2.2 Anatomy and Biomechanics Relate anatomy and biomechanics to a physical activity (Badminton)

2.2 Anatomy and 2.2 Anatomy and BiomechanicsBiomechanics

Relate anatomy and Relate anatomy and biomechanics to a physical biomechanics to a physical

activity (Badminton)activity (Badminton)

AnatomyAnatomy

Skeletal systemSkeletal system

- BonesBones- MusclesMuscles- MovementMovement- JointsJoints- Agonist/antagonistAgonist/antagonist

BonesBones

What bones make up the following What bones make up the following joints:joints:

Shoulder (3)Shoulder (3)Elbow (3)Elbow (3)Wrist (3)Wrist (3)Hip (2)Hip (2)Knee (3)Knee (3)Ankle (3)Ankle (3)

BonesBones

Shoulder: clavical, scapula, humerusShoulder: clavical, scapula, humerus

Elbow: humerus, radius, ulnaElbow: humerus, radius, ulna

Wrist: carpals, radius, ulnaWrist: carpals, radius, ulna

Hip: pelvis, femurHip: pelvis, femur

Knee: femur, tibia, fibulaKnee: femur, tibia, fibula

Ankle: tarsals, tibia, fibulaAnkle: tarsals, tibia, fibula

MusclesMuscles

What muscles move the following What muscles move the following joints:joints:

Shoulder (4)Shoulder (4)Elbow (2)Elbow (2)Wrist (2)Wrist (2)Hip (4)Hip (4)Knee (2)Knee (2)Ankle (3)Ankle (3)

MusclesMuscles

ShoulderShoulder: deltoid, pectorals, trapezius,: deltoid, pectorals, trapezius,

Latissimus dorsiLatissimus dorsi

ElbowElbow: bicep, tricep: bicep, tricep

WristWrist: wrist flexors, wrist extensors: wrist flexors, wrist extensors

HipHip: hip flexors (iliopsoas), gluteals,: hip flexors (iliopsoas), gluteals,

Adductors, abductors Adductors, abductors

KneeKnee: quadriceps, hamstring: quadriceps, hamstring

AnkleAnkle: gastocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior: gastocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior

Synovial JointsSynovial Joints

• Freely moveable (lots of movement)Freely moveable (lots of movement)

• Cartilage and ligament for stabilityCartilage and ligament for stability

• Synovial membrane (produces fluid)Synovial membrane (produces fluid)

• Synovial fluid (lubricates the joint)Synovial fluid (lubricates the joint)


What type of joints are the following:What type of joints are the following:• ShoulderShoulder• WristWrist• AnkleAnkle• HipHip• KneeKnee• Elbow Elbow


ShoulderShoulder: ball and socket (lots of : ball and socket (lots of movement but can dislocate - poor movement but can dislocate - poor stability)stability)

Elbow: Elbow: Hinge (only movement in 2 Hinge (only movement in 2 directions)directions)

Wrist: Wrist: Ellipsoid (movement side to side Ellipsoid (movement side to side and back and forth, good stability)and back and forth, good stability)


HipHip: ball and socket (lots of movement : ball and socket (lots of movement but can dislocate - poor stability)but can dislocate - poor stability)

Knee: Knee: condyloid (a hinge joint with condyloid (a hinge joint with internal rotation on full extension)internal rotation on full extension)

Ankle: Ankle: Plane (side to side and back and Plane (side to side and back and forth, some rotation)forth, some rotation)

Agonist/AntagonistAgonist/Antagonist

Muscles always work in pairsMuscles always work in pairsOne muscles contracts (agonist) and the One muscles contracts (agonist) and the

other one relaxes (antagonist)other one relaxes (antagonist)

e.g e.g elbow flexion: elbow flexion: biceps (agonist)biceps (agonist) triceps (antagonist)triceps (antagonist)


When these muscles are the When these muscles are the agonistagonist which muscle is the which muscle is the antagonistantagonist??

Pectoral:Pectoral:

BicepsBiceps

Anterior Deltoid:Anterior Deltoid:

Hamstrings:Hamstrings:

Gastrocnemius:Gastrocnemius:

Abdominals:Abdominals:


Pectoral: Latissimus DorsiPectoral: Latissimus Dorsi

Biceps: TricepsBiceps: Triceps

Anterior Deltoid: Posterior DeltoidAnterior Deltoid: Posterior Deltoid

Hamstrings: QuadricepsHamstrings: Quadriceps

Gastrocnemius: Tibialis AnteriorGastrocnemius: Tibialis Anterior

Abdominals: Erector SpinaeAbdominals: Erector Spinae

Joint MovementJoint Movement

FlexionFlexion: decreasing angle of a joint: decreasing angle of a joint

ExtensionExtension: increasing angle of a joint: increasing angle of a joint


AbductionAbduction: moving joint away from the : moving joint away from the bodybody

AdductionAdduction: moving a joint towards the : moving a joint towards the bodybody

Joint movementJoint movement

RotationRotation: moving a bone about a joint: moving a bone about a joint

(flexion, extension, abduction, and (flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction)adduction)


Pronation: turning the palm downPronation: turning the palm down Supination: turning the palm upSupination: turning the palm up


