Chapter 2- Biology F4 (Cell)

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CHAPTER 2.0CHAPTER 2.0

CELL STRUCTURE ANDCELL STRUCTURE AND

CELL ORGANISATIONCELL ORGANISATION



2.1 Cell structure and function2.1 Cell structure and function

- Living organisms are made of basic unitsLiving organisms are made of basic units

calledcalled cellscells..- The living component of a cell is called theThe living component of a cell is called the

protoplasmprotoplasm. It consists of the. It consists of the cytoplasmcytoplasm

and theand the nucleusnucleus..- Protoplasm is surrounded byProtoplasm is surrounded by plasmaplasma

membranemembrane..

- Cytoplasm contains structures calledCytoplasm contains structures calledorganellesorganelles..



LysosomeSmooth

RoughEndoplasmic

Reticulum

B

C

D

Centriole

E

F

G

H

I

Chromosomes

Ribosome



Chromosomes Ribosome

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I



Cell structure and functionCell structure and function

Name of structuresName of structures organelles organelles

Characteristics Characteristics structuresstructures

!unctions!unctions

Cell "allCell "allPlasma membranePlasma membrane

CytoplasmCytoplasm

NucleusNucleus

#ibosomes#ibosomes

$acoules$acoules

%ndoplasmic #ec.%ndoplasmic #ec.

&itochondrion&itochondrion'olgi apparatus'olgi apparatus

ChloroplastChloroplast

LysosomesLysosomes

CentriolesCentrioles



COMPARISON BETWEEN TE STRUCTURE O!COMPARISON BETWEEN TE STRUCTURE O!

ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLANIMAL AND PLANT CELL

Plas"a "e"#rane



COMPARISON BETWEEN TE STRUCTURE O!COMPARISON BETWEEN TE STRUCTURE O!

ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLANIMAL AND PLANT CELL

CentriolesWit$out centrioles Wit$ centrioles



TE DENSIT% O! ORGANELLES IN SPECI!ICTE DENSIT% O! ORGANELLES IN SPECI!ICCELLSCELLS

The density or abundance of certain organelles isThe density or abundance of certain organelles is

related to the functions of specific cells.related to the functions of specific cells.

(o the )ctivity 2.*+ pg. 21 ,Tetboo/.(o the )ctivity 2.*+ pg. 21 ,Tetboo/.



&'& CELL ORGANISATION&'& CELL ORGANISATION

Living processes in unicellular organismsLiving processes in unicellular organisms

- 0nicellular organisms0nicellular organisms small and simple small and simple

organisms.organisms.

- They can carry out vital functions "ithin aThey can carry out vital functions "ithin a

single cell.single cell.

- o" does a unicellular organism performo" does a unicellular organism perform

these living process3these living process3



Amoeba Amoeba s('s('



4reathing4reathing- The echange of gases occur through theThe echange of gases occur through the

plasma membrane by diffusion.plasma membrane by diffusion. %cretion%cretion- The "aste substances are ecreted fromThe "aste substances are ecreted from

amoeba by diffusion.amoeba by diffusion.- )s amoeba lives in fresh"ater+ "ater )s amoeba lives in fresh"ater+ "aterdiffuses into cell by osmosis and fills thediffuses into cell by osmosis and fills thecontractile vacoulecontractile vacoule..

- 5hen the vacoule is filled to a maimum5hen the vacoule is filled to a maimumsi6e+ it contracts to epel its contents. Thissi6e+ it contracts to epel its contents. Thisprocess is calledprocess is called osmoregulation.osmoregulation.



CELL SPECIALISATION INCELL SPECIALISATION IN

MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMSMULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS

#efer your tetboo+ Pg 27+ Photograph 2.17#efer your tetboo+ Pg 27+ Photograph 2.17



CELL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALSCELL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS

&a8or systems in

human

#efer tetboo Pg.

29+ !ig. 2.:



ANIMAL TISSUESANIMAL TISSUESTissueTissue !unction!unction %ample%ample

1. %pithelial tissue1. %pithelial tissue

,Pg. 2;+ !ig. 2.;/,Pg. 2;+ !ig. 2.;/

-!orms thin sheets that-!orms thin sheets that

line < cover bodyline < cover bodystructure.structure.

