2.1 product life cycle design vezzoli 09-10 (37)

Carlo Vezzoli

Politecnico di Milano / INDACO dept. / DIS / Faculty of Design / Italy

carlo vezzoli politecnico di milano . INDACO dpt. . DIS . faculty of design . Italy

Learning Network on Sustainability

course System Design for Sustainability subject 2. Introduction to product Life Cicle Design (LCD)

learning resource 2.1

Product Life Cycle Design

Carlo Vezzoli


CONTENTS . Product design environmental requirements . Damaging environmental effects . Life cycle assessment (LCA) . Life Cycle Design approach: life cycle + functional . Product Life Cycle Design criteria . Resources minimisation . Low impact resources selection . Product life optimisation . Material life extension . Design for disassembly

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(product) LIFE CYCLE DESIGN

(or eco-design, design for the environment, …)

the discipline integrating

ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS

within the PRODUCT design process

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PRODUCT DESIGN

ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS

- RELATED TO:

(DAMAGING) ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

- ASSOCIATED HOW (TO A PRODUCT):

> LIFE CYCLE AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT

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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

EACH ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT IS BASED ON A SUBSTANCE’S EXCHANGE (IMPACT) BETWEEN THE NATURE/ENVIRONMENT AND A (ANTHROPIC TRASFORMATION) PROCESS OF A PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION SYSTEM

input: substance extraction from the environment

output: substance emission in the environment

(not all impacts damage with the same entity)

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INPUT AND ITS (DAMAGING) EFFECTS

RESOURCES EXHAUSTION

ALTERATION OF THE ECOSYSTEMS’ BALANCE

(damaging outputs of extractive processes)

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OUTPUT AND ITS (DAMAGING) EFFECTS

global warming (greenhouse effect) ozone layer depletion eutrophication acidification smog toxicity wastes ...

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serra

greenhouse effect

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ozono

ozone layer deplation

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eutrhophication

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acid

ifica

tion

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toxici ty

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rifiuti wastes

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CAN WE ASSOCIATE THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS TO A PRODUCT? AND HOW?

CRITERIA: - PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE - FUNCTIONAL UNIT EVALUATION METHOD: - LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

DESIGN ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS

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PRODUCT

LIFE CYCLE

APPROACH

other

product’s

life cycle

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FUNCTIONAL UNIT (APPROACH)

IS NOT THE PRODUCT TO BE ASSESSED (DESIGNED) BUT, THE WHOLE OF THE PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH THE FULFILLMENT OF A GIVEN FUNCTION

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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCT

LCA: LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

a quantitative method to assess the environmental effects of the life cycle of a given product/service in relation to its functional units

ISO 14040

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e.g. LCA upholstered seat (8 years life span)

PRE-PROD. PRODUCTION

DISTRIBUT. USE DISPOSAL

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e.g. LCA refrigerator (10 years life span)

PRE-PROD. PRODUCTION

DISTRIBUT. USE DISPOSAL

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PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE DESIGN: APPROACH

an extended design horizon

from product design

to the design of the product LIFE CYCLE stages

the design “reference”

from product design

to product’s “FUNCTION” design

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LIFE CYCLE DESIGN (LCD) ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMETS:

MINIMIZE THE INPUTS AND THE OUTPUTS

quantitatively

qualitatively

in relation to life cycle and functional unit

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LCD: ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA

RESOURCES MINIMISATION

LOW IMPACT RESOURCES SELECTION

PRODUCT LIFE OPTIMISATION

MATERIAL LIFE EXTENSION

DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY

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MATERAIL USE MINIMISATION

in life cycle phases

ENERGY USE MINIMISATION

in life cycle phases

RESOURCES MINIMISATION

quantitative impact reduction (life cycle/function) DESIGN FOR:

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RESOURCES CONSERVATION/RENEWABILITY

in all life cycle phases

RESOURCES NON TOXICITY AND HARMFULNESS

in all life cycle phases

LOW IMPACT RESOURCES SELECTION

qualitative impact reduction (life cycle/function)

DESIGN FOR:

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RESOURCES RENEWABILITY

DEPENDS ON:

- RE-GROWING SPECIFIC SPEED

- EXTRACTION FREQUENCY

a resource is renewable if: a context related

anthropic consumption rate < natural re-growing rate

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MATERIALS’ ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

A RANKING FROM THE BEST TO THE WORST IS

(USUALLY) “MISLEADING ”

DEPENDS ON:

- MATERIAL-SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS

- CHARACTERISTICS GIVEN TO PRODUCT

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PRODUCT LIFE OPTIMISATION

DESIGN FOR:

EXTENDING PRODUCT (COMPONENT) LIFE SPAN

INTENSIFYING PRODUCT (COMPONENT) USE

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PRODUCTION

DISTRIBUTION

USE

PRE-PRODUCTION

NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNIQUES WITH LOWER USE CONSUMPTION

USE

DISP.

P-PROD.

PROD.

DISTRIB.

UPDATING OF THE COMPONENTS CAUSING CONSUMPTION

PRE-PRODUCTION

PRODUCTION

DISTRIBUTION

USE

DISPOSAL

same function in time

PRE-PRODUCTION

PRODUCTION

DISTRIBUTION

USE USE

AVOIDED IMPACTS LIGHTER IMPACTS

short product/component life

extended product/component life

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PRE-PROD. PROD. DISTR. DISPOS.

use (function) during time




B 1 B 2 B 3 A 1 A 2 A 3 C 1 C 2 C 3

A 1 A 2 A 3

B 1 B 2 B 3

C 1 C 2 C 3

LIF

E I

ND

IPEN

DEN

T F

RO

M L

EN

GH

T O

F U

SE

AVOIDED IMPACTS

products/components not intense life

product/component intense life

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Ds

Ds

Ds

PP P Dt

PP P Dt

PP P Dt

PP P Dt Ds

use (function) during of time

PP P Dt Ds

PP P Dt Ds

NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNIQUES WITH LOWER USE CONSMPTION

NEW PRE AND POST CONSUMPTION TECHNOLOGIES WITH LOWER IMPACT

LIF

E F

UN

CTIO

N O

F L

EN

GH

T O

F U

SE

not intense life products/components

intense life products/components LIGHTER IMPACTS LIGHTER IMPACTS

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MATERIAL LIFE EXTENSION

DESIGN FOR:

RECYCLING

ENERGY RECOVERY

COMPOSTING

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PRE-PRODUCTION

PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION USE

LANDFILL


PRE-PRODUCTION


RECYCLING

COMBUSTION

COMPOSTING

PRE-PRODUCTION

material non-extended life

material extended life

AVOIDED IMPACTS ADDITIONAL IMPACTS

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POST-CONSUMPTION RECYCLING PHASES: (COMBUSTION, COMPOSTING)

. collection

. transportation

. separation (disassembly a/o crushing)

. identification

. cleaning

. secondary raw material’s production

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MATERIALS’ RECYCLABILITY (COMB., COMP.)

DIPENDS ON:

- SPECIFIC MATERIAL’S CHARACTERISTICS performances recovery (and process costs)

- PRODUCT’S ARCHITECTURE

- RECYCLING PHASES

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> of parts/components PRODUCT LIFE OPTIMISATION

> of materials MATERIAL LIFE EXTENSION

DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY

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FOR DECISION MAKING (DESIGNING) identify the (environmental) design PRIORITIES:

> CRITERIA relevance (relative) per product type

> most promising criteria related GUIDELINES

INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA/GUIDELINES

FOR A GIVEN PRODUCT: - some have HIGHER RELEVANCE than others - can be SYNERGETIC or CONFLICTING

2.1 product life cycle design vezzoli 09-10 (37)

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