Dorsiflexion: moving toes towards Dorsiflexion: moving toes towards the shinthe shin

Plantarflexion: Plantarflexion:

pointing the toespointing the toes


What movement is possible at the What movement is possible at the following joints: following joints:

Shoulder (5)Shoulder (5)Elbow (2)Elbow (2)Hip (5) Hip (5) Knee (2) Knee (2) Ankle (2)Ankle (2)


Shoulder: flexion, extension, Shoulder: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotationabduction, adduction, rotation

Elbow: flexion, extension Elbow: flexion, extension Hip: flexion, extension, abduction, Hip: flexion, extension, abduction,

adduction, rotationadduction, rotation Knee: flexion, extension, slight Knee: flexion, extension, slight

internal rotation on extensioninternal rotation on extension Ankle: dorsi flexion, plantar flexionAnkle: dorsi flexion, plantar flexion


What muscles create the following movement:What muscles create the following movement:

Shoulder flexion:Shoulder flexion:Shoulder extension:Shoulder extension:Elbow flexion: Elbow flexion: Elbow extension: Elbow extension: Knee flexion: Knee flexion: Knee Extension: Knee Extension: Hip flexion: Hip flexion: Hip extension: Hip extension: Ankle dorsiflexion: Ankle dorsiflexion: Ankle plantarflexion: Ankle plantarflexion:


Shoulder flexion: deltoid, pectoralsShoulder flexion: deltoid, pectoralsShoulder extension: deltoid, latissimus dorsiShoulder extension: deltoid, latissimus dorsiElbow flexion: bicep Elbow flexion: bicep Elbow extension: tricep Elbow extension: tricep Knee flexion: hamstringKnee flexion: hamstringKnee Extension: quadricepsKnee Extension: quadricepsHip flexion: hip flexor (iliopsoas)Hip flexion: hip flexor (iliopsoas)Hip extension: gluteals Hip extension: gluteals Ankle dorsiflexion: tibialis anteriorAnkle dorsiflexion: tibialis anteriorAnkle plantarflexion: gastrocnemiusAnkle plantarflexion: gastrocnemius

BiomechanicsBiomechanics

Newton’s laws of motionNewton’s laws of motion LeversLevers Projectiles Projectiles Speed/height/angle of releaseSpeed/height/angle of release Stability (centre of gravity, base of Stability (centre of gravity, base of

support, line of gravity)support, line of gravity) Force summation/timingForce summation/timing Transfer of momentumTransfer of momentum

Newton’s Laws of MotionNewton’s Laws of Motion

Law 1: InertiaLaw 1: Inertia- An object remains at rest or in An object remains at rest or in

motion unless acted upon by a forcemotion unless acted upon by a force

Inertia is an objects Inertia is an objects

tendency to remain tendency to remain

at rest or in motionat rest or in motion

Newton’s 1Newton’s 1stst law of Inertis law of Inertis

Give 2 sporting examples of this law:Give 2 sporting examples of this law:

1.1.

2.2.


Law 2: Acceleration (F=m x a)Law 2: Acceleration (F=m x a)- Acceleration of an object is Acceleration of an object is

proportional to the force causing it, is proportional to the force causing it, is in the same direction as the force in the same direction as the force and is effected by the mass of the and is effected by the mass of the objectobject

Newton’s laws of motionNewton’s laws of motion

- cricket ball accelerates in direction of the cricket ball accelerates in direction of the bat, accelerates depending on how fast bat, accelerates depending on how fast the bat is swung and accelerates the bat is swung and accelerates depending on the size (mass) of the balldepending on the size (mass) of the ball


Law 3: Action/ReactionLaw 3: Action/Reaction

For every action there is an equal and For every action there is an equal and opposite reactionopposite reaction

Newton’s 3Newton’s 3rdrd law of motion law of motion

Give 2 sporting examples of the 3Give 2 sporting examples of the 3rdrd law:law:

1.1.

2.2.

LeversLevers

11stst Class: Class:

22ndnd class: class:

33rdrd class: class:

LeversLevers [[1,2,3=F,L,E1,2,3=F,L,E]]

11stst class class: fulcrum between the load and : fulcrum between the load and effort e.g seasaw or rowingeffort e.g seasaw or rowing

22ndnd class class: load is between the fulcrum : load is between the fulcrum and effort e.g push upand effort e.g push up

33rdrd class class: effort is between the load : effort is between the load and the fulcrum e.g golf swingand the fulcrum e.g golf swing

11stst class lever class lever

RowingRowing

22ndnd class lever class lever

Push upPush up

33rdrd class lever class lever

Golf swingGolf swing

LeversLevers

Draw a diagram to show these leversDraw a diagram to show these levers

11stst Class: rowing Class: rowing

22ndnd class: push up class: push up

33rdrd class: golf swing class: golf swing

ProjectilesProjectiles Any object released into the air is a Any object released into the air is a

projectileprojectileProjectiles are influenced byProjectiles are influenced by::