- The function depends- The function dependson its location in anon its location in anorganorgan

-on the sin- form a-on the sin- form a

protective barrier protective barrier -in the lining of human-in the lining of humanintestine form mucusintestine form mucussecreting goblet cellssecreting goblet cells

2. &uscle tissue2. &uscle tissue

,Pg. 2=+ Photo. 2.1;/,Pg. 2=+ Photo. 2.1;/

-Contract < rela to-Contract < rela toproduce movementproduce movement

* types>* types>

a.a. ?mooth muscle?mooth muscle

-!ound in intestine-!ound in intestine

b.b. ?eletal muscle?eletal muscle

-!ound in our-!ound in ourarmslegsarmslegs

c.c. Cardiac muscleCardiac muscle

-!ound in the "alls of-!ound in the "alls of

heart.heart.



TissueTissue !unction!unction %ample%ample

*.*. Nerve tissueNerve tissue

,Pg. 2=+ Photo. 2.1=/,Pg. 2=+ Photo. 2.1=/

-conduct nerve-conduct nerveimpulsesimpulses

-control <-control <

coordinate activitiescoordinate activitiesof the bodyof the body

(ensely paced(ensely pacednerve cellsnerve cells,neurones/,neurones/




7. Connective7. Connective

tissuetissue

olds theolds thebodybody

together together

; types>; types>

a.a. Loose connective tissueLoose connective tissue

,Pg. 2=+ Photo. 2.1:/,Pg. 2=+ Photo. 2.1:/-binds epithelia to underlying tissue-binds epithelia to underlying tissue

-holds organ in place-holds organ in place

b.b. (ense fibrous connective tissue(ense fibrous connective tissue

,Pg. 2=+ Photo. 2.1:/,Pg. 2=+ Photo. 2.1:/-contains a large no. of collagenous fibres-contains a large no. of collagenous fibres

-can be found in tendons ,connect muscle-can be found in tendons ,connect muscleto bone/ < ligament ,8oin bonesto bone/ < ligament ,8oin bonestogether at 8oints/together at 8oints/

c.c. CartilageCartilage

,Pg. 2=+ Photo. 2.19/,Pg. 2=+ Photo. 2.19/

-support nose+ ears < covers the end of-support nose+ ears < covers the end ofbone at 8ointsbone at 8oints




d.d. 4one4one

,Pg. 2:+ Photo 2.2@/,Pg. 2:+ Photo 2.2@/

-provides protection to organs and support-provides protection to organs and supportthe bodythe body

e.e. 4lood cells4lood cells

,Pg. 2:+ Photo. 2.21/,Pg. 2:+ Photo. 2.21/

-has regulating+ transporting < protective-has regulating+ transporting < protectivefunctionfunction

f.f. )dipose tissues )dipose tissues

,Pg. 2:+ Photo. 2.22/,Pg. 2:+ Photo. 2.22/

-stores fat+ an energy reserve < provides-stores fat+ an energy reserve < providesinsulation < protectioninsulation < protection

-found in the dermis of the sin < around-found in the dermis of the sin < aroundma8or organsma8or organs



CELL ORGANISATION IN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMSCELL ORGANISATION IN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS



PLANT TISSUESPLANT TISSUES

Plant tissues 2 main typesPlant tissues 2 main types

a. &eristematic tissuesa. &eristematic tissues b. Permanent tissuesb. Permanent tissues

Permanent TissuePermanent Tissue !unction!unction %ample%ample

1. %pidermal tissue1. %pidermal tissue

,Pg. *@+ Photo 2.27,Pg. *@+ Photo 2.27< 2.2A/< 2.2A/

-covers < protects-covers < protectsunderlying tissue fromunderlying tissue fromdrying out < fromdrying out < frommechanical abrasionsmechanical abrasions

-epidermis of leaves+-epidermis of leaves+cor layers of stems <cor layers of stems <roots.roots.



