2020 F4 SCIENCE NOTES (KSSM) CHAPTER 4 - 6 · 2020. 4. 23. · F4 SCIENCE NOTE CHAPTER 5 GENETICS...
Transcript of 2020 F4 SCIENCE NOTES (KSSM) CHAPTER 4 - 6 · 2020. 4. 23. · F4 SCIENCE NOTE CHAPTER 5 GENETICS...
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2020 KSSM
CHAPTER 4 – 6
MENGIKUT SUKATAN LEMBAGA PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA
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FORM 4 SCIENCE
CHAPTER 4 GREEN TECHNOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
4.1 Environmental Sustainability
1. Socio-scientific issues are open
problems that are controversial social
issues related to science.
Green Technology Concept
1. Green Technology is the development
and application of products, equipment
and systems to sustain the environment
and nature and reduce or minimize the
negative effects from human activities.
2. Main Pillars of National Green
Technology
a. Energy – Promote energy efficiency
to minimise wastage of energy and
achieve energy autonomy.
b. Environment – Minimise negative
effects to the environment from
human activities and restore nature.
c. Social – Improve quality of life, noble
values, harmony, moral values and
cooperation among the people in
Malaysia.
d. Economy – Increase economic
development in Malaysia by using
Green Technology products,
equipment and systems.
3. Sectors in Green Technology
a. Energy
b. Waste and wastewater management
c. Building
d. Transportation
e. Information and communications
technology(ICT)
f. Agriculture and forestry
g. Industrial and manufacturing
4.2 Energy Sector
1. Things to consider:
a. The way that energy is generated or supplied.
b. The way that energy produced is distributed or efficiently used without waste.
2. Socio-scientific Issues of burning of fossil fuels produce greenhouse gases that cause
global warming and extreme climate changes.
3. Source of energy
Non-renewable Renewable / Alternative
- fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas,
coal)
- Nuclear energy
- hydro
- solar(located in equatorial and receive
maximum sunshine throughout the year)
- wind
- geothermal
- wave
Disadvantages Advantages
- supply become scarce
- environmental pollution (carbon
monoxide & carbon dioxide)
- clean energy
- green energy
- pollution free
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4. Application of Green Technology
a. Using energy efficient electrical appliances etc LED bulb
b. Using renewable energy sources to generate electricity etc solar
c. Achieving national power autonomy.
4.3 Waste and Wastewater
Management Sector
1. Socio-scientific Issues
a. Emission of greenhouse gases
cause climate changes and global
warming.
b. Chemical wastes cause water
pollution.
2 a. Waste is any excess, unwanted or
material that need to be disposed
such as construction or industrial
waste.
b. Wastewater is water that has been
used including material such as
human waste, food scraps, oil, soaps
or chemicals such as domestic or
industrial waste.
c. Special waste is controlled waste
that is hazard and way effect health.
3. Application of Green Technology
a. Prevention and reduction
i. Avoid using one-use containers.
ii. reduce food waste.
b. Treatment and processing
i. convert waste into energy and
fertiliser through biological
processes
ii. Degradation of waste by
microorganism
c. Separate and recycle
i. separating the waste that can be
reused or recycled.
d. 5R concepts
i. reduction, reuse, refuse, recycle
and recovery.
4.4 Agriculture and Forestry Sector
1. The socio-scientific issue is the
conversion of forests into agricultural
areas through deforestation causing
global warming and extreme climate
changes.
2. Application of Green Technology
a. Increase the quality and quantity of
agricultural products through genetic
engineering.
b. Use agricultural waste and domestic
animal faeces as biomass energy.
c. Use harvested rainwater to water
plants to save water.
d. Use natural fertiliser or compost to
increase nutrients in the soil.
e. Practice planting with minimum use
of fertiliser and pesticides.
f. Use biological control to control plant
pests.
g. Introduce and invent modern and effective agriculture methods such as vertical farming and organic farming.
h. Use soilless methods of farming such as aeroponics and aquaponics.
i. Reduce logging and increase reforestation / tree replanting.
j. Proclaim forest reserves. k. Control illegal logging activities. l. Obtain supply of wood in forest farms.
3. Compost fertiliser - is organic materials that decomposed by microbe to increase the soil nutrient.
4. Special waste refers to controlled waste that needs to be disposed of using a specific method because of its hazard characteristic or may affect the health
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4.5 Transportation Sector
Socio-scientific
1. Greenhouse gases (GHG) that are released from burning of oil fuels in motor vehicles are largest contributor to global warming and extreme climate changes in the world.
