2018 Calendar Women in Science

Ilustrated by Jess Chambers

Gertrude B. Elion, American biochemist and pharmacologist

Marie-Louise von Franz, German-Swiss psychologist

Sofia Kovalevskaya, Russian mathematician and novelist

Joy Adamson, Austrian naturalist

Sophia Jex-Blake, English physician

Dame Kathleen Lonsdale, British crystallographer

Bessie Coleman, American aviator

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Elizabeth Gertrude Britton, American botanist, bryologist, and educator

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Dian Fossey, American primatologist and conservationist

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Nergis Mavalvala was born in 1968 in Pakistan. She is an astrophysicist known for her role in the first observation of gravitational waves, ripples in the curvature of spacetime. She has also performed pioneering experiments on laser cooling of macroscopic objects and in the generation of squeezed quantum states of light. She is a professor and Associate Head of the Department of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States. In 2010 she was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship, a very prestigious American prize known as the "Genius Grant".

Nergis Mavalvala

Elizabeth Blackwell,British physician

Mary Douglas Leakey, English archaeol-ogist and paleo-anthropologist

Ruth Sager, American cellular geneticist

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Helen Dickens was born on 21 February 1909, in the United

States. The daughter of a former slave, she was the first African

American woman admitted to the American College of Surgeons in

1950. By 1969 she was the associate dean in the Office for Minority Affairs

at the University of Pennsylvania, and within five years had increased

minority enrolment from three students to sixty-four. In addition to her general practice, Dr. Dickens provided obstetric

and gynecologic care helping patients living in extreme poverty. She received numerous

honors for her work on sexual health for young and adult women, including awards from the Girl Scouts of Greater Philadelphia and the American

Cancer Society.

Helen Dickens

Anna Atkins, English botanist and photographer

Kalpana Chawla, American astronaut

Elsie MacGill, Canadian Aeronautical engineer and human rights activist

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Caroline Lucretia Herschel

Caroline Lucretia Herschel was the first woman to receive full recognition in the field of astronomy. Born on 16 March 1750, she was the only girl among five children. She served as assistant to her brother Friedrich, the royal astronomer to the court at Windsor. Her own research led her to discover 8 comets in 9 years. She wrote treatises for Philosophical Transactions, discovered 14 nebulae, calculated hundreds more, and began a catalogue for star clusters and nebular patches. She was awarded numerous honours, including the gold medal of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.

Marie-Sophie Germain,French mathema-tician, physicist, and philosopher

1Jane Goodall, British primatologist, ethologist, and anthropologist

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Marie Maynard Daly, American bio-chemist

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Rita Levi-MontalciniRita Levi-Montalcini was born on 22 April 1909 in Italy. In 1956 she shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Stanley Cohen for their discoveries on nerve growth factors. By transferring pieces of tumours to chick embryos, Levi-Montalcini established a mass of cells that was full of nerve fibres. In the 1990s, she was one of the first scientists pointing out the importance of the mast cell in human pathology. In the same period, she identified the endogenous compound palmitoylethanolamide as an important modulator of this cell. She also served in the Italian Senate as a Senator for Life.

Hertha Ayrton, British engineer, mathematician, physicist, and inventor

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Maria Agnesi,Italian mathema-tician

Sally Ride, American physi-cist and astronaut

Maryam Mirzakhani, Iranian math-ematician and professor

Maria Clara Eimmart German astronomer

Mary Anning, English fossil col-lector, dealer, and paleontologist

Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin,British–American astronomer and astrophys-icist

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Chien-Shiung Wu was a Chinese American experimental physicist born on 31 May 1912. Wu worked on the Manhattan Project, which developed the process for separating uranium metal into uranium-235 and uranium-238 isotopes. The Wu experiment, which contradicted the hypothetical law of conservation of parity, allowed her colleagues Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen-Ning Yang to win the 1957 Nobel Prize in physics. 21 years later, Wo was awarded the inaugural Wolf Prize, considered the most prestigious award in Physics after the Nobel Prize.

Chien-Shiung Wu

Lin Huiyin,Chinese architect and writer

Barbara McClintock,American scien-tist and cytoge-neticist

Maria Goeppert-Mayer,German-born theoretical physicist

june 2018

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Hypatia was a Greek mathematician, astronomer, philosopher and the last great thinker of ancient Alexandria. She was certainly not the first female astronomer and mathematician, but she was the leading one of her time – a scarce achievement to today.

In the mist of violence and power disputes, Hypatia was attacked for her religion, her position and her defense of scientific knowledge. It is clear that Hypatia’s femaleness made her a special target, and she was violently murdered by Christians zealots. Hypatia’s work and life can be understood as herculean efforts to preserve the Greek knowledge heritage, to speak against dogmatism and superstition, to defend science in an era of religious and sectarian conflict. Hypatia is an inspiration for our project not only as the first famous female mathematician but most importantly as a symbol of learning and science.