PermanentPermanentTissueTissue

!unction!unction %ample%ample

2.2. 'round'round

tissuetissue ,Pg. *@+,Pg. *@+

PhotoPhoto2.2;/2.2;/

-chief-chief

functions arefunctions areto store food <to store food <to provideto providesupportsupport

* types>* types>

a.a. Parenchyma tissueParenchyma tissue-have thin primary "alls < large-have thin primary "alls < large

vacoulesvacoules

-store starch and sugar -store starch and sugar

-give support < shape to herbaceous-give support < shape to herbaceousplantsplants

b.b. Collenchyma tissuesCollenchyma tissues

-supports herbaceous plants young-supports herbaceous plants youngstems and petiolesstems and petioles

c.c. ?clerenchyma tissues?clerenchyma tissues-have cell "alls "hich thicened by-have cell "alls "hich thicened by

lignin < may be deadlignin < may be dead

-give support < mechanical strength-give support < mechanical strengthto mature plantto mature plant



PermanentPermanentTissueTissue

!unction!unction %ample%ample

*.*. $ascular$ascular

tissuetissue

-(istributes-(istributes

"ater+ mineral"ater+ mineralsalts <salts <photosyntheticphotosyntheticproductsproductsthroughout thethroughout the

plantplant

2 types>2 types>

a.a. BylemBylem

,Pg. *1+ Photo 2.2=a/,Pg. *1+ Photo 2.2=a/

-consist mainly of ylem vessel-consist mainly of ylem vessel 8oined together end to end 8oined together end to end

-the cell "alls are thicened "ith-the cell "alls are thicened "ithligninlignin

-provide support-provide support

b.b. PhloemPhloem

,Pg. *1+ Photo 2.2=b/,Pg. *1+ Photo 2.2=b/-consist mainly sieve tubes-consist mainly sieve tubes

"hich are arranged end to"hich are arranged end toend to form long continuousend to form long continuoustube-lie structuretube-lie structure



REGULATING TE INTERNAL EN)IRONMENTREGULATING TE INTERNAL EN)IRONMENT

The internal environment of multicellular organismThe internal environment of multicellular organism

Internal environmentInternal environment consist of consist of i. interstitial fluid i. interstitial fluid

ii. blood plasmaii. blood plasma

Interstitial fluidInterstitial fluid fills the place bet"een the cells and fills the place bet"een the cells andconstantly bathes the cells.constantly bathes the cells.cells

Blood

ca(illar*

Interstitial

fluid

Blood

(las"a

A B

CD



TE NECESSIT% !OR MAINTAINING AN OPTIMALTE NECESSIT% !OR MAINTAINING AN OPTIMAL

INTERNAL EN)IRONMENTINTERNAL EN)IRONMENT

The physical factors < chemical factors of the internalThe physical factors < chemical factors of the internal

environment must be maintained regardless of theenvironment must be maintained regardless of theconditions outside the cells in order for the cells toconditions outside the cells in order for the cells to

function optimally.function optimally.

omeostasisomeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively is the maintenance of a relativelyconstant internal environment for the cells to functionconstant internal environment for the cells to function

optimally.optimally.

The factors "hich should be maintained in internalThe factors "hich should be maintained in internal

environmentenvironment>>

Physical factorsPhysical factors temperature+ blood pressure and temperature+ blood pressure and

osmotic pressureosmotic pressure

Chemical factorsChemical factors salt < sugar content and p value salt < sugar content and p value



)ny increase or decrease in the value of a physical )ny increase or decrease in the value of a physical

chemical factor "ill trigger the homeostaticchemical factor "ill trigger the homeostatic

mechanism to bring it bac to normal.mechanism to bring it bac to normal.

The mechanism that governs homeostasis is called theThe mechanism that governs homeostasis is called the

negative feedbac mechanism.negative feedbac mechanism.

T% IN$DL$%&%NT D! $)#ID0? ?E?T%&? IN &)INT)ININ'T% IN$DL$%&%NT D! $)#ID0? ?E?T%&? IN &)INT)ININ'

)N DPTI&)L INT%#N)L %N$I#DN&%NT )N DPTI&)L INT%#N)L %N$I#DN&%NT

,#efer tetboo Pg *7+ !ig. 2.11/,#efer tetboo Pg *7+ !ig. 2.11/

TEMPERATURE REGULATIONTEMPERATURE REGULATION



TEMPERATURE REGULATIONTEMPERATURE REGULATION



2.* )PP#%CI)TIN' T% 0NIF0IN%?? D! T% C%LL2.* )PP#%CI)TIN' T% 0NIF0IN%?? D! T% C%LL

#ead by yourself #ead by yourself

Chapter 2- Biology F4 (Cell)

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