Application of Green Technology 1. Green transportation
a. has a minimum impact on the environment or vehicles that emit low greenhouse gas emission
b. example vehicles using renewable energy / alternative energy source.
2. Mode of green transportation a. individual’s vehicle b. carpool c. taxi d. service vehicle e. public transport f. bicycle g. walking
3. Alternative fuels a. Compressed natural gas (CNG) b. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) c. Biodiesel d. Electrical energy e. Hydrogen f. Dimethyl ether (DME)
4. Natural Gas - burn cleaner / environmental friendly - produce less carbon dioxide /
greenhouse gases
5. The importance green transportation
a. reduce air pollution b. increase the quality of health and
lifestyle c. reduce heavy traffic d. reduce usage of petroleum e. saves money
4.6 Green Technology and Life
1. Carbon footprint is the amount of greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide) released as a result of human activities.
2. Global warming occurs due to greenhouse gases that trapped the heat on the earth’s surface.
3. Long term global warming lead to climate change.
4. Global warming and climate change increase the carbon footprint.
Managing Global Warming and Climate Change a. Use green transportation modes of high
energy efficiency such as walking, taking public transport or carpooling to a destination.
b. Switch off the lights or remove electrical equipment plugs when not in use.
c. Practice saving water and fuels. d. Reuse and recycle materials. e. Build a green building f. Use bioenergy
F4 SCIENCE NOTE CHAPTER 5 GENETICS 5.1 Cell Division
1. Nucleus of human cell contains 46 (23
pairs of) chromosomes.
2. Chromosomes are long molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is made up of genes. (Thread-like structure)
3. DNA is genes which carry genetic or hereditary information which determine the traits of an individual.
4. Gender Autosome + sex chromosomes
Male karyotype
44 + xy
Female karyotype
44 + xx
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Mitosis / Meiosis 1. Mitosis process
- Chromosome with two chromatids joined at the centromere
Prophase
i. Replication of chromosome occurs
ii. chromosomes shorten and thicken.
iii. Spindle fibres begin to form.
Metaphase
- Chromosomes arrange at the equatorial plate of the cell.
Anaphase
- Pairs of chromatids separate and move to the opposite poles of the cells.
Telophase
- Cytoplasm divides
- Two daughter cells are formed. Same number of chromosomes as parent.
2. Meiosis process
- Parent cells with two pairs of chromosomes.
Prophase I
- Replication of chromosome occurs
Metaphase I - Crossing over
occurs.
Anaphase I
- Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.
Telophase I
- Cytoplasm divides
Prophase II
- Two daughter cells are formed
Metaphase II
- Pairs of chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
Anaphase II
- Cytoplasm divides
Telophase II
- Four daughter cells are formed
- Halve number of chromosome of parent
2. During meiosis (Metaphase)
Crossing over to produce variation
3a. Similarities of mitosis and meiosis
- a process of cell division. - ensure sustainability of living organisms.
- transfer of genetic material - both process involve duplication of chromosome.
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b. Differences
Aspect Mitosis Meiosis
Definition Cell division in which a cell divides into two cells, each has same number of chromosomes
Cell division in which a cell divides into four cells, each cell has half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
Location of occurrence
Plants: Meristem cells of plants (shoot tip) Animals: Somatic cells / Body cells of animals (skin)
Plants: Reproductory organs (anther. ovary) Animals: testis, ovary
Number of daughter cells formed in one division
2 4
Haploid (1/2) diploid
Genetic make-up of daughter cells
Identical Different
Produce Gamete Variation Importance a. For growth
b. tissue repair c. Asexual reproduction d. maintenance and continuity of
life.
a. Produces gametes b. Halve chromosome number c. produce variation.
5.2 Inheritance
1. T: dominant alleles t: recessive alleles
2. Genotypes Pairs of alleles which determine a characteristic a. Homozygous dominant TT (normal trait e.g. curly hair or black iris)
b. Homozygous recessive tt (very rare trait e.g. brown hair or left-handed)
c. Heterozygous Tt (normal trait) 3. Schematic diagram of Mendel’s First Law a.Parent Phenotype
c. Parent Phenotype
Parent Genotype Parent Genotype Meosis Meosis Gamete Gamete
Fertilisation Fertilisation
F1 Genotype F1 Genotype
F1 Phenotype F1 Phenotype
Ratio
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b.Parent Phenotype
Parent Genotype
Meosis
Gamete
Fertilisation
F1 Genotype
F1 Phenotype
Ratio
4a. Schematic diagram of sex determination
Parent Phenotype
Parent Genotype
Meosis
Gamete
Fertilisation
F1 Genotype
F1 Phenotype
Ratio
b. The probability of getting a boy or a girl is 50% or 1:1 c. The father (chromosome sex in the sperm) determines the gender of the off spring
because: i. The sperm carrying chromosome sex x and y while the ovum only carrying
chromosome sex x. ii. If the sperm carrying chromosome sex y fertilise the ovum, the child is girl.
