG
comparison basis = 1990
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EC regulations on type approval of H2 vehicles
REGULATION (EC) No 79/2009 on Type-approval of hydrogen-powered motor vehicles
REGULATION (EU) No 406/2010 implementing Regulation (EC) No 79/2009
According to the Split Level Approach, it comprises two parts:
The “political” part (outlining the necessity of the proposal, general description, etc) adoption by the European Parliament and the Council.
The “technical” part (containing the application of the pertinent standards to containers and other specific components) discussed at Commission level.
Legislation applicable to hydrogen technologies
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• Review of separate type-approval regulations on vehicle safety (crash conditions!)
• extension of the regulation to methane-hydrogen mixture • extension of the regulation to L category vehicles (Suzuki scooter
1st in Europe!)
What remains to be done?
Request by European Parliament for type approval for refuelling stations – still outstanding
Harmonization with the UN-ECE Global Technical Regulation (GTR)
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Regulations for transporting H2EU:• transport of gasses under pressure• Transport of dangerous goods by road• Transport of dangerous goods by rail• Transport of dangerous goods by in-land waterways International:• Transport of dangerous goods : UN-ECE• Transport of dangerous goods by air: IATA/ICAO
• Pressure Equipment Directive• SEVESO II (large amounts of hazardous materials)
Regulation for storing H2
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Regulation for H2 appliances
CE mark based on compliance with:
• Machinery safety directive• Equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive
atmosphere (ATEX directives)• Pressure equipment directive• Low voltage directive• Electromagnetic compatibility directive• Simple pressure vessels directive
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• R&D activities in Europe are funded at different levels: EU, national and regional.• EU level funding: consecutive framework programmes, currently FP7
• EU dimension and added value• competitive calls for proposals (sollicitations)
for H2 and fuel cells: EU funding as of 2008 through public-private partnership: Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH-JU), operating the Joint Technology Initiative:
• 1 B€ for R&D and demonstration (2008-2013)• 50/50% cost share basis between EC and industry
Public R&D on H2&FC in Europe
EU Research Policy: 2 legs• co-funded R&D (“indirect actions”)• own R&D: Joint Research Centre (“ JRC direct actions”)
note: current evolution from R&D to research and
innovation
indirect actions
http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/index_en.cfm?pg=cooperation
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An industry-led Public-Private Partnership between
• The European Union represented by the Commission
• European Industry Grouping for the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Technology Initiative (NEW-IG)
• New European Research Grouping on Fuel Cells and Hydrogen (N.ERGHY)
http://ec.europa.eu/research/fch
http://www.fchindustry-jti.eu
http://www.nerghy.eu
to accelerate technology development to achieve market introduction from 2015
Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking
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• The FCH JU has the minimum critical mass needed to develop and validate efficient and cost competitive technologies
• However, meeting the market entry targets set by industry will require substantial additional effort
• The additional public and private funding needed is currently estimated as €5 bn for the period 2013-2020
COM(2009)519: Investing in the Development of Low Carbon Technologies (SET-Plan)
FCH JU and Stategic Energy Technology Plan
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Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research at JRC
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JRC activities Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
Pre-normative research as input to international standards and regulations
Execution of reference function in European Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Technology Initiative
Scope:• Fuel cell performance • H2 storage and distribution • H2 sensors• H2 safety
Representation of European Commission in international technical forums and collaboration activities:
IEA, IPHE, EU-US Energy Council Technology Working Group, …
Supported by underpinning research in networking mode
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GasTeF
Safety bunker for stationary & cyclic testing facility up to
800 bar
High Pressure H2Storage
SenTeF
Laboratory for sensor testing
On-board safety sensors
2D and 3D CFD codes
dispersion/explosion modelling
Modeling H2 release
H2 Storage, Distribution, Sensing and Safety
refuelling stationspermitting
SolTeF
Laboratory for storage capacity characterisation
Solid-state H2Storage
ISO TC 197EC type approvalUN-ECE WP 29
IEA-HIA, IPHE (ICHS)NREL, JARI, …
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Validation and Verification of FC Technologies