Hypatia

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Rosalind Franklin, English chemist and X-ray crystal-lographer

Henrietta Swan Leavitt, American astronomer

Rosalyn Sussman Yalow, American medical physicist

Francoise Barre- Sinnousi, French biologist

Stephanie Louise Kwolek, American chemist and inventor

july 2018

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Jocelyn Bell Burnell is a Northern Irish astrophysicist. Born on 15 July 1943, she was not permitted to study science until her parents (and others) protested against the school’s policy. As a postgraduate student, she discovered the first radio pulsars while studying with and advised by Antony Hewish. Hewish shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Martin Ryle, while Bell Burnell was excluded. Bell Burnell was President of the Royal Astronomical Society, president of the Institute of Physics, and was interim president following the death of her successor. In 2014, she was made President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the first woman to hold that office. She has campaigned to improve the status and number of women in physics and astronomy.

Jocelyn Bell Burnell

Anna Mani,Indian physicist and meteorologist

Gerty Theresa Cori, Jewish Czech-American biochemist

Caroline Harriet Haslett, English electrical engineer

Maria Mitchell, American astronomer

Shirley Ann Jackson, American physicist

august 2018

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Margaret Hamilton

Margaret Hamilton is an American computer scientist systems engineer, and business owner. Born on 7 August 1936, she developed the concept of the paradigm of Development Before the Fact (DBTF) for systems and software design. She is the author, director and supervisor of software programming for Apollo and Skylab. She began to use the term “software engineering” during the early Apollo missions in order to give software the legitimacy of other fields such as hardware engineering. On 22 November 2016, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by U.S. President Barack Obama for her work leading the development of on-board flight software for NASA’s Apollo Moon missions.

Irène Joliot-Curie, French chemist and physicist

Sophia Brahe, Danish horticulturalist

september 2018

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Asima Chatterjee was an Indian organic chemist born on 23

September 1917. She is noted for her work in the fields of organic chemistry and phytomedicine, or chemicals derived

from plants. Her most notable work includes research on vinca alkaloids (derived from vinca plants), the development

of anti-epileptic drugs, and development of anti-malarial drugs. She also authored a considerable volume of work on medicinal plants of the Indian subcontinent. She was

the first woman to receive a Doctorate of Science from an Indian university.

AsimaChatterjee

Mae Jemison is the first African American woman to travel in space. Born on 17 October 1956, Jamison is an American engineer, physician and NASA astronaut. After medical school and a brief general practice, Jemison served in the Peace Corps from 1985 until 1987, when she was selected by NASA to join the astronaut corps. She resigned from NASA in 1993 to found a company researching the application of technology to daily life. She has appeared on television several times, including as an actress in an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation. She is a dancer and holds nine honorary doctorates in science, engineering, letters, and the humanities. She is the current principal of the 100 Year Starship organization.

Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, German developmental biologist

Laure Maria Caterina Bassi, Italian professor of anatomy

october 2018

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Mae Jemison

Patricia Bath, African-American ophthalmologist

Marie Curie, Polish- French physicist and chemist &Lise Meitner,Austrian-Swedish physicist

Elisa Leonida Zamfirescu,Romanian engineer

Elizabeth Helen Blackburn,Australian-American Biologist

NOvember 2018

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Hedy LamarrHedy Lamarr was born in Austria on 9 November 1914. She was a famous actress, but also a prolific inventor. She had no formal training but worked in her spare time on various hobbies and inventions, which included an improved traffic stoplight and a tablet that would dissolve in water to create a carbonated drink. At the beginning of World War II, Lamarr and composer George Antheil developed

a radio guidance system for Allied torpedoes , which used spread spectrum and frequency hopping technology to defeat the threat of jamming by the Axis powers. The principles of their work are arguably incorporated into Bluetooth technology, and are similar to methods used in legacy versions of CDMA and Wi-Fi. This work led to their induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014.

Émilie du Châtelet, French natural philosopher, mathematician, physicist, and author

Mary Fairfax Somerville, Scottish science writer and polymath

Tu Youyou, Chinese pharmaceutical chemist and educator

december 2018

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Ada LovelaceAda Lovelace was an English mathematician and writer born on 10 December 1815. Her mother promoted Ada’s interest in mathematics and logic in an effort to prevent her from developing what she saw as the insanity of Ada’s father Lord Byron. Her notes on the Analytical Engine include the 1st algorithm intended to be carried out by a machine, making her the 1st computer programmer. Ada Lovelace’s contributions to the field of computer science were not discovered until the 1950s. Since then, Ada has received many posthumous honours for her work.

Part of the Hypatia Project, Expect Everything wants to captivate teenagers’ interest in Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths. We want them to discover surprising facts about science, to meet scientists and to understand that there is a wide range of professions available in STEM. The possibilities are endless!

This calendar was conceived by Jess Chambers and Anna from the Expect Everything Greek Editorial board. Illustrations by Jess Chambers. Follow articles from our editorial boards of teenagers and Jess Comix monthly column on our blog!

Produced and distributed by Ecsite, the European network of science centres and museums. Hypatia project is coordinated by NEMO Science Museum.

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Hypatia project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (H2020-GERI-2014) under the grant agreement No. 665566. This calendar reflects the views of the author, and the European Union cannot held responsibility for any use which might be made of the information contained therein.

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