iii. If the sperm carrying chromosome sex x fertilise the ovum, the child is boy. 5. Inheritance of colour blindness
Result : 2 children colour blind 2 children are not colour blind
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5.3 Mutation 1. is spontaneous and random change to the structure of the gene or number of
chromosome. 2. caused by mutagens such as: i. Radioactive rays ii. Chemical substances iii. Environmental changes 3. Type of Mutations
Similarity : Both can be inherited from parents / hereditary disease
Differences : Gene mutation Chromosome mutation
Structure of the gene change
number of chromosome change
Gene Disorder Diseases
Gene mutation Chromosome mutation Colour blindness Sickle cell anaemia Thalassemia Haemophillia Albinism
Down Syndrome (three chromosome 21) Turner syndrome (44 + xo) Klinefelter syndrome (44 + xxy)
Note: Men are proned to get gene disorder diseases i. the gene of gene disorder disease is only carried by x chromosomes. ii. male only have one x chromosome 4. Gene mutation diseases
Disease Characteristics Colour blindness
- Patient cannot differentiate between red and green colours.
Sickle cell anaemia
- Red blood cells are crescent shaped which cause function of transportation of oxygen to be imperfect.
- Patient often feels fatigue, looks pale and weak. Thalassemia - Lack of haemoglobin in small red blood cells with shorter lifespan
reduces oxygen supply to the body. - Symptoms of minor thalassemia resemble that of long term anaemia.
- Symptoms of major thalassemia are jaundice, pale face and swollen internal organs such as heart and liver.
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Haemophilia - Patient's blood unable to clot - causing patient to experience extensive blood loss when injured
Albinism - Disruption in the production of melanin pigment in the body. - The individual has light skin, pink iris and white hair.
5.Chromosome mutation diseases
Disease Characteristics Down syndrome (45 + xy) or (45 + xx)
- Patient has 47 chromosomes, that is three chromosomes at the 21st chromosome.
- Patient experiences mental and physical retardation, weak cardiovascular system and has slant eyes, flat face, short neck, small nose and mouth, tongue sticking out and short stocky body as well as short palm and fingers.
Turner syndrome (44 + xo)
- Females who have the disease have 45 chromosomes, that is 44 autosomes and one X chromosome (absence of one X chromosome).
- Growth of patient is retarded, short body, barren, lacking in female secondary sex characteristics.
Klinefelter syndrome (44 + xxy)
- Males who have Klinefelter syndrome have 47 chromosomes, that is 44 autosomes, two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome (one extra X chromosome at the sex chromosome).
- Male secondary sex characteristics not developed, development of testes inhibited, sterile, has female characteristics such as large breasts, high pitch voice and lacking in body hair.
6. Karyotype of Down syndrome
7. Type of Genetic Screening to detect Gene disorder disease a. Karyototyping is to test the number, size and shape of chromosomes in the nucleus
of a cell. b. Amniocentesis is a prenatal test to identify abnormalities in foetal cells.
8. Genetic screening able to predict diseases, to plan future children and reveal genetic
information.
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9. Genetic Research to Increase Living Quality Field Application Description
a. Medical a. Bacteria and yeast - produce insulin to treat diabetes mellites b. Bacteria culture - treat cancer
- protect body from virus / bacteria attack
c. Genetic content of sheep
- produce milk to treat haemophilia
d. Gene therapy - to treat or replace gene disorder disease with healthy gene
b. Agriculture a. Selective breeding - select valuable breeds - produce new species, improve nutritional value
and resistance to diseases.
b. Cloning (copy or tissue culture)
- to produce offspring through asexual (single parent reproductory)
c. Genetic food modification
- produce crops and livestock that mature quickly - high quality and bountiful of yield - high resistance towards disease and extreme
weather changes. c. Forensic
Science DNA test for genetic genealogy
- to solve criminal case
5.4 Genetic Engineering Technology 1.Genetic engineering involves applying technology to replace, transfer or modify genes
from one organism into another organism to obtain the desired characteristic of organism.