Gravity: pulls object back to earthGravity: pulls object back to earth Spin: can change its direction/pathSpin: can change its direction/path Speed of release: faster = furtherSpeed of release: faster = further Height of release: higher = furtherHeight of release: higher = further Angle of release: 45 degrees is idealAngle of release: 45 degrees is ideal Wind: can slow down/speed up objectWind: can slow down/speed up object

GravityGravity

SpinSpin

Speed of releaseSpeed of release

Height of releaseHeight of release

Angle of releaseAngle of release

WindWind

Speed/height/angle of releaseSpeed/height/angle of release

Think of a sport when it is beneficial to have Think of a sport when it is beneficial to have each aspect and why:each aspect and why:

Fast speed of releaseFast speed of release::

High Height of releaseHigh Height of release::

45 degree Angle of release45 degree Angle of release::

A minus angle of release:A minus angle of release:

Speed/height/angle of releaseSpeed/height/angle of release

Speed: - Javelin run up, cricket bowlingSpeed: - Javelin run up, cricket bowling

Height: Tennis serve, high jumpHeight: Tennis serve, high jump

Angle: 45 degrees is ideal for most throwsAngle: 45 degrees is ideal for most throws

Minus 45 degrees ideal for tennis serveMinus 45 degrees ideal for tennis serve


9090

4545

00

-45-45 -90-90


What is the angle of release of these:What is the angle of release of these:

high jump parachutinghigh jump parachutingtennis serve long jumpingtennis serve long jumpingvolleyball block ten pin bowlingvolleyball block ten pin bowlingshot put springboard divingshot put springboard divingbadminton smashbadminton smashsoccer pass along the groundsoccer pass along the ground


90 volleyball block90 volleyball block

85 springboard diving85 springboard diving

75 high jump75 high jump

45 long jump, shot put45 long jump, shot put

0 soccer pass, ten pin bowling0 soccer pass, ten pin bowling

-30 tennis serve, badminton smash-30 tennis serve, badminton smash

-90 parachuting-90 parachuting

Stability Stability

Centre of gravityCentre of gravity Point at which all part of a body are equally Point at which all part of a body are equally

balancedbalanced

Base of supportBase of support Area within an objects point of contact with Area within an objects point of contact with

the groundthe ground

Line of gravityLine of gravityDirect line from the centre of gravity to the Direct line from the centre of gravity to the

groundground

Centre of gravityCentre of gravity

Base of supportBase of support

Line of gravityLine of gravity

StabilityStability

*Low *wide *within *Low *wide *within

*balanced *gravity *support *balanced *gravity *support

Someone is more __________when Someone is more __________when they have a ____centre of _______, a they have a ____centre of _______, a ______ base of __________ and a line of ______ base of __________ and a line of gravity that falls _______the body.gravity that falls _______the body.

Force SummationForce Summation

Using as many body parts as possible Using as many body parts as possible in the correct sequence in order to in the correct sequence in order to generate the most possible forcegenerate the most possible force

e.g a standing throw in discus only e.g a standing throw in discus only uses the upper body. A full turn uses uses the upper body. A full turn uses more muscles (lower body) so can more muscles (lower body) so can generate more forcegenerate more force

Force summationForce summation

Full turn uses all muscles in sequenceFull turn uses all muscles in sequence

Force summationForce summation

Standing turnStanding turn

uses mainly uses mainly

upper bodyupper body

muscles andmuscles and

not manynot many

lower bodylower body

Force SummationForce Summation

small forcesmall force large forcelarge force

(shoulder-arm-hands) (legs-torso-shoulder-(shoulder-arm-hands) (legs-torso-shoulder-

arm-hands)arm-hands)

MomentumMomentum

Amount of motion an object hasAmount of motion an object has

Momentum= mass (kg) x velocity (m/sec)Momentum= mass (kg) x velocity (m/sec)

1.1. Linear – in a straight line (running)Linear – in a straight line (running)

2.2. Angular – rotating about an axisAngular – rotating about an axis

(ice skating pirouette) (ice skating pirouette)

MomentumMomentum

LinearLinear

AngularAngular

MomentumMomentum

What is the momentum of the What is the momentum of the following players:following players:

Player Mass Speed____Player Mass Speed____

A 80kg 8m/secA 80kg 8m/sec

B 90kg 4m/secB 90kg 4m/sec

MomentumMomentum

Player A:Player A:80kg x 8m/sec = 640 kg m/sec80kg x 8m/sec = 640 kg m/sec

Player B:Player B:90kg x 4m/sec = 360 kg m/sec90kg x 4m/sec = 360 kg m/sec

Player A is lighter but running twice as Player A is lighter but running twice as faster so has a lot more momentumfaster so has a lot more momentum

Transfer of MomentumTransfer of Momentum

InternalInternal: momentum of one body part being : momentum of one body part being transferred to anothertransferred to another

e.g using arms to generate force when e.g using arms to generate force when vertical jumping, passed onto the legsvertical jumping, passed onto the legs

ExternalExternal: by using objects to move other : by using objects to move other objectsobjects

e.g cricket bat and ball or arms and ball in e.g cricket bat and ball or arms and ball in volleyball dig volleyball dig

2.2 Anatomy and Biomechanics Relate anatomy and biomechanics to a physical activity (Badminton)

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