Environmental and vibration testing of FC systems and their performance
IEA-AFC, IPHE,DoE, NEDO, KIST, Dahlian Univ., RAS, …
ISO TC 197, IEC TC 105UN-ECE WP 29
tests at level of • MEA• cell• stack
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Topic: in-situ neutron diffraction of magnesium amide/lithium hydride stoichiometric mixtures with lithium hydride excess
Issue: improved solid date H2 storage capability JRC work: clarification of reaction mechanisms and identification of new intermediate phase Outcome: significant insight into hydrogen storage capabilities leading to input on tailoring
of promising hydrogen storage materials
Underpinning research (example)
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• International Conferences on Hydrogen Safety (2005, 2007, 2009, 2011)• IPHE Conferences on H2 storage - (with US-DoE, Russia) (2005, 2009)• International Workshops
– Fuel Cell Degradation, 2007 (IPHE)– Accelerated Testing in Fuel Cells, 2008 (IPHE)– Diagnostic Tools for Fuel Cells Technologies, 2009 (IPHE)– Effects of Fuel and Air Quality to the Performance of Fuel Cells, 2009 (IPHE,
IEA-AFC, ISO)– Early markets, 2010 (IPHE, IEA-AFC)– Fuel Cell Degradation, 2011 (IPHE, IEA-AFC)
• IAEA-IEA technical meetings on nuclear methods in H2 storage and FC research, 2009-2010-2011
• Hosting of researchers
Dissemination, Education, Training
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http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu/http://ie.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
Thank you for your attention!
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Hydrogen is needed for deep decarbonisation – EU enabling efforts
Elements of the hydrogen chain• production• storage• transmission and distribution infrastructure
Main end-use interest area: public transport
Research needs in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies
European Union Efforts• Policies• Research, Development and Demonstration (RDD)
• Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH-JU)• Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (JRC)
Additional slides – in order of main presentation
Contents
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Options for high pressure on-board storage
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source: IEA Roadmap 2009
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Passen
ger LDV
Sales (million)
H2 hybrid fuel cell
Electricity
CNG/LPG
Plug‐in hybrid diesel
Diesel hybrid
Conventional diesel
Plug‐in hybrid gasoline
Hybrid (gasoline)
Conventional gasoline
Light-duty vehicle sales (millions), 2010-50
electric drive train: BEV and FCEV
Decarbonisation of EU transport
+ behavioural change, intermodality
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main hydrogen vehicle components
N. Nha, Doe Workshop July 2010, Beijing
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Source: DoE BES
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Source: DoE BES
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Source: DoE BES
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Source: DoE BES
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FCH JTI Targets
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FCH JTI Targets - continued
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FCH JU Budget
budget breakdown by Application Area -
total 940M€
http://ec.europa.eu/research/fch/pdf/fch_ju_multi_annual_implement_plan.pdf
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Standardisation: Who does what?
• Refuelling stations, H2 components, detectors, fuel quality, … : ISO/TC 197 Hydrogen technologies
• Fuel cell test methods and performance assessmentIEC/TC 105 Fuel cell technologies
• Material compatibility for hydrogen storage: ISO/TC 58 Gas cylinders
• …
Useful information sources:
http://www.fuelcellstandards.com/Hydrogen%20Matrix.pdf, updated 1 May 2011http://hcsp.ansi.org/
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Current standardisation priorities
Regulations, codes, and standards
Fueling protocol
Fueling connector
Hydrogen quality
Dispenser testing/
acceptance
Permitting framework
Mass-flow metering
Source: K. Bonhoff, EO seminar, Mar. 2011
Alignment of regulations, codes, and standards to ensure compatibility of any hydrogen refuelling station and fuel cell electric vehicles
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Demonstration projects are very important to gain real life experiences
HyFLEET:CUTE will see the operation of 47 Hydrogen powered buses in regular public transport service in 10 cities on three continents.
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Hydrogen supply pathways for HyFleet:Cute
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…H2 vs. batteries battle for transport applications?
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www.fch-ju.eu
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to provide customer-driven scientific and technical support for the conception, development, implementation and monitoring of EU policies
The JRC functions as a centre of science and technology (S&T) reference for the EU, independent of commercial and national interests...
JRC Mission:
R&D by JRC is limited in scope by full compliance with the Subsidiarity Principle:• “enabling R&D” activities• targeting EU and public interests
• pre-normative and co-normative research, performance assessment (incl. LCA), …. • scenario-building, road-mapping, SET-Plan Information System, …
• networking within and outside EU absolutely necessary
Joint Research Centre activities and achievements
on hydrogen and fuel cells:
Framework Agreement FCH JU - JRC: provision of reference facilities and programme support
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autothermal reformer
up to 100 Nm3/hr H2 peak capacity
hydrogen quality 5.0 (99.999%)
continuous monitoring of impuritiese.g. CO, H2S
Task 23 IEA HIA small scale reformers – harmonisation of efficiency measurements
H2 production
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Compressor and tank testing “bunker”: 1 m thick composite walls 3 meters sand 40 tons sliding door 225 m³ interior filled with N2 during tests
N2 liquid storage H2 and CH4
storage
High Pressure Gas Testing Facility
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… tightly controlled for reasons of safety…
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-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 170
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Tank pressure Tank bottom temperature
Test duration [h]
Pre
ssur
e [b
ar]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Temperature [ oC
]
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Tank Pressure Bottom Temperature Top Temperature
Test Duration [h]
Pre
ssur
e [b
ar]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
Temperature [ oC
]… to enable high-fidelity simulations and tests
Expose tanks and their accessories to temperatures between ambient and 100°C
Provide a maximum filling pressure of 880 bar Perform the filling of the tank under test within 3 minutes Conduct permeation and cycling tests
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Fast Filling Validation
• Tank: Type IV (29.8L)• Working Fluid: Hydrogen• Test Conditions:
– Initial Pressure: 1.2 bar– Final Pressure: 722 bar– Filling time: 331s– Initial tank temperature:
18°C
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Maximum Temperature
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
TC1
TC2
TC3
TC4
TC5
TC6
TC7
TCEX
T1TC
EXT2
TCEX
T3
TCs Position
T [C
]
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
err [
%
expcalcerr
T1
T2
T3
TC1TC2
TC3TC4
TC5
TC6 TC7
Temperature (error) versus sensor position
Position of the sensors in the tank. T1, T2 and T3 are placed
externally
Fast Filling Validation
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Temperatures during filling
(100s)
Temperatures 120 s after end of filling (180 s)
Measure the temperature profile inside a H2/CH4 tank during filling to validate the software models, which are used to predict maximum temperatures inside the tanks
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Introduce a system into the bunker to cool down H2 when it is supplied to the tank Upgrade the environmental control system to provide very low ambient
temperatures to simulate harsh environmental conditions of -40°C (or lower)
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Facilities for sorption characterisation:1. volumetric equipments 2. gravimetric equipment(s)3. spectroscopy (Temperature Programmed
Desorption)
Micro-structural characterisation:• FEG-SEM, EPMA, TEM, XRD • Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy• SANS
solid state H2 storage
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• organisation, participation, evaluation of first-ever global interlaboratory exercise on H2 solid state storage – meanwhile 3 held
• continuous improvement of gravimetric measuring equipment
Adsorption Isotherm at 77K
9 partners
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 150.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
H up
take
(wt%
)
Pressure (MPa)
DALIKLEEMAGRITTEKLIMTVAN GOGHMIRO MATISSEPICASSOKANDINSKY
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Stan
dard
dev
iatio
n Pressure (MPa)
solid state H2 storage
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H2 safety studies
• simulations of fast filling procedure in hydrogen tanks
• gap analysis report on CFD simulations provided to FCH-JU
Environment Release Dispersion
Explosions
Refuelling station X Garage X Tunnels X X Pipeline X Urban street X Laboratory X
• numerical simulations
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Numerical analysis (3D CFD) of accidental hydrogen release in SolTeF laboratory
HH
VinVout
Vouts
IVRRIG
1 2
• assumption of release scenarios based on Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)• modeling of real laboratory taking into account geometry, main obstacles, ventilation
and air extraction characteristics• calculation of hydrogen concentrations during and after release • feedback to safety design, such as on optimal positioning of safety sensors
Leak position
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Iso-surface of hydrogen concentration at the lower flammability limit (4% of H2 in air)
Results for the case of a guillotine break of a high pressure line in absence of mitigation measures (case beyond Max Credible Accident)
Main conclusions: • despite the fact the hydrogen sensor detectors are placed on top of every equipment, the first detector
which would give alarm is placed on the opposite wall. • hydrogen concentrations for a short time above LFL, but mass involved not enough to sustain a flame
H2 concentrations at on the axis of release at 4 seconds from break
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objective: to establish testing procedures for H2 safety sensor performance (lifetime, sensitivity, accuracy, reaction time, X-sensitivity,..) under real service life conditions
hydrogen safety sensors (on-board vehicle)
Electrochemical sensors
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Catalytic Sensor (11/16)
01234MR
Acc
Sen
CST
RH
P
from individual parameter effect to performance evaluation: quantitative radar diagrams
Electrochemical Sensor (8/10)
01234MR
Acc
Sen
CST
RH
P
MOS Sensor (6/11)
01
23
4MR
Acc
Sen
CST
RH
P
TC Sensor (2/3)
0123
4MR
Acc
Sen
CST
RH
P
MR – measuring rangeAcc – accuracySen – sensitivityCS – cross sensitivityT - temperatureRH - relative humidityP - pressure
Performance of hydrogen safety sensors
86IAEA - ICTP School, Trieste June 2011
JRC/NREL round robin testing of H2 safety sensors
interlaboratory test programme to evaluate influence of environmental conditions (temperature, pressure, …) on sensor response
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.30.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4 NREL JRC ISO tolerance
Sens
or re
spon
se /
vol%
H2
Pressure / bar-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4 NREL JRC ISO tolerance
Sens
or re
spon
se /
vol%
H2
Temperature / °C
87IAEA - ICTP School, Trieste June 2011
0100200300400500600700800900
1000
0,0 0,5 1,0
Time, hrs
Stac
k cu
rren
t den
sity
, m
A/cm
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Stac
k po
wer
, kW
Powe
r Up
Power down
0100200300400500600700800900
1000
0,0 0,5 1,0
Time, hrs
Stac
k cu
rren
t den
sity
, m
A/cm
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Stac
k po
wer
, kW
Powe
r Up
Powe
r Up
Power down
Power down
Obtained by increasing the current -“Power up”-
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
0,0 200,0 400,0 600,0 800,0 1000,0
Stack current density, mA/cm2
Sta
ck v
olta
ge, V
Obtained by decreasing the current -“Power down”-
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
0,0 200,0 400,0 600,0 800,0 1000,Stack current density, mA/cm2
Stac
k Po
wer
W
Obtained by increasing the current -“Power up”-
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
0,0 200,0 400,0 600,0 800,0 1000,0
Stack current density, mA/cm2
Sta
ck v
olta
ge, V
Obtained by decreasing the current -“Power down”-
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
0,0 200,0 400,0 600,0 800,0 1000,Stack current density, mA/cm2
Stac
k Po
wer
W
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
0,0 200,0 400,0 600,0 800,0 1000,0
Stack current density, mA/cm2
Sta
ck v
olta
ge, V
Obtained by decreasing the current -“Power down”-
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
0,0 200,0 400,0 600,0 800,0 1000,0
Stack current density, mA/cm2
Sta
ck v
olta
ge, V
Obtained by decreasing the current -“Power down”-
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
0,0 200,0 400,0 600,0 800,0 1000,Stack current density, mA/cm2
Stac
k Po
wer
W
PNR for FC polarisation curves
88IAEA - ICTP School, Trieste June 2011
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120
5
10
15
Frac
tion
/ %
Diameter / nm
Topic: mechanistic understanding of the processes occurring at the atomic level within PEM fuel cells
Issue: development of novel low cost and more CO tolerant nanocatalysts based on fundamental understanding of the processes involved
JRC work: kinetic studies of CO de-sorption on PtRu/C PEMFC anodes: temperature dependence and microstructural transformations
Outcome: significant insight into CO tolerance, which will likely change strategies applied for development of novel low cost and CO tolerant nanocatalysts
carbon-supported catalyst nanoparticlescatalyst characterisation laboratory
Carbon supportCatalyst nanoparticles
Size distribution of the catalyst nanoparticles
Underpinning research
89IAEA - ICTP School, Trieste June 2011
0
1E-10
2E-10
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time (s)
25°C50°C100°C150°C
First measurement of temperature dependent CO de-sorption kinetic data on PtRu/C PEMFC anodes and assessment of the effect of thermal treatment
Improved insight into CO tolerance mechanisms expected to lead tobetter definition of fuel quality standards
Underpinning research