2. Examples of genetic engineering include: a. gene therapy b. recombinant DNA (the use of plasmids) c. genetically modified organism (GMO)
3. Genetic Engineering Technology
Field Advantages Disadvantages
a. Medical - treat and identify hereditary diseases
- use bacteria produce insulin, hormones, enzymes, interferons and antibiotics in large scale
- produce bacteria which are resistant to antibiotic
- may have side effect - cloning of human
b. Agriculture - Produce new species - increase crop yield -resistance to pest - increase the quality and
quantity of food
- may cause unknown harmful to health
- extinction of original species
- cause allergy
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5.5 Variation 1. Continuous Discontinuous - variation that does not show significant
differences with intermediate - can be measured / quantilative - e.g. mass / weight or height / length,
intelligence, skin or hair colour - show in histogram / normal distribution
- can be changed - caused by environment factors such as
nutrition, climate, adaptation, water, PH, sunlight and genetic factors
- not inherited
- variation that show significant and distinct characteristic without intermediate
- cant be measured / quantilative - e.g. earlobe, ability to roll tongue, blood
group, finger print, gender - show by bar graph / discrete distribution
- permanent / cant be changed - caused by inherited genetic factors only - can be inherited
2. Important of variation
- produce new species - increase value and help organisms to camouflage - enable human evolution through the process of natural selection of variation
- to differentiate organisms in the same species
F4 SCIENCE NOTE CHAPTER 6 SUPPORT, MOVEMENT AND GROWTH 6.2 Human Movement and Growth
Structure Function
a. Ligament - connect two bones together - tough, strong and elastic - prevent sprained or dislocated
b. Synovial fluid - as lubricant secreted by synovial membrane. - reduce friction between two bones
c. Cartilage - as absorber
d. Tendon - connect bone and muscle - strong and not elastic
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e. Antagonistic muscles
- two sets of muscles. - biceps and triceps muscles - working in pairs in opposite direction - when one set contracts, the other set relaxes
2. Problem related to joint that cause pain.
Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis
- Degeneration of cartilage due to aging or injury
- Body immune system damaging the synovial membrane, bones and cartilage joint
3. Movement of arm
Bending Arm Straightening Arm
i. Contraction of the biceps. ii. the biceps muscle pulls the radius
upwards iii. The arm is bent
i. Contraction of the triceps ii. the triceps muscle pulls the ulna
downwards iii. The arm is straightened
Human Growth Pattern
1. Human growth involves a. a permanent process, non-reversible and happens at varying rates b. increase in height and body mass c. changes in body shape and system functions in the body such as skeletal, muscular and reproductive systems
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2. Stages of Human growth
3. Age Growth rate
Infant stage (< 3 years of age)
- Rapid - Cell divisions occur actively
Childhood stage ( 3 to 13 years)
- Slower
Adolescence stage (13 to 20 years)
- Rapid - Growth of female teenagers more rapid in the beginning as
female reaches puberty earlier. - The growth of male teenagers more rapid at the end as male
reaches puberty later Adulthood stage
(20 to 65 years) - Minimum - Zero growth
Old age stage ( > 65 years old)
- Negative - Reduction in height - Drop in overall function of the body system.
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4. Growth Patterns Between Male and Female (Sigmoid curve)
5.
Age Comparison of males and females growth rate
From birth until about 4 years
Same for males and females
Child stage (4 to 12 years)
Growth rate of males is faster than the growth rate of females
Youth stage (12 to 14 years)
Growth rate of females is faster than the growth rate of males
Youth stage (14 to 18 years)
Minimum. Both males and females reach almost maximum height at the age of 18
6. However, the growth pattern can be affected by genetic factors that inherited from
parents. 6.3 Support, Growth and Stability in Plants - support system in plants enable the plants to grow upwards to get sunlight to carry out
photosynthesis process.
1. Terrestrial Plants
a. Woody plants b. Herbal plants i. Have secondary xylem woody tissues
which is hard to give support. ii. Additional support: a. Thorns of rose plant b. Buttress roots of angsana tree c. Prop roots of banyan tree d. Stilts roots of mangrove tree
i. without woody tissues ii. depend on turgidity of cells for support iii. Additional support: a. Tendrils of cucumber plants
b. Twining stems of morning glory plants
c. Clasping roots of money plants
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2. Aquatic Plants – supported by water buoyancy force or up thrust force a. Submerged Plants b. Floating plants i. e.g. Hydrilla, Calomba
ii. fine and thin structure of leaves to reduce water resistance
iii. soft and thin stem iv. Air spaces in the stems and leaves to
give support
i. e.g. water lily, lotus, hyacinth ii. Fibrous foots trap air bubbles. iii. Air spaces in the leaves, roots and
stems reduces the density and enable the plants to float.
3. The age of plants can be determined by the number of growth